"Kafuwar" Gidauniyar ita ce samun nasara don warware matsalar kasar gona. Fasahar gina tushe tushen tushe na 36 da 190 m2
Tabbas, tushe shine mafi mahimmanci, amma kusan gaba ɗaya ɓoye daga idanunmu na gidan. Hakanan yana raye kansa da rayuwa mai banmamaki, wacce ba a ba ta da magina ba. Masana sun yi jayayya cewa daga cikin tsarin da yawa na tsarin akwai na duniya daya da ba matsala yayin aiki. Ana kiranta gida harsashