Wani sashi mai mahimmanci na Rasha yana mamaye ƙasa tare da ƙasa mai cike da ruwa, ƙarƙashin beagle beagle da sau da yawa suna shayarwa. Ga irin waɗannan yanayi, an inganta tushe da yawa. Muna ba da shawarar wanne zai zama mafi kyau duka a kowane yanayi.
Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Lokacin da zaɓin ƙirar tushe, abun da ke ciki na ƙasa, matakin ruwan ƙasa, taro na nutsuwa, taro da sanyi na ginin har ma an dauki yanayin aikinta. Ba tare da shiga cikin bayanan fasaha na gina tef ba, tari, slab da kuma daidaita takamaiman "halaye", fa'idodi da rashin amfani ga wasu hanyoyin ƙira.
Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Kafuwar Ribbon
Mafi kyawun tushen tushe don zama mai ƙarancin gida - tef. Ta kasance ta mamaye, gami da kantuna masu narkad da, a lokacin shekara ta 1980-90s.
Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Makirci na na'urar na tushe mai sauƙi. Abun kallo: Vladimir Grigorov / Burda Mai jarida
Babban tef ɗin ya zama sananne sosai saboda ƙarancin farashi; A lokaci guda, wasu ka'idojin gine-ginen yanki ne da aka ba da shawarar, misali, TsN MF-97 mo. Jimlar irin wannan tef ba ya wuce 1 m, fadin yawanci 30-40 cm, kuma zurfin da aka makala shine kawai a kan ginin yanki).
Gidauniyar Pyatno-kintinkiri Abun kallo: Vladimir Grigorov / Burda Mai jarida
A sakamakon motsi na yanayi na ƙasa, irin wannan tushe ya ƙazantu, sakamakon wane irin fasa na iya bayyana a bangon gidan. Ko da karfafa karfafa gwiwa (aƙalla belun ƙarfe biyu na kwance daga ƙarfafa tare da diamita na 10-16 mm) ba koyaushe ba zai taimaka. Gwaji ya nuna cewa gidajan ribbon ba shine mafi kyawun zaɓi don ginin da katangar (bulo-brick) bango, musamman idan yana da tsari mai hade da wuraren da. A halin yanzu, ya dace da kusurwa dangane da tsarin firam, Shiga da kuma birgima.
Don murmurewa da sifofin, ya zama dole a faɗaɗa maɓuɓɓugar aƙalla 40 cm. Amma sannan zaka iya amfani da bangon bango na ciki, wanda zai mika rayuwar sabis. Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Ribbon Foundation na zurfin ƙasa yana da mafi kyau duka ginin da aka gina a kan wani yanki mai yawa - yumbu ko kuma loam tare da ƙarancin ƙarfi na IL, ba tare da yin iyo ba. (Gabaɗaya, aikin tef na tef ɗin da aka samu tare da na'urar ƙwanƙafi ko ginshiki, amma ya dace kawai don wuraren bushewa kuma ba a la'akari da a cikin labarin ba.)
Zurfin na farkon kasar gona ya dogara da nau'in sa da yanayin gida. A tsakiyar Rasha a cikin Clays da kuma subblinks, ya bambanta daga 1.2 zuwa 1.6 m.
Kafuwar Ribbon na iya zama monolithic da toshewa. Tsarin W / B ya fi matukar adawa da bayyanar da foda na latti, gabaɗaya, kuma ana iya gina shi ba tare da taimakon motocin ba - duk da haka, lokacin lokaci zai karu.
Gidauniyar tarin tsinkaye tare da aikin itace da taye. Abun kallo: Vladimir Grigorov / Burda Mai jarida
Rage girma na duniya da lokacin ginin ya ba da damar sauƙaƙe a cikin abin da aka gina ɓangare na saman-ƙasa na tushen mai ruwa. Koyaya, saboda rashin daidaituwa na rashin tabbas, bango na irin wannan tushe ya haɗa shi da ƙasa kuma ya fi fuskantar tasirin sojojin da ke da ƙarfi na Fronyy foda. Koyaya, nauyin da ginin da aka kirkira yawanci yana rama musu.
