Farkon kakar gini ba ta da nisa, kuma lokaci yayi da za a yi magana game da kayan sanannen - toshe haske. Me za a zabi kauri daga bangon? Sanya su guda-Layer ko da yawa? Yadda za a ƙarfafa Masonry kuma kuna buƙatar ƙarfafa kuzarin? Muna amsa waɗannan da sauran tambayoyi.
Photo: Horturerstock / Fotodom.ru
A cikin huhu (abin da ake kira ɓoyayyen m) toshe mai yawa fa'idodi akan wasu kayan. Wannan farashi mai araha ne, mai kyau insulating iko da saurin masarauta, saboda kowane katangar daidai yake da tubalin da yawa. Tabbas, akwai kuma raunana, irin shi da ƙarancin ƙarfi da juriya na danshi (musamman wannan damuwar shahararrun kayayyaki). Koyaya, fasahar zamani tana da sauki ga shawo kan waɗannan lamuran. Wani lokaci yafi wahalar warware matsaloli da suka tashi kafin ginin gini shine don tantance zabi na toshe, kauri da zane bango.
Hoto: YTong.
Ikon rufe bangon bango daga tubalan haske
Dangane da na yanzu SP 50.5330. Kariyar Therrowel na gine-gine "da ake buƙata ta hanyar rage girman bangon waje na ginin (R0), don jirgin ruwa mai zuwa shine 3.56 M2 • ° C / W, don Moscow da St. Petersburg - Kimanin 3.2 M2 • ° C / w, don Krasnodin - 2.34 M2 • ° C / W.Don nemo waƙoƙin kauri na bango guda-gefe guda daga wani abu, kuna buƙatar ninka R0 akan ƙimar da ke da ƙirar (mun jagoranci dabi'unsu a cikin tebur). Iya warware matsalar wannan matsalar tana rikitarwa ta hanyar da gaskiyar da ke da theryeriyar da ke haifar da iyakoki dabam dabam dangane da fasahar samarwa. Don haka, a yanayin cunkoso mai tushe, murhu tsakuwa yana da mahimmanci, da microsructure na dutsen yanki, ƙarar da kuma tsari na fanko na shaye-shaye na tubalan.
A lokacin da sayen toshe daga kwafin salon salula, ya kamata ka dauki kwafin takardar shaidar doka da GOSSH 21520-89 da kuma bincika kayan ƙarfi ta hanyar girgiza sclerometer.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ganuwar katako guda ɗaya mai ma'ana na "mai ma'ana" a cikin latti na Moscow ba su isa ga al'ada ba. Misali, R0 Fencing daga tubalan mai siliki na D500 alama (yawan kilogiram 500 kg / m3) tare da kauri daga 400 mm kusan 2.8 M2 ° C / W. Saboda haka, yawancin masu haɓakawa sun zaɓi ƙirar da ke daɗaɗa da yawa.
A rufi daga bango yana ba da damar cimma manyan alamomin zafi tare da tanadi na tushe da kuma ayyuka na dullayer yana da sauƙi kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, na bakin ciki, na bakin ciki. Bugu da kari, yana da meteriya mafi girma inertia: Idan a cikin hunturu zai dauki don barin gidan na biyu ko kwana uku, to, zaku iya kawar da dumama, ba tare da tsoro cewa ɗakunan za su bushe. Babban rashin bangon bango mai yawa shine rayuwar yau da kullun sabis na rufin (ba fiye da shekaru 50), wato, tare da ganuwar zata yi sanyi.
Masonry Fasaha
Ana sanya kwanciya da aka yi a cikin sharar gida kuma baya amfani da aiki mai wahala. Koyaya, kowane nau'in wannan kayan - saitin niyyar sa, kuma magudanai suna wajabta su bincika hakan. Kurakurai yayin gudanar da masonry zai shafi ilimin ganyayyaki na ganuwar, ƙarfinsu, tsananin girman kai.
Hanyoyin haɗin da ke tsakanin masonry daga tubalan da bulo suna fuskantar mai dorewa, amma sassauƙa ne cewa bango baya fasa a gida. Mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓuka sune galolizeled karfe, gilashin ko Basaltoplasty.
Yadda za a rage asarar zafi ta hanyar monry herams. Don yin wannan, ya zama dole a rage girmansu da / ko amfani da "mafita" mafita. Idan raguwar rassan da ke tattare da katangar ba su wuce 1 mm ba, Bricklaallan gwaji yana sanya su a kan Layer na mafita na ba 3 mm, sannan kuma asarar zafi ta hanyar seams za a iya sakaci. Alas, Stable Geometry yana da kyawawan gas-silate turback da aka yi a masana'antu na zamani da ganin Lines (Saw na Lines na YTong alama).
