Mun faɗi yadda ake gina da kuma samar da kasan ƙasa mataki-mataki.
Hoto: Gidan dutse
Membranes na magudanar zamani da aka yi da manyan polyethylene suna da isasshen ƙarfi da juriya ga tasirin sinadarai, rinjayar da fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma lalacewar shuka asalin tsirrai. Hoto: "Teknikol"
A cewar ka'idodin gine-gine, ana ɗaukar ginin ƙasa a ƙasa ba fiye da na tsayinsa ba, amma sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan kalmar da ke da kashi ɗaya da kuma ƙasan da ke da kashi ɗaya da ƙasa. Tabbatar da ta'azantar da ta'aziyya anan yana da sauki fiye da a cikin ginshiki, inda babban wutar lantarki yake wucin gadi kuma kada kuyi ba tare da samun iska ba. Kuma duk da haka, an saita ɗakunan mazaunin mazaunin a cikin "tushe" matsala - wannan ba matsala da ƙarancin ruwan rana (yawanci ba fiye da 2.4 m). Amma a nan zaka iya sanya duk karfin rijiyoyin da ake amfani dashi, ta hakan ne ta hanyar adana wuri a shafin kuma guje wa kashe kudi akan gina ƙarin gine-gine da abubuwan da aka makala. Aikin tattalin arziƙin ba zai ɗauki yankin gaba ɗaya ba - yana da kyau a ƙara shi a cikin gidan shakatawa wanda ya kunshi, alal misali, daga wurin wanka. Koyaya, shimfidar "tushe" da kuma tsarin gabatarwar da ke akwai taken don wata babbar magana, kuma a cikin wannan labarin za mu tattauna game da gina tsarin gini.
A kan wuraren da aka yi jinkiri maimakon ginshiki da tushe, farkon ba mazaunin ƙasa (tattalin arziki) tare da ɗakunan ƙasa ba tare da manyan ɗakunan da aka faru da waƙoƙi wani lokaci suna ɗauka. Ba ya buƙatar aiki mai zurfi mai zurfi akan rami na ƙasa, hana ruwa ganuwar da tsarin magudanar magudanar ruwa.
Ginin ginshikin kusan koyaushe yana tabbatar da kansa a kan wuraren bushewa, musamman tare da rashi na yankin da ke cikin gini da bangon da ke buƙatar farantin da ke buƙatar farantin farantin (Reflux). Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Tsarin kayan aiki na farantin gindi yana hawa a saman wani kankare, wanda akwai wani Layer na ruwa. Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
A lokaci guda, suna barin fitarwa don "dabbar ta hanyar canjin" bangon bango da kuma tallafin tallafi. Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Za a iya gina ganuwar ginin daga monolithic kankare. Hoto: "Kexholm Strouy"
Ko tushe tubalan. Monolithic kintinkiri ya fi karfi kuma m, amma zai sami ci gaba sosai kan ingancin aikin. Hoto: "Ars22"
Rage kudin dumama zai taimaka wa waje na waje na shinge na zanen gado. Hoto: Oenopelex
Gindin ƙasa da ƙasa akwai wani tushen tari na ginin tari, farantin katako, ya kamata a cire katangar jirgi daga kayan daskarewa / ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar cuta (alal misali) na daskarewa / ƙafawar polystyrene) , ko don kare ɗanshi-resistant sabo. Rashin kyawun wannan wani tsarin gine-ginen da kuma bayani da ya dace shine damar samun dama ga matakan gida da kuma "rabuwa da wakilan wakilan gidan daga adana yankin daga wurin adana.
Saka hatimin "sanyi dinka" a tafin tushe
1 - karkashin kasa na bango na ginshiki (Monolithic karfafa kaset na kankare); 2 - bene na ginshiki (karfafa screed na tsakuwa tsakuwa); 3 - rufe hatimi na tef Delta shimfidawa shingen (hade da foamed polyethylene da polyesera poslyera); 4 - tafin tushe. Hoto: Dören.
Wane irin ƙasa ne mafi kyau don kafa ginin
Idan kayi amfani da fasahar zamani, to, gidan da aka tashe bene a kowane yanki kuma kusan kowane yanki, amma wannan maganin ba koyaushe yana da tsada-tasiri. Zai yuwu a fara lissafin da kuma yanke shawara iya bayan Geo-magana.
Don rufe gidajen da ke tsakanin murhun da toshe, ana iya amfani da mafi kyawun bayani ko kuma alamar musamman ta polyurethane. Hoto: YTong.