Idan mai m ƙasa na ƙasa yana da mahimmanci a ƙasa zurfin magudanar ruwa, tef ya zama ya zama abin dogaro ko tsada sosai.
Wani sanannen hanyar ya ƙunshi shigarwa na rashin daidaiton tsari daga Epps-slags. Irin wannan tsari yana da sauƙin shigar (don ɗaure ganuwar, ana amfani da dangantakar da daidaitawa ta musamman, su ma suna da goyon baya ga ƙarfafa ƙarfafawa) da kuma keɓance propts tare da kasar gona ƙanana.
Tsarin garkuwar garken ko allon za su iya biyan kuɗi fiye da kumfa, da kuma yin amfani da garkuwar garken za a iya yi a gaba, alalamu, don ɗakunan ƙarfe. Hoto: Izba de Luxe
Har kwanan nan ya kirkiro fasaha don gina tushen tef harsashin cigaban gine-ginen ta amfani da vibressraper (mai karaya na farko) da toshe vibratera tsari. Jigon hanyar kamar haka: na farko, ta amfani da vibringraper, wani yanki (da aka kama ") na tare da numbara (sharadi) tsawon nutsuwa (sharadi 0.3 × 0.7 × 1.5 m) lokacin farin ciki -Kalallen tankoki na karfe (tubalan tubalan) tare da tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda aka haɗe shi. Tubalan suna sanye take da haɗin kulle, wanda ke da kyau a jere a jere. Bayan haka, ana zuba cakuda ta kankare a cikin su kuma don haka, sannu a hankali wajen tsawaita bulo da sake shirya toshe, samar da tef monolithic. Amfanin Hanyar yana cikin sauri, da kuma gaskiyar cewa ƙuruciyar kankare tana da cikakkiyar fahimta da rawar jiki. Kuma rashin saninancin shine don amfani da fasaha mai ƙarfi, masana'antu da ƙasa da rashin iya tabbatar da ci gaba da haɓaka, waɗanda ke da matuƙar tasiri ga ƙarfin tef.
Me ke ba da Geo-magana
Ba tare da ingantaccen bayanai akan abun da ke ciki a shafin ba wanda ba a son fara gina ko da ɗan ƙaramin gidan. Kudin binciken Geo-Geo, alal misali, a cikin yankin birni na yau kusan dubu 30 ne. Don wannan adadin, dole ne manne dole ne a yi bushewa aƙalla rijiyoyin guda huɗu a cikin zurfin 3-5 m, ɗauki samfuran ƙasa daga zurfafawa daban-daban kuma sanya su na Granulometric na bincike. Wannan bayanin zai sanya zai yiwu a zaɓi nau'in tushe da lissafin ƙirar akan ƙarfin mai ɗaukar nauyi. Game da batun wani yanki mai ban sha'awa ko kuma tushen-pile-tushen tushe, sigogi da ake buƙata ana iya amfani da su ta hanyar gwajin alkama ko dunƙule tara abubuwa.
Don firam ko ƙarami (har zuwa 100 M2), gidan Dacha Brudade zai dace da Gidauniyar Dacha Brusdade zai dace da Gidauniyar Dacha Hoto: "Karfe Spark"
Irin waɗannan taruruwan dunƙulensu ko tare da taimakon tsarin shigarwa na lantarki. Sun dace sosai don gini a kan gangara. Hoto: "Dublom"
Na'urar ta Armokarkas ya slab kafa ya dogara da lakunan lasafta. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, babban yankin na buƙatar ƙarfafa abubuwa biyu-girma. Hoto: "IMIP"
Amma a cikin batun ƙananan gine-ginen huhu, ƙara ƙarfafa mataki ɗaya da yawa ana amfani da shi. Hoto: "Tattaunawa"
Ana daga Gilashin a tsaye a tsaye don haka yana cikin kauri daga farfajiyar kankare. Hoto: Heiz.
