A cikin shekaru 20-30 shekaru, wani sauki sassaƙa taga ya zama high-tech samfurin, a kan dukkan articles m da wanda ya riga. Sabili da haka, ba abin mamaki bane cewa gyara a cikin Apartment yana ba da cikakken maye gurbin waje na waje glazing.
Hoto daga V. Grigoriev
Hanyar da ba daidaitaccen tsari ba, misali arched (a), da kuma tare da layout na ado (b) da curly abubuwa (b) sanya itace da filastik
Architects M.rexic da l.rekychus
Photo v.nepledova
Ononia.
"Window Real"
Yucco
Yau, katako, windows (a - c) suna yi ne kawai daga glued katako, don haka za su ba za a boxed tare da danshi saukad. Koyaya, ana iya ɗaukar hoto a saman saman na sassan sassan sassan jikin ya kamata a kiyaye shi ta hanyar mastic na musamman. Duk wani taga ana iya sanye take da marigin sauro net (g)
Babban ikon yinsa, daga aikace-aikace na aluminum Tsarin cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu - hunturu gõnaki, kuma glazing balconies
Bayyanar taga da ƙirar taga taga suna da mahimmanci ga ɗakin.
Windin.
"Window Real"
Windows na katako tare da mai kariya mai kariya mai narkewa: a cikin akwatin da sash (a); Kawai a kasan bayanan akwatin (b)
Wani lokaci, domin ya ceci kudi, wani ɓangare na sash an sanya kurame (an yi su da wani akwatin profile, kayyade gilashin da musamman bugun jini). Yana da mahimmanci cewa a lokaci guda kuna da damar da za ku wanke taga ba tare da neman zuwa sabis na masu hawa ba
Photo v.nepledova
Idan taga ba ta busa a kan dumi iska daga baturi, shi zai zama kusan lalle condensate a kan gilashin, kuma a cikin hunturu da shi na iya har ya bayyana a bayyana. Game da batun, don tabbatar da busawa mai busawa, jeri na ramuka sun bushe a saman tebur
Hoto daga V. Grigoriev
Cikakkun bayanai na kayan haɗi na taga: madauki na yau da kullun don taga filastik (a); Elearfularal na kulle ta hanyar Shill (yana ba ku damar buɗe flaps duka tare kuma daban) (b). Daidaitaccen Pet La (B)
Tsarin alhailine (veka) tare da sash shida-sarkar da akwatin dakin biyu. Bayanin dambe na kwarara
Daidaici da Slicing Tsarin Portal suna yin daga bayanan martaba don ƙofofin ciki. Kawai na musamman kayan aiki kit, kamar Atrium HKS, SKB System (Maco), baranda (Roto)
Profine rukunin.
Don samar da dagawa da kuma slors ƙofofin, ana buƙatar na'urori masu tsada, wanda ya haɗa da bakin ƙarfe tare da bin diddigin (a) da kuma roller carler (a)
Tsarin Charfi huɗu Hudu Systerotech 742 70mm nisa. Rage juriya na zafi shine 0.89m2c / w
Photo v.nepledova
Sama da shekaru 20-30, taga mai sauki ya zama babban samfurin fasaha, akan dukkanin darussan ya riga na gaba. Sabili da haka, ba abin mamaki bane cewa gyara a cikin Apartment yana ba da cikakken maye gurbin waje na waje glazing.
Photo E.Kulibaba me muke nufi da manufar "zamani"? Da farko dai, watakila tsarin tsari. Na ƙarshen yau an yi shi ne daga bayanan martaba na wani sashe na sashe, itace don wadatar da aka yi amfani da su na polyvinyl chloride (game da windows daga PVC za a tattauna a cikin Labarinmu). Nau'in da aka ɗaure shine mafi ƙarfin ƙarfin, ƙarfafawa da "bayanan waje" na taga. Sauran abubuwan ƙirar ƙirar sune windows mai ƙyalli biyu da kuma kayan haɗi. Na farko "yana amsa" amsa "don asalin haske, zafi da rufin sauti, na biyu - don dacewa da bush. A ƙarshe, aikin da ake ciki na sabuwar hanyar glazing na gine-gine shine fasahar taro wanda ya canza ƙasa da taga kanta.