Bayyananniyar tubalan arbolite, da aka sanya su fadada kumfa polystyrene kumfa (a) ko neuropom (b), ana dagu da su ba tare da seems ba. Sa'an nan kuma an zuba mai nauyi a cikin rami. Hoto: YTong.
A yayin gina beramic ya yi ado, arbolite, theramzite kankare da kumfa na seams yawanci 10-15 mm mm, saboda haka yana da kyau a haifar da mafita a kan "mai dumi" mafita. Ana iya shirya shi akan abu daga wani abu daga ciminti da masu fannoni masu ƙarancin ƙasa, kamar su yashi na perlite, wanda aka sayar a cikin jaka da matsi.
Shirye-shiryen "mai dumi" TM, Knaynm lm21, da sauransu) zai kashe 2-2.5 sau da yawa a cikin gina karamin yanki (har zuwa 150 m2), Savings ba zai yiwu ya sa kansa ba, musamman ma tunda filayen filastik da aka kara su ne zuwa ga adhere na musamman, samar da kyakkyawan kama da toshe.
Gasilicate tubalan suna daya daga cikin kayan da suka fi dacewa a cikin aikin. A farkon Masonry na jerin, an fallasa duwatsun angular kuma an shimfiɗa su a tsakanin su da takalman takalmin. Hoto: YTong.
Ana amfani da glue ta hanyar Celma-Scoop
Tubalan sun ga wani tare da manyan hakora ba tare da wiring ba. Operas sun mamaye katangar da ke karfafa katako daga mafi girman adadin rauni
Kuna buƙatar ƙarfafa masonry. A lokacin da gini daga shinge na salula (kuraje kankare da gas-silifika), na farko da kowane layi na huɗu na goyon bayan masu-yummers, da jere a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin. A lokaci guda, karfe ko da aka sanya sanduna tare da diamita na 10 mm a cikin Steres, waɗanda aka yi ta hanyar kaifi ko wutar lantarki. Bugu da kari, ana buƙatar shirya fadada mai jujjuyawa a tsakanin benaye da kuma a ƙarƙashin Mauerlat. Don haka wadannan belts ba su zama gadoji ba, suna ware daga gefen titi ta hanyar polystyrene kumfa ko ulu na ma'adinin. A cikin gidan daga salon salula na D400 alama, ƙari, ya zama dole don ƙarfafa bude ƙofar, da kuma buɗe taga fiye da 1.5 m. Ana yin wannan ta amfani da FLEMS FRANE ko racks da rigakoci daga sel mai karfafa d700 ko D800 wanda ake fin fifi.
A lokacin da kwanciya daga Arbolic da polystyrene Bonts, kowane layi na uku karfafa tare da raga (mafi kyau - filastik), tsayi) daga 100 mm.
Hoto: "Sk Dop"
Abubuwan da keɓaɓɓe na wasan kwaikwayo na tubalan itace suna hanzarta Masonry, saboda hayaki na tsaye suna buƙatar cika da mafita kawai a cikin sasanninta. Hoto: Wienerberger
A waje da kuma ga wasu kaddarorin, toshewar da aka zaɓa yayi kama da tubali, amma ba ya haifar da bulogin danshi, don haka gidan yana buƙatar ƙarewa. Hoto: Wienerberger
A cikin ganuwar yumbu da katako mai amfani da katako, ba a buƙatar seams. Bukatar Armes na ƙaura ce ta tabbatar da lissafin kaya daga mamaye da rufin.
Yadda ake yin jumpers a kan yaƙe-yaƙe. Manyan masana'antu na yumbu da tubalan mai siliki da kuma wiewerbers da yank song, suna samarwa a ko'ina, sabili da haka, da yawa, da yawa. Chambers ya rufe a matakai.
Zaɓuɓɓuka masu sanyaya Masonry
Yin kwanciya daga tubalan mai karɓa tare da kauri na 250 mm tare da rufi na ma'adinan ulu (100 mm) da fuskantar tubalin. Tsakanin rufi da kuma tubalin da ya bar iska ta 50 mm (a). Bangon na kumfa na kumfa mai kauri da kauri 400 mm tare da karɓewa a cikin gurbataccen nauyi; Haɗin haɗi mai sassauƙa (bakin ciki na bakin ciki ko sanduna) suna cikin mataki na 400-600 mm a tsaye da kwance (b). Abun kallo: IGor Smirhaunt / Burton Mai jarida
Yanayin a cikin gidan
Ganuwar da aka yi da bugun jini da aka yi da ta samar da m microclimate a cikin ɗakunan, kamar yadda aka cire karin danshi daga iska (ban da na polystyrene bonts). Wannan ingancin yana da mahimmanci musamman idan babu tsarin samun iska ta zamani.Yawancin kwararru ba sa ba da shawarar ɗaure bangon bango daga ciki tare da filayen tururi na tururi, kamar yadda wannan zai dage da micrelatimate a gidan. Wajibi ne a tabbatar da ingantaccen fitar da danshi daga saman farfajiyar bangon. Daga wannan ra'ayi, hanya mafi kyau duka don gama gidan haske tubalan tubalo ne mai shinge tare da ventutuzor tare da hauhawar ginin da aka ɗora.