Tashin kuzari
Tasirin tari a zahiri ba shi da tasirin ruwa mai sanyi, amma suna da karfin tallafawa karfin tallafi (ko kuma a wani lokaci, wani lokaci yana da tsada sosai). Ana finai yayin gini a kan gangara da ambaliyar kaset da abin dogaro da saman ƙasa ne, amma a ƙarƙashin shi, a cikin shi, m tight a kan abin da pile- Za'a iya bude racks. A kan ƙasa mai zafi wani lokacin amfani da rataye tara, da ɗaukar ikon wanda sojojin ƙasa ke bayarwa tsakanin ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, amma ga irin waɗannan sojojin halittu sun fi dacewa da su, wanda za a tattauna a ƙasa.
Za'a iya sanye da tara ƙwayoyin hannu tare da dandamali na tallafi don hawa katako na katako, kodayake ana yin ƙwanƙolin katako na katako. Hoto: "SWaistrorrupp"
Mataki da ake buƙata da tsawon da gicciye sashe na katako an ƙaddara shi da lissafin bisa ga SP 24.13330.2030.2011.
Samu da kwalliyar da aka sanya da kuma an kera tara kayayyaki a masana'anta. Don ƙarfi, sun wuce karfafa kayayyakin kankare, wanda aka yi a wurin (gami da amfani da na'urorin ƙwayoyin cuta). Fa'idodin zira kwallaye (kafaffun-ɗaukar hoto) kuma a cikin gaskiyar cewa ana haɗa tara dabbobin a cikin shigarwa, saboda ɗaukar ƙarfinsu yana ƙaruwa. Koyaya, ya zama dole don samar da tafiya zuwa makircin injin ko autocran tare da shigarwa na vibration. Kudin ƙirar yana da girma sosai: kowane 4 m, la'akari da shigarwa zai kashe 9-12 dubu.
Haske tara zai kashe 30-40% mai rahusa fiye da zira kwallaye kuma da kyau ya dace da gidan ba tare da nauyi (bruschers, daga kumfa mai yawa, polystyrene da ƙwayoyin polystrene ba. Don gina irin wannan tushe, babu injin mota na mota - ya isa ya yi hayar da mai ban sha'awa da kankare. Asalin fasaha shine a cikin ƙasa tare da ramuka na 150-250 mm, an saukar da su da kayan haɓaka da aka matse shi, sannan ya saukar da ruwa mai ƙarfi kuma an haɗa shi da na'ura mai ɗorewa . Idan crepts kasar gona ko saukar da jirgin ruwa, filestiestos-casing casing an riga an saka shi cikin ramuka.
A cikin unguwannin karkara, hering da dunƙule tarin an buɗe ta hanyar 1.6-1.8 m. Photo: Izba de Luxe
A lokacin da shigar da tsintsiyar yin hako, wanda ya karfafa karfafa gwiwa, wanda a ɗaure shi zuwa waya ko wald tare da firam ɗin ayyukan katako
A saman tari yana da alaƙa da firam ɗin monolithic
Yana da mahimmanci a bincika cewa sojojin da ke tattare da ƙarfi na iya yin wannan ɓangare na tushe. Don hana su, an dakatar da katako a cikin kayan aikin ko amfani da yashi mai cirewa. Amma idan gidan yana kan gangara, yashi daga sararin tsakanin tari ba za a iya share shi ba. A wannan yanayin, subtip ya kusan babu danshi kuma baya shafar birgima
A lokacin da amfani da tees-f tare da hina tuddai da aka ƙaddara a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren tashe na tabarbarewa, wanda zai kara yawan kwarewar tsarin da kuma a lokaci guda gaba ɗaya yana kawar da yiwuwar tasirin sanyi.
Dunƙule tari. Yana da mafi arha daga cikin tushe na tushe (tallafi ɗaya tare da diamita na 200 mm da tsawon lokacin da ya kamata a 2600-3000 rubles), amma rayuwarsa ta sabis ɗin da ba ta wuce 50 ba shekaru. Muhimmin abin dogara (amma kuma rabi ko biyu ko biyu sun fi tsada) samfuran simintin. Fiye da karfafa karfafa gwiwa ta kankare, amma wannan ci gaban kwanan nan ba a gabatar dashi cikin ci samarwa ba.