"Cancanta" a kan ginin ginshiki ya yi yawa (kasa da 2 m daga farfajiya) matakin ruwa. A karkashin irin waɗannan yanayi, yana da matukar wahala a kula da aiki akan hana ruwa a kan ƙasa na ginin, kuma danshi ya fara. don shiga cikin bene da bango.
Hakanan, babban cikas zai zama lu'ulu'u na mai laushi a ƙarƙashin tushe. A wannan yanayin, ƙarin ƙarin ƙarfafa ginin ta hanyar clogging tari, kuma wannan zai ƙara farashin ginin.
A ƙarshe, yana da matukar wahala a gina ginshiki a kan ƙasa mai dutse: lalata dutsen, har ma da amfani da fasahar zamani, lokaci mai yawa.
A cikin sauran lokuta, ginshiki na iya zama mai riba mai kyau, kodayake, ba shi yiwuwa a yarda da kamfanonin kamfanonin gina shi don farashin gunkin Ribbon. Kamar dai, duk da haka, da maganganun da ke ƙasa da ƙasa ƙasa zai zama mai tsada biyu. Irin wannan lissafin, musamman idan farashin aikin ya yi la'akari, yana buƙatar tsarin ƙwararru kuma ya kamata a yi daban-daban ga kowane aikin.
Inlet da shiga cikin ruwa ya zama dole ba kawai don kare wuraren da aka tsallake ba na tsarin kankare. Hoto: Katuwa
Gina ƙasa ƙasa
An sanya ginin cikin gidaje a cikin wani farantin farantin farantan, ginin ginin wanda ba shi da ƙima kawai, har ma da manyan mutane da kuma kankare.Zane na na'urar a karkashin kasa na ginshiki
Na farko; 2 - Membrane mai hana ruwa, glued tare da Layer na mastamin master na polymer. 3 - rufin thermal (zangon epps); 4 - hydrosponka (kariya ta gida a kan crystal din crystal din); 5 - tsakuwa da rack; 6 - Comprete shiri ("mai dadi"); 7 - fille magudanar ruwa; 8 - Tafe (sanannen membrane); 9 - tacewa Layer (Geotextile); 10 - ambaliya. Hoto: "Teknikol"
Bunkasuwa na Catlovana
A wannan matakin, ba lallai ba ne a yi ba tare da kumburi ba, amma na ƙarshe 20 cm dumps da hannu. Ya wajaba saboda tushe tabbatacce ya huta a kan ƙasa mai yawa, in ba haka ba zai ba da babban shrinkage, a sakamakon abin da ke cikin kaso na tushe na iya wahala (wato wani ɓangare na ƙasa bango).Kadarin yawanci ya dace da gangara inda girman filayen ƙasa ya karami, kuma an cire yawancin narke da ruwan sama ruwa.
Shiri na tushe don farantin tushe
A kasan matashin matashin matashi shine matashin kai daga babban ratsa tare da kauri na akalla 20 cm, wanda ke aiwatar da aikin matakin matakin da kuma tafasasshen gasashe. A cikin matashin kai, tare da fage game da 1.5 m, da prechrated bututun mai da aka fitar an piped a cikin Geotextile, wanda a nan sai a haɗa da busa ƙaho na player petaage. (Dandalin ƙasa koyaushe yana barazanar ambaliya tare da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ambaliyar ruwa, don haka ma da ƙarancin ƙasa na ruwan ƙasa, ba zai yiwu a manta da na'urar a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa ba.)
Matashin kai yana sace sosai, sannan kuma ya yi "satar" (da aka zuba wajan kusan 5 cm, a saman abin da biyu yadudduka polyethylene methylene Methrane (don Misali, "da" ko tsaftataccen tsayayyar) tare da m sized ko welding gidajen abinci.
Na gaba, da ƙarin kariya, gaset da yadudduka masu hana ruwa, wanda zai iya zama daga ɗaya (yashi-ciminti ya zagi) zuwa biyar.
Cika Gidauniyar Farantin
Kauri daga tushe farantin, ya danganta da nauyin lissafin, daga 250 zuwa 500 mm. An inganta ta da wani ƙarfe firam ɗin da aka saƙa daga mashaya mai ƙarfafa tare da diamita na 12 mm; A lokaci guda, an sanya ƙananan matakin ƙarfafa a kan filastik mai nisa na filastik, kamar tushe.Cancanci zuba asalin gidan monolithic belika ba zai yiwu ba tare da amfani da ƙirar masana'anta ta masana'antu da famfo da famfo da aka kawo.