Sauya Glazing mai tsada. Domin kada ka jawo hankalin mummunan asara, to lallai ne ka fahimci matsaloli da yawa. Yanzu za mu yi magana game da abin da ya kamata ku kula da lokacin zabar windows don gidan.
Bayanin martaba
Da farko dai, ya zama dole a tantance kayan kayan taga. Mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da matsala - itace ko filastik. By bada haraji ga da kyau-kafa manyan al'amurra, da dama suna kokarin samun katako Tsarin at farashin roba (cewa shi ne, ba fiye da 7-8 dubu rubles. Domin 1m2). Alas, ba shi yiwuwa. Bayan duk, kasafin katako "Eurdoonfes" wanzu ne kawai a cikin tallan tallata. Ko da kayayyakin daga Pine Engineering Array, fentin da fari enamel, wanda da yawa masu sayarwa suna kira kasafin kudin, za kudin akalla 60% mafi tsada fiye da analogues daga PVC. (Kuma wannan yana da fahimta, saboda ficewa na filastik taro ne, a zahiri, samar da sharar gida, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su sosai, kare su daga abrasives da kuma bazuwar buga da kuma lokaci-lokaci duhun gilashi waje (Ko mafi enamels da dama bayan shekaru fara zuwa crack da kwasfa daga surface. idan windows kau da kai da m hanya, lokacin "rayuwa" na Paint da varnish shafi an rage sau da yawa) . Constructions daga "dumi" aluminum suna bambanta da dogon sabis rai (fiye da shekaru 50), kuma high ƙarfi: daga wannan abu da za ka iya yi sash, girman wanda shi ne 1.2-1.5 sau fiye da na itace, da kuma 2- 2, 5 sau fiye da a ka yi na PVC. Koyaya, sun rasa masu fafatawa. Guda ɗaya daga cikin Windows na aluminum tare da binciken da aka bincika a Polyamide yana da girma sosai: Bayanan martabar sun tsallake da itace, farashinsu yana ƙaruwa a ƙarƙashin itacen, farashinsu yana ƙaruwa da wani sau tara. Amma "sanyi" tsarin aluminum na aluminum na glazing baronies suna da yawa - wasu lokuta suna da rahusa fiye da filastik.Daga cikin hade windows sun fi na kowa katako da waje m aluminum overlays, katako, da ƙarin m aluminum sash da aluminum (daga "dumi" profiles) tare da wani ciki katako, gama. Matsakaicin farashin na farko - daga dunsses dubu 20. Don 1M2, na biyu - daga dubun dubji. Don 1M2, na uku - daga dunsses dubu 35. Na 1m2.
Amma ga farashin farashi da ƙimar inganci, abu ne kawai mai yiwuwa a gasa tare da Windows filastik, don haka kasuwa ta tsara zane-zane. Introgged daga gare mu a kan jita-jita sunayen high-profile brands na zuwa PVC profile masana'antun: Kbe, Trocal, Kommerling (mai dukkan uku ne PROFINE damuwa), Aluplast, Gealan, Rehau, Veka (duk - Jamus), DeceUninck (Belgium) , "EXPRF" (Rasha), WINTECH IDR.
Don masana'anta na taga, ana buƙatar bayanan martaba daban-daban: wasu don sash, wasu don akwatin, na uku don entos, na huɗu don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.d don plopes shi.D. Bayanan Bayanan Akwatin, Sash da Tunanin da suke da alhakin halayyar tsarin ana kiransu babban tsari - tsarin bayanan martaba. A cikin manyan bayanan martaba, ana sanya karfafa liner mai karfafa (yawanci karfe, kasa da hade). Yana ba su ƙarfi kuma a raba su don tasirin tasirin tsarin yanayin zafi da ke tasowa daga babban bambanci a yanayin zafi da ɗakin iska. A yau, tsarin, manyan bayanan martaba na waɗanda ke da kyamarori huɗu ko biyar, na kimanin 70mm da kuma gonar kwallaye biyu suna da kyau sosai don tsiri na tsiri na Rasha. Ba su da 'yanci daga ɗakin uku, har ma a cikin manyan giya.