A cikin matashin yashi a karkashin bayan faifan bel na belt foda ya rage wa sojojin frowy kawai a gaban malalewa mai zurfi. A cikin wasu halaye, yana aiki zuwa daidaitawa da ƙara ƙarfin haɗuwar tushe.
Gidauniyar Slab
Gidauniyar Slab tana da muhimmiyar mai amfani da ƙarfin sa da kuma samar da mafi yawan rarraba abubuwan da ake amfani da shi daga ginin zuwa ƙasa. Wannan shine mafi yawan lokuta a kan jarirai masu rauni da ƙasa mai laushi, gami da yashi, da sands da peatlands. Bugu da kari, ƙira yana sauƙaƙa shi sau da yawa don shigarwa na farkon bene mai faɗi (ba lallai ba ne don gina katunan katako na katako ko shirya aikin dusar kankara tare da screed). Amma farashinsa yana da matukar girma - yawanci har ma fiye da na tushen tari. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan amfani da kayan (Shelbravy, kankare, tare da kayan danshi - tabbataccen rufin) da kuma buƙatar yin odar masana'antar sanadi.
Firam farantin. Hoto: dutse na dutse (3)
A tsarin farantin tare da taimakon clamps gyaran bututu na dumama. Kwakwalwa galibi ana sanya su da sau biyu na cohil, amma daga ra'ayi na yanayin nutsuwa ana fin so a hawa kan snail
Sannan ana gwada tsarin a karkashin matsin lamba a matakai biyu, bayan da aka zubar da cakuda na kankare
Ana amfani da Gidauniyar Babbar Slab don manyan gine-gine tare da ganuwar bulo. Tsarin shine monolithic mai santsi mai santsi mai santsi na pololite slab, yafa masa cikin tsari a saman matashin kai daga peescram. Abu ne mai sauki kuma abin dogaro ne, amma yana buƙatar ƙarfafa abubuwa da yawa da kankare (sau 2-3 sau da yawa fiye da cikakken belin tushe, da sau 4-6 sau da yawa fiye da tari). Gaskiyar ita ce cewa nauyin daga bangon da sojojin sanyi mai sanyi ya mayar da hankali da bakin farantin, kuma don hana nakasassu da fatattaka na monolith har zuwa 250 mm da ƙari.
Warming na tushe tare da farantin polystyrene kumfa ta amfani da tef ɗin ta amfani da tsintsaye masu tasiri - ingantacciyar hanyar magance foda mai sanyi. Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Gidajen da aka saba (Tangled) shine mafi kyawun mafita ga ginin bulo mai nauyi ko gini na kankare akan wani yanki mai rauni na ƙasa.
Da ɗan ƙarancin abu (amma ƙarin lokacin aiki) OrnrNaya murhu. Ryrbra za a iya shirya duka a ƙasa (ta cika rami) kuma daga sama (amfani da tsari). Daga wani ra'ayi na ƙarfi, zaɓi na farko shine ɗan rahusa, tunda babba yana aiki kamar ginin ƙasa da tallafi na bene na farko.
Babban tef yana nufin filaye masu iyo: a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da sojojin da ke gudana lokacin da kasar ke daskarewa da saukar da shi lokacin da yake narkewa. Amma waɗannan sojojin galibi ana rarraba su ba su zama ba (galibi sakamakon banbanci a cikin zafi da zazzabi na ƙasa daga arewa da kudu na gidan). A sakamakon haka, wani lokacin mirgina ya faru. Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Plater farantin, kamar ƙirar kiwo mai kyau, yana nufin tushe na iyo kuma yana iya yin motsi na lokaci-lokaci (musamman idan gidan ba za'a mai da shi cikin lissafi ba.
Yana yiwuwa a shawo kan sojojin foda na fure ta hanyar kara zurfin tushe, samun wani makirci ko kare ƙasa daga daskararre. Hanya ta ƙarshe ita ce mafi sauƙi kuma mafi arha.