Gina filayen ƙasa
Wannan matakin an ci gaba da wannan matakin bayan murhun zai ragu akalla kashi 70% na ƙarfin, shine, kwanaki 7-30 daga baya (gwargwadon zazzabi). Don haka, abin da ake kira kera sanyi koyaushe yana gabatar da tsakanin bango da murhu. An rufe shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma daya daga cikin mafi inganci shine giyar igiyar ruwa ko kuma ta musamman na roba na musamman da kuma cikakkiyar ruwa mai ƙarewa.
Shigar da manyan abubuwan ana aiwatar da shi tare da taimakon dagawa da fasaha, amma ana yin ayyuka da yawa da hannu amfani da gyaran Lever. Hoto: YTong.
Ganuwar ginshikan sun fi kyau a gina su daga babban-ingancin monolithic ƙarfafa karfafa tare da firam ɗin da ba shi da ƙasa da 0.7 m). Mafi kyawun kauri daga cikin tef ɗin da ke tattare da 250-300 mm.
Wani lokacin an dage farawa daga shingen tushe, duk da haka, irin wannan zane yafi iya yiwuwa zuwa leaks kuma yana buƙatar ingantaccen iska. An tambayi partisiti na baya bayan haka - daga bulo, toshe ko fasahar gini.
Ko da kawai wuraren fasaha suna cikin matakin sifili, ya kamata a mai tsanani. Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Na yau da kullun a cikin ginin ƙasa
- Yanke shawara kan na'urar ginshiki bayan gina wani Gidauniyar Beld (Ba tare da Basashen Base ba). Dogaro da yake biye da bene hadin gwiwa tare da bango tare da wannan hanyar gini yana da wahala sosai.
- Rushe da reservoir da kuma amfani da magudanar a yankuna da yalwa na hazo da kuma ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa. Doguwar wahala zuwa ruwa da kankara suna haifar da lalacewar Layer na ruwa.
- Gina bangon bangon ginshiki na tushe na tushe na toshe ƙasa da gangara. Yiwuwar canzawa tubalan a karkashin matsin ƙasa da rushewar girman bangon yana da girma.
- Lowerarancin ingantaccen aiki na aiki - kurakurai yayin da yake kunna abubuwan fitarwa, da yawa tsayi dogon lokaci a cikin ƙaida, kwanciya kankare ba tare da rawar jiki ba.
Andrei Zubtsov
Manyan kwararrun fasaha "Teknikol"
Aiki na ƙarshe yayin gina ginin
Ruwa da shinge bango
A matsayinka na mai mulkin, don kariya daga danshi a jikin bango, ɗaya ko biyu yadudduka na karfafa gilashi mai masarautar da aka yiwa, ko "Tehnikol") ko "Glued ko amfani. Wani zaɓi shine aikace-aikacen shiga (CIGABA) CIGABA DA KYAUTA, KASADA PETDRER ko Hydrotex-B, amma ba a yi amfani da tsari daga ginin bangon bango). Maimaitawa ruwa shima yana aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin kariyarsa daga abin da ya yi birgima a kan kayan da aka mirgine.
Zuwan zafi da ginshiki tare da zanen gado na cire kumfa polystyrene kumfa (epps). Wannan kayan yana da karfin ruwa sosai har ma a cikin ƙasa zai riƙe kayan aikin akalla tsawon shekaru 30. A karkashin kasa wani tushe, epps zanen gado an gyara tare da polymer-bitumen masastic, da kan sama sama - farantin filastik.
Hoto: Grigori Grigoriev / Burti Media
Na'urar magudanar ruwa
Ruwa tare da bango, a matsayin mai mulkin, fada barci tare da yashi mai dauke da sandunan da ke cikin kewaye da tushe, wanda ya sanya manyan abubuwa a cikin sasanninta, wanda Za a cire ruwa a cikin magudanar da kyau. Koyaya, masana da yawa sun yi imani da cewa a kan yumɓu na yumɓu yana da kyau a yi maimakon magudanar ruwa, an shirya ganuwar yumɓu a bango; Bukatar ruwa daga tushe na kafuwar an kiyaye shi.
Membrane na magudanar magudanar ruwa na samar da kwarara na ruwa tare da bangon ginin a kan magudanar da shuka a kan ginin karkashin kasa na ginin. Hoto: Tegola.