Ya sanya windows ɗari na manyan da ƙananan kamfanonin Rasha na Rasha. Yawancinsu sune hukuma "sake maimaita" ɗaya ko kuma wani bayanin martaba ɗaya. Wannan yana nuna kasancewar kayayyakin ƙwararru, masu horar da ma'aikata kuma wasu iko daga masana'antun. Amfanin na ƙarshe kamar Windows yana da sauƙin fahimta: Babban adadin aure zai iya lalata alamar kasuwanci.
Kuna iya sayan windows daga "masu sarrafawa" ko dillalan su (abin da ake kira kamfanonin shigarwa). Me ya fi kyau? Babu wani tabbataccen amsar wannan tambayar. Gaskiyar ita ce wasu manyan masana'antun Windows ba su da hanyar sadarwa ta masana'antu ko ba sa aiki tare da umarni guda. Ba'asar da za ta iya bayar da kewayon samfurori da yawa daga bayanan martaba daban-daban, suna samuwa don abokan ciniki a wurare kuma, ta amfani da ragi na dillali, sau da yawa sayar da Windows mai rahusa fiye da masana'antun. Tabbas, lokacin sayen dillali, kuna buƙatar tambayar wanda ya yi taga don kada ku sayi bita mai hawa-gida-pedago ɗaya. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a san cewa masana'anta yana samar da cikakken tabbatar da cikakken bayani game da taga kanta da shigarwa, da dillali ya raba. Akwai kuskure na kuskure: A aikace ba koyaushe yake da sauƙin kafa cewa sanadin rushewar ba ne ko kuma sakaci shigarwa.
Idan ka sayi Windows akantin kantin kan layi (masana'anta ko masu amfani), yana da daraja ta amfani da abin da ake kira coalulator wanda kusan akan kowane rukunin yanar gizon. A lokaci guda, zaku iya sanin kunshin da tsarin bude taga taga, sannan kuma zaku iya isar da abin da kuka ga manajoji waɗanda ke neman haɗawa wajen tsara zaɓuɓɓukan.
Ra'ayi na kwararre
Ba duk bayanan bayanan PVC taga iri ɗaya bane. A karo na farko da suka kasu kashi a aji masu inganci a cikin matsayin RAL. Daga baya, wannan rarrabuwar ya wuce zuwa ga ka'idojin Turai din iso 12608, da kuma a cikin mai shigo da Rashanci. An dogara da kauri daban-daban na bayanan martaba. Classes haruffa ne (mafi girma), b (matsakaici) da c (low). Windows wanda aka sanya daga bayanan martaba na azuzuwan daban-daban ana samo shi ne daga juna da farko a cikin irin waɗannan sigogi kamar ƙarfin na inji da siffofin. Ofaya daga cikin mafi yawan matsalolin wuraren da taga wata alaƙa ce ta hannu, wanda babu amplification na ƙarfe. Wakar, da aka yi da Class Bayanan Bid, ƙarfin angular 20% ƙasa da waɗancan samfuran guda ɗaya da aka yi daga "sauƙin" da "Fantasy na manazar ga Talla na kamfanonin taga. Ko da, da alama, bayyanannun rarrabuwa na shirye-shiryen musamman na musamman don ƙarancin injiniyan injin din su ma matsala ce. Yana da kamar ƙoƙarin rarrabe motoci a cikin girman ƙafafun ko ikon injin. Irin wannan rababbi, tabbas, wataƙila, amma ba ya daidaitawa da ingancin taga.
Sergey Elnikov, Shugaban Ma'aikatar Talla na Beka Rus
Indarina
Kudin da halaye na taga suna dogaro da nau'in da dabarar ninki biyu masu glazed. Mafi na kowa da biyu-biyu mai glazed windows daga gilashin silicate na al'ada tare da kauri na 4mm tare da cika iska da firam mai nisa. A halin yanzu, kewayon wannan gilashin yana da fadi sosai, kuma yawancin masu siyarwa sun sami damar bayar da ingantacciyar sulhu daga waɗannan samfuran (ko da yaushe ba koyaushe suke da isasshen umarnin "na yau da kullun ba). Af, mun lura cewa ba duk masana'antar tagulla da kansu suke yin windows biyu-da yawa ba) da yawa) Saya su daga kamfanonin sarrafa kansa.A cikin tsarin birane
Taga muhimmin abu ne na ciki. Yawancin lokaci masu zanen kaya basu dace da firam launi na gargajiya ba. A halin yanzu, Kamfanin Kulawa Kamfanin Kulawa na Canza don canza bayyanar da fadin fadin ginin. Tare da Windows filastik, yawanci babu matsaloli taso, domin za a iya lalata su kawai daga ciki. Zanen taga na katako a garesu a cikin launuka daban-daban zasu kara darajar ta kusan 20%. Wani zaɓi shine don ba da Windows tare da waje na aluminum na waje, fentin farin enamel. Amma a lokaci guda, dabarun za su canza zuwa rukuni na hade, kuma farashin su zai ƙaru da 30-70%.