A kan aiwatar da shigar da Yaren mutanen Sweden murhu, da gidaun rufin rufewa kusa da m kumfa. A lokacin da na'urar matashi, yadudduka sun rabu da kayan gani, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rarraba rarraba nauyin a gindi. Hoto: Tehtonol
Farantin da ke cikin farantin Yaren mutanen Sweden yana kare ƙasa ƙasa daga daskarewa, don haka ba ya aiki da sojojin don tsananin foda. Amma cikin wahala, aikin yana da ƙarancin zuwa talakawa Monolithic kuma galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin ginin gine-gine tare da ginon ko faranti ko ganuwar kumfa. Tushen wannan nau'in, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana zama kamar baƙar fata kuma yana sanye da tsarin mai dumama ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi don dumama ginin duka ginin. Kuma tunda farantin yana da mahimmancin zafin jiki, to, a cikin gidan yana da sauƙi don kula da zafin jiki na yau da kullun - duka a cikin hunturu da bazara. Wataƙila kawai abin da ya rage shine ɗan ƙaramin tushe. Shawo kan wannan minus yana taimakawa yashi-kiwo.
Tushen kintinkiri ko kafaffiyar igiya mai narkewa dole ne ya rabu da bangon da ke cike da ruwa a kan mastic. Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Kafofin Slab shine mafi kyau duka gidan da ke rayuwa koyaushe. Don bayarwa a cikin gefuna guda, tara ko kintinkiri na iyo
Kawasaki Gidauniyar Kadaici
Tsarin kowane tushe na karfafawa kan matsalar ƙasa da ke ƙara buƙatun don ingancin kankare. A bu mai kyau a sami cakuda-da aka shirya a cikin ingantacciyar hukuma. Tare da shiri mai zaman kansa, ya kamata a gauraya hade sosai, sabili da haka, ba tare da karamin mixer ba lallai ba ne. Hakanan kyawawa ne don siyan yashi wanke, tunda yumbu na yumbu da ya raunana kankare, kuma yi amfani da grouse na tsakiyar (20-40 mm), kuma ba kogin tsakuwa. Cold aikin seams ne musamman a ke so (a cikin hali na wani farantin - ne unacceptable), kuma idan sun ba za a iya kauce masa, sa'an nan ƙarin ƙarfafa na wani raunana sashe na sanda da tsawon akalla 1 m.
Wani lokaci nisa na kintinkiri ko firam dole ne a ƙara ƙaruwa don ƙirƙirar goyan baya don rufin da ƙare yadudduka na bango. Hoto: dutse.
Zaɓuɓɓukan Hybrid na Footal
Sha'awar hada fa'idodin nau'ikan tushe daban-daban ya haifar da fitowar hada tsarin halitta.
- Gidauniyar Pile-Belt Haɗin ingantaccen tef mai kyau ne da kuma hakowar rigs ko tarajiyoyin katako. Ana amfani da ɗaukar ƙarfin irin wannan tushe da aka ba da shi tare da kintinkiri, da kuma tara kayayyaki suna hana ta. Amma lokacin da ƙasa take daskarewa, ƙirar tana fuskantar ƙara yawan kaya (musamman idan tef ɗin ya ɗan gajere) - Abin da ya sa ba ya kamata ya ba amfani da tarin dunƙule wanda ruwan tabarau zai iya zuwa. Irin wannan tushe ya hade sosai tare da sauki cikin sharuddan kananan gine ginen katako.
- Gidauniyar Pile-Slab tushe Yana da matukar wuya, amma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin gida mai zaman kansa a cikin ginin gidajen tubali na babban yanki. Filin tsibiri ne (tara kayayyaki tare da fage 1.5-2 m ko'ina cikin ginin), hade da farantin monolithic.
- Gidauniyar tarin tsinkaye Tare da aikin itace da taye - madadin mai kyau ga farantin jiki, saboda haka, mafi kyawun kariya daga ganuwar daga danshi. Screed tare da kauri na 100-150 mm tare da mai karfafa-kai guda daya ana yin shi a kan aikin katako kuma a hankali a jefa yashi a hankali. A lokaci guda, tushe ya haɗe a waje da faranti don rage yiwuwar ƙasa ta daskarewa a ƙarƙashin tushe.