Shigarwa na overlapping
Zaɓin gama gari na mamaye ginshiki shine babban farantin kayan kwalliya daga abubuwan samar da masana'antu. Kwanan nan, kayan marmari na gargajiya na manne ne sau da yawa ana maye gurbin samfuran masu amfani da hasken wuta tare da isasshen ƙarfi tare da mafi kyawun rufin yanayin zafi. Thean itacen katako na katako ba shi da gaskiya kuma yana iya "pyed".
Tare da tarin da fasahar Monolithic, yana da sauƙin gina gundumar tare da buɗe kowane yanki da tsari. Hoto: "Marco"
Zane na na'urar tattara-monolithic overlap
1-na mel na kankare; 2 - bayanin martaba na karfe yana birkice katako; 3 - Block Liler daga salon salula; 4 - Gridware na ƙarfafa; 5 - ciminti-yashi ɗaure tare da kauri na kimanin 50 mm; 6 - kashi na rufi (kariya daga kan daskarewa tare da bakin ciki wani bangon bango). Hoto: "Marco"
Gama jabu
Za a iya sanya zanen gado na Epps na EPPS a kan grid da rufin da ke cikin kulawa ko dutse na wucin gadi tare da taro na ba fiye da 50 kilogiram / m2. Ko haɗe zuwa bangon kankare ta bangon kankare ta hanyar rufin firam na bayanan aluminium kuma suna dinka tushe tare da Polypropylene ko FIBOropylene. A karshe ko da yake na fale-falen fale-falen buraka a cikin saƙƙarfan, amma ƙasa da buƙatar ingancin aikin aikin kuma zai kashe ɗaya da rabi ko sau biyu mai rahusa.Filin ajiye motoci
Garage Garage a ƙasa bene - mafarkin masu gidaje masu zuwa. Koyaya, ya zama dole a san matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da aikinsa a gaba. Babban daga cikinsu shine ruwan sama da ruwa thawed yana gudana ƙasa da ramp, har da dusar ƙanƙara da iyo, yana hana tashin hankali. Tsarin tashoshin magudanar magudanar da aka haɗa tare da aboki tare da aboki na tashoshin magudanar ruwa zai taimaka wajen warware, ɗayan waɗanda ba su da tushe a gaban ƙofar ko kuma ta bangon, ya dogara da tushen bene. Tsarin ya hada da damar tarawa wacce aka sanya maniyayyen maniyayyen man shafawa, yin famfo ruwa a cikin lambun da ke cikin hadari, ramin hanya ko kuma kwanciyar hankali.
Don kula da zafin jiki na yau da kullun a cikin garejin Garage, ana buƙatar hayakin da aka tilasta ko tsarin shaye-shaye. Ramin ramuka suna mafi kyau kusa da bene, tunda yana nan cewa raw da iska iska mai sanyi. A 1 m2 na yankin garejin, kusan 5 cm2 na yankin masu shaye wa ya zama dole. Kuma kada ku manta da m hannayen riga da aka haɗa da bututu mai shaye a lokacin injin dumama.
Yaƙi tare da dusar ƙanƙara da goshi a kan ramiyar za su taimaka tsarin tsarin dillalin lantarki dangane da ajiyayyun a cikin kankare ko kuma sanya masa kayan dumama. Amma tare da sanyi mai karfi da yawa na dusar ƙanƙara, dole ne a tsabtace ragon kuma an yayyafa shi da wakili na Antigenic. Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
Wajibi ne a dumama bene na ƙasa, tunda juriya da yanayin canja wurin zafi bai wuce 0.6 M² • ° C / W. Warming tare da farantin murƙushe tare da kauri na 100 mm zai haɓaka wannan darajar zuwa 3.4 M² •, wanda, wanda, wanda ɗan kadan ya wuce buƙatun ƙa'idodi zuwa bangon gini a cikin russia na waje na Rasha. Ya kamata a ɗora rufi daga waje, a saman rashawa don haka ƙarshen ana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa ta ƙasa, shrinkage da sanyi ya tanƙwara. A lokacin da rufi daga ciki na wuraren zama, hana ruwa ya zama gaba tare da kayan sharar ruwa (alal misali, asbestos-ciminti na sumbai da aka yi da manyan yawa polyethylene. Af, zaɓi na ƙarshe yana ƙaruwa da tasirin magudanar da aka yi amfani da shi.
Ilya Kormukhin
Injiniyan DSC na bazara