Dumama da ado
Haske mai haske, gami da yumɓu, ba su da kyau sosai kuma yana buƙatar kariya daga danshi ATMOSPHERISHER. Mafi yawan hanyoyin gama ginin bango suna fuskantar (tring) bulo, plasting, filasiki da fale-falen fale-finai akan m bayani da hauhawar facade da kuma hawa facade da kuma hawa facade da kuma hawa facade da kuma hawa facade. Dukkansu suna ba su ƙari kuma su rufe bangon.
Yi amfani da shi don rufin bango daga haske toshe kumfa da faranti na polystyrene kumfa, kamar yadda faranti na polysthane, da kuma fesa polyurthethane kumfa da ba a so. Wadannan kayan suna da ƙarancin tururuwa da tsoma baki tare da bango don ba da danshi, shiga cikin ƙirar tare da iska.
Ganuwar da tubalin da ke fuskantar ginin "Classic" kuma har wa yau sun shahara, duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci don ƙara girman fadin na 150 mm Don aiwatarwa), kuma idan an bayar don rufi, to 200/250 mm.
A garuruwan Rasha, a cikin ƙarni na farko da aka gina a gida tare da dutse na farko da katako na biyu. Tsarin kare na zamani yana ba da damar "ƙadar gine-ginen zamani". Hoto: "Appini.ru"
Vapor da ikon tubalin yana fuskantar ƙarami, kuma yana iya gano danshi a ciki a cikin bango mai ɗaukar kaya. Saboda haka, tsakanin tubali da toshe, ƙimar ƙira na 20-40 mm an samar. Idan masonry na bangon da kuma yatsa ana za'ayi a lokaci guda, bulo yana da alaƙa da toshe jita-jita na jingina.
A lokacin da yafi yaduwa riga gidan gidan amfani da anchors. Ana yawanci rufewa da tubalan ta amfani da tubalan filashin da aka sawa a kan sanduna-yumper.
Cututtuka da aka yi da aluminium ko saƙonnin karfe suna dacewa a cikin shigarwa kuma suna aiki zuwa shekaru 50. Hoto: ronson
Lokacin da na'urar ta saka facade a tsakanin rufi da kuma za a bayar dole a ba da shi a cikin iska. Hoto: ronson
Lokacin shigar da filastar filastar dumi, da farko ganuwar ma'adinan ulu na ma'adinai (ko dai biyu-layer), manne biyu), manne biyu da disk da discyels don wannan. Bayan haka, ana amfani da mafita na farko na mafita ga rufi. Hoto: Grigori Grigoriev / Burti Media
Ana matsar da Grid ɗin da ke cikin sa. Hoto: Grigori Grigoriev / Burti Media
Grid an rufe tare da gama Layer na filastar. Kokarin amfani da filastar a cikin Layer daya (a saman ƙayyadadden grid) zai haifar da stratification na tsarin. Hoto: Grigori Grigoriev / Burti Media
Manyan kamfanoni suna ba da samfuran musamman don fadin fannoni. Bari rockwool don Masonry Masonry yana ba da "kuvii backts", da kuma don filastar facade - "Rocafasad". Hoto: Rockwool.
The plastering facade kamata da juriya ga peeling da tururi permeability na akalla 0,09 MG / (m • h • PA). Mafi daidai amfani da ciminti shirye-da-lemun tsami, kamar yadda Cerzit ST24, Witter.stuk 411. Wane bangon da aka yi da tubalan sanduna. An ba da shawarar a filastik a kan grid.
Ciber Claker ya kasance cikin salon saboda wani raguwa a cikin farashin wannan kyakkyawan abu mai kyau. Fale-falen majami'a suna glued zuwa bango wanda aka haɗa tare da ginin ɓangaren. Lokacin da rufi, na farko tare da taimakon manne na musamman da sauri a saka farantin daga hensity menu, to ana amfani da filasan filastar kuma an cire filasta.
Daya daga cikin kayan kare kayan yau da kullun a yau shine platolen katako. An yiwa katunan da gibba, saboda haka ba a tsawaita fatar ba a danshi. Hoto: Dören.
An saka facade da sauri kuma yana ba ku damar rarrabe gidan tare da kayan toshe, maɓallin ƙarfe da aka yi da lanten, vinyl da aka yi da lantens, polymer da aka yi da fale-falen katako.
Zaɓin wurin facade
Tsarin Tsara: 1 - bango mai ɗaukar kaya; 2 - rufin (faranti na katako tare da kauri na 100 mm); 3 - hydraulic karewar kariya ta hydraulic; 4 - Scotch na biyu don gidajen abinci; 5 - Ferade Board. Hoto: Dören.