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Amma ga zaɓin glazing, a wasu lokuta yana yiwuwa a ba da takamaiman shawarwari. Alal misali, ga manyan-format da kuma rufin (ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi) windows bukatar lafiya kunshe-kunshe da ƙẽƙashe tabarau a warwatse a lokacin da bugawa kananan niƙaƙƙun. A cikin benaye na farko da na yau da kullun, yana da kyau a shigar da windows mai kariya sau biyu tare da sau uku. Idan Aikin yayi sanyi ko kuna son ƙara yawan yanki mai glazing (alal misali, ta hanyar juya loggia a cikin erker-tanadi ninki biyu tare da gilashin kare kai tsaye da / ko kuma Gilashin kai cikowa. Inshora mai sauti zai ba da damar windows biyu na asymmetrics da ba a bayyana ba na ɗakunan ajiya (sun ce 12 mm) ko tabarau daban-daban (bada izinin, 4 da 6mm). Wani lokaci - yafi a cikin ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi - yana da daraja ta amfani da kai-tsaftacewa gilashin da pyrolytic shafi. A halaye na wasu biyu-glazed windows mu ba a tebur, kirgawa a kan cewa mai karatu zai sa dole karshe da za ta yanke hukunci.
Duk da cewa kunshin gilashin ya fi tsayayya da lalata kaya fiye da tabarau guda, har yanzu shi ne mafi yawan ɓangaren taga. Komawar da ke barazana ba kawai kwallayen kwallon kafa ba, har ma "abokan gaba." Wani lokaci saboda lahani na Mazajen Taro (Misali, matalauta scu scu Schuka, ana iya yin amfani da windows masu ƙarancin ƙasa, tare da irin wannan abin da aka makala na iya faruwa har ma da yawa. Danshi ya faɗi tsakanin gilashin, kuma a cikin hunturu sun fara fogy. Sau da yawa akwai wani yunkri halakar gilashi windows a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da ake kira m auka da kuma sauran abubuwan, wanda wani lokacin ba ma iya kwararru.
Mafi sau da yawa, gilashin yana da sauƙin rusa. Idan taga an yi shi ne daga PVC, ya isa ya dace da sikirin tare da siketedriver kuma cire su. Abu ne mafi wahala don siyan sabon ɓangaren gilashi. Waɗannan samfuran, ba kamar gilashin guda ɗaya ba, kada su sayar a kasuwannin ginin. Dole ne mu je samarwa ko wani abu mai tsunduma cikin gyaran Windows, sabis ɗin wanda don bayarwa da shigarwa wasu lokuta suna da tsada fiye da "ɓangare na zamani" kanta. (Note cewa post-sabis na garanti na PVC windows, da rashin alheri, ba tukuna isasshe ɓullo da kuma halin kaka kansa.) A cikin wasu windows da kuma baranda kofofi, biyu-glazed windows a cikin taro aiwatar ake pasted cikin sash silicone, polysulfide ko roba sealant . A wannan yanayin, ba koyaushe zai yiwu a maye gurbin kunshin gilashi ba a wannan yanayin - yana da sau da yawa ya zama dole don shigar da sabon sash, wanda ke ƙaruwa da farashin gyara aƙalla sau 2.