Iri na toshe haske
Arbolitov
Arbolite (wani lokacin ba daidai bane ake kira OpIlk kankare). An samar da shi daga sandar siminti da kwakwalwan katako. Abubuwan da ba shi da ma'ana kuma baya goyan bayan kona, amma a lokaci guda yana hana masu fasikanci da kyau (ba kamar an daidaita su ba.Gas kankare
Kayan kayan abinci don samarwa na samar da karamin yashi na qarbenz yashi, daukaki (lemun tsami, filastar, ciminti) da kuma aluminum foda. A lokacin da kayan ado dauki tare da alkaline ciminti ko sifa mafi cancanta, an kafa kumfa, saboda abin da kayan ya sami tsarin salula. A Monumit mai canzawa mai canzawa ya gani a cikin toshe, waɗanda sannan suka bushe a cikin wani autoclave ko wutar lantarki. Fasaha yana baka damar bambanta adadin katangar. Tsarin aiki (wato, mai iya fahimtar ikon karfin iko) la'akari da samfuran tare da yawan kilogiram 500 / m3 da ƙari.
Gas-silicate
Ana samar da nau'in toshe mai-mai-kankare ba tare da amfani da siminti ba. Wannan fasaha ce da ake amfani da manyan masana'antun (alal misali, YTong). Blockic Blocks ne da ɗan ƙasa da sumunti, duk da haka, sun bambanta ƙarin tsari.Keramzitobeton
An yi shi ne da grailet da yumbu grovel a matsayin mai filler. Akwai vigilant (mita mai sau biyu, jere huɗu) da sikelin sikelin. Na farko mai rahusa ne kuma mai sauƙi, amma kasancewar babban cavities sa wasu aikin gini, kamar mai. Babban rashin amfanin ɓoyayyen Kerzrete ne in mun gwada da karancin zafi da kuma rashin ƙarfi na girman geometric (haƙuri har zuwa 5 mm).
Yumbu da aka zabi toshe
In ba haka ba, wani yanki mai narkewa mai ɗaci mai yawa. Ana iya la'akari da matakin karshe na juyin halitta na Brik Slit. Hakanan ana kera katangar daga yumɓu mai faɗi, amma girmansa shine sau 5-8 sau da yawa, kuma babu komai a ciki; Voids suna da nau'ikan kunkuntar tashoshi, da kuma m hadin canjin zafi, wanda ke inganta infulate iko. Dole ne a saka naúrar yumbu kawai akan mafita ta filastik wanda ba ya cika fanko. Kayan yana da wahala fiye da kankare, duk da haka, yana da ƙarfi mafi girma da karko.Kumfa
Wannan sananniyar ƙwayoyin halitta yana kama da deplete, amma ya bambanta a cikin fasahar samarwa: na roba ko kuma kayan ƙirar kumfa da ƙara cakuda da cakuda. Dangane da karfin, kumfa mai narkewa yana da fifiko mai gas, amma yana da tsari mara kyau.
Perliteobeton
A matsayin mai canzawa a ciki, ana amfani da yashi mai tsami. Ta hanyar tsawan zafi, toshe ba ta da ƙasa ga ƙwararren gas, yayin da muhimmanci more thermeters kuma yana da dorewa. An samar kayan a cikin yankin Rasha a cikin ƙananan kundin, kuma farashinsa a fili ya wuce a fili (daga 6,000) a sarari da 1 m3).Polystyrevbton
Polystyrene kumfa Granules ya mamaye sama da 50% na ƙarar tasa. Wannan toshe tana da "dumi", amma tana da ƙarancin tururi.
Slag kankare
A yau, ana samar dashi kawai a wasu yankuna na ƙasan marasa baki. Kayan sun bushe sosai, amma yana da halaye masu ƙarancin zafi.
Halayen shinge na huhu
Duba shingen bango | Arbolitov | Gas-silicate | Keramzitobeton | Yumbu | Kumfa | Polystyrevbton |
Mai ƙarfi, KGF / cm | 240-70 | 10-20. | 50-120 | 30-50 | 10-30 | 15-30 |
Yankuna, KG / M3 | 400-850 | 400-600 | 700-1400 | 550-650 | 400-900 | 400-600 |
Yin aiki, w / (m • ° C) | 0.12-0.30 | 0.10-0.25 | 0.28-0.40 | 0.16-0.225 | 0.10-0.31 | 0.10-0.22 |
Rage ruwa,% | 60-80 | 100 | hamsin | 15-30 | 95. | 5-15 |
Kudin, Rub. / M3 | 4000-4200 | 2600-4600 | 2600-2800. | 5100-6000 | 2500-3400 | 2700-3000 |