Ra'ayi na kwararre
Hoto na kunshin gilashin a cikin sash yana ba da damar ƙara yawan ƙarfin aiki da tsarin kula da PVC, saboda abin da aka inganta halayen ƙarfe na taga. Koyaya, ba duk hanyoyin da gluing daidai suke da kyau ba. Fasahar kuzari tana da fa'idodi da yawa. Da farko, windows biyu-glazed suna da kusan dukkanin kewaye zuwa duk kaurinsa, wanda ke tabbatar da ƙarfin haɗin haɗin. Abu na biyu, fasahar tana ba da amfani da bayanan martaba na ƙamus tare da glazing. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa cika rata tare da sealant kuma yana ba ku damar sauƙaƙe seam tare da wuka idan kuna buƙatar maye gurbin gilashin. Abu na uku, wani petal na musamman yana hana sealant don shiga cikin magudanar magudanar ruwa.Dmitry Molokanov, kwararren fasaha na alplast rus
Windows yana buɗe ...
Saitin kayan aiki don taga juyawa ya haɗa da yawancin sassan. Babban wadanda suke hinges, kulle kwantena, allunan rimun ruwa da injin din na inji suna fitar da karfi daga cikin ikon sarrafawa zuwa fil.
Sauya kayan haɗi a kan taga da aka sanya koyaushe ba shi da sauƙi kuma a duk lokuta yana da tsada sosai. Sabili da haka, ya zama dole a yi la'akari da shirin a hankali don buɗe windows nan gaba kuma ku ba su amintattun kayayyakin Turai, kamar g.u., Hausau, Maco (Austria), Maco (Austria). Akwai kayan haɗi na manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu - swivel da juyawa. Na biyu ya kusan sau 2 mafi tsada (samar da taga sash daya yana ƙara farashin sa ta 25-30%), amma yana ba da iska mai dadi. Dole ne a sanya kayan haɗi masu amfani da abin da ake kira mai kuskure, in ba haka ba, lokacin da aka sanya abin da aka sa hannu ya zama abin rikewa, sash zai iya faɗi daga firam. Akwai kan kasuwa da "amintacciyar" mai aminci wacce ke buƙatar da farko don kada yara su buɗe taga (ko kuma ta buɗe shi kawai a cikin yanayin iska). Mai watsa shiri ya hada da tsarin kullewa wanda aka gina cikin rike. Wani zaɓi mai amfani shine daidaitattun madaukai, bada izinin haɓaka ƙirar sash zuwa firam ɗin kuma don haka ƙara matsanancin taga. Yawancin lokaci yana da mahimmanci bayan shekaru da yawa na aiki, lokacin da seals ke da rauni.
Ga mazaunan na farko da na kwanan nan, matsalar windows (gaba daya tana magana, tana da yawa daga masu gidaje daga gida mai zuwa). Nan da nan lura cewa wannan siga ba ta al'ada ta hanyar kowane ɗayan ka'idodin Rasha. Masu siyarwa, wanda ke nuna ajin juriya na hack juriya, koma zuwa matsayin Turai na Turai v infis 1627-1630. Don samun aji na farko (juriya ga maharcin na minti 2-4 ba tare da kasancewar pin na musamman ba) a sasanninta na Sash, ƙarfafa bayanan martaba na sash, ƙarfafa bayanan bayanan karfe daga Tushewar murabba'in, kariya daga kayan haɗi da kuma kayan windows tare da maɓallin kullewa. Windows-Class-Class (juriya har zuwa minti 10) dole ne a sanye take da windows biyu mai glazed tare da sau uku; A lokaci guda, ya zama dole don rage gibin da duk abubuwan kulle na yau da kullun sune anti-bam da daidaitawa. Wakilai na uku (juriya har zuwa 20 min) windows biyu-glazed windows na kariya - a cikin sash, ana inganta yawan wuraren kullewa, kuma ana inganta yawan wuraren kullewa, kuma ana inganta yawan maki a cikin karfe sasanninta da faranti.
Ra'ayi na kwararre
Mafi yawan gidaje a cikin tsohon zama zama, da kuma a cikin gidajen da yawa sabbin abubuwa an tsara su ne don samun iska ta hanyar windows. Bayan shigar da tsarin hermetic na zamani, kwararar iska ta tsaya kuma a cikin Akidar ya zama babu abin da zai numfasa. Idan babu tsarin kwandishan tare da cakuda iska mai kyau, ko da yake ga lalata ka'idodin ceton kuzari da rufin mai sauti, ana taimakon aikin microcing. Don yin wannan, taga sanye take da dacewa da kyau, ba da izinin sash dan kadan akan juyawa na rike da suban na taga, kuma wannan bai faru ba. Madadin Microwajada da ke kan window da kuma bawul. Gaskiya ne, wannan ƙarshen ba da wuya ba a cikin gine-ginen da aka riga aka riga an riga an riga an kashe shi, kamar yadda wannan saboda babban kashe kudi a kan hako bangon bangon waje. Amma na'urorin taga suna da bambanci sosai, banda, yana da sauƙi don anafa ko da dai ƙarshen gyara (kodayake ya fi kyau cewa wannan ana yin wannan ne wajen samar da taga).Vladimir Kalin, gwani na fasaha na Properin Rus
Tsanani mai kyau!
Kusan dukkan gidajen suna da baranda ko loggia, don haka lokacin da aka yi odar Windows dole ne ya kula da ƙofar baranda. Waɗannan samfuran galibi ana tattarawa daga bayanan martaba na PVC na yau da kullun, suna ba da zane tare da ban sha'awa da ƙananan Saka da ƙananan (kwamitin) daga zafin dake kebeating sandwich panel. Wannan kofa zai iya zama sanye take da swivel ko motsa jiki mai jujjuyawa.
Yi glazed zuwa Donomose wani zane da bai dace ba yana yiwuwa sosai. Amma, don ba da ƙarfi, dole ne ku jawo gilashin a cikin sash, kuma yana da kyau a yi amfani da bayanin musamman (ana kiranta bayanan don ƙofofin ciki), wanda ke saman taga. Bugu da kari, saboda karuwa a cikin taro na sash, sahu na abubuwan da aka inganta za a buƙace shi, kuma don sash swivel mai - shima tare da inganta "almakashi". Duk wannan zai ƙara farashin ƙofar aƙalla 60%. Abu ne mai sauƙin samun tabbaci cewa a farashin mai araha zai sanya kofar buɗe ido, wannan nau'in ana ɗaukarsa ba misali, da na'urorin haɗi na musamman don ba da wuya ba.
Idan kanaso, zaku iya saita abin da ake kira Portal Design - layi daya-zamawa ko dagawa da rufewa. Koyaya, irin waɗannan samfuran (musamman nau'in na biyu, a samar fili cikakke) ba a ba duk masana'antun iska ba. Ba zato ba tsammani, manyan masu sarrafawa "na bayanin Veka ya fi ƙarfin yin ƙofa da sauri, yayin da mai kaya ya ba su ɗakunan ajiya na waɗannan samfuran. Amma farashin subing tsari, kamar yadda ya gabata, yana da girma - suna da tsada sau 2-4 mafi tsada fiye da juyawa.
Ni jawabin ne kawai game da glazed zuwa bene na tsarin. Sau da yawa suna sanadin zane-zane, kuma kasan kunshin gilashin a cikin yanayin sanyi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa iska mai dumi daga radiator mai dumi baya busa kamar gilashi. Musamman ba da shawara a kan bene a gaban ƙofar, amma wannan dole ne a hango shi a matakin ƙirar ƙirar.
Muna fatan cewa labarinmu zai taimaka wa masu karatu su zabi taga dama don Apartment. A lokaci guda, mun lura cewa da wuya rabin nasarar ya dogara da ingancin aikin shigarwa. A dakin na gaba zamu bayyana asirin shigarwa na shigar da tsarin translucent.
Svetlana Boriisva, Babban Fashin Kamfanin Kamfanin "Ecokna"
Me yasa kuke buƙatar bawul din window?
Vyacheslav Krivovyazmov, kwararren fasaha na kamfanin "Aereco"
Mene ne lambobin ruwa a cikin bayanan martaba kuma me yasa ake buƙata?
Dmitry Vlasenko, darektan fasaha na kamfanin "Winterek filastik"
Shin aure lokacin da ramuka na magudanar a cikin bayanan martaba masu yiwuwa ne?
Albert Fugerman, Daraktan Fasaha na LG Hausys Rus
A editocin suna godiya kamfanin "Al -olast Rus", "Aerko", "karni Rus",
"Wilk filastik", "Proinna" don taimako a cikin shirye-shiryen kayan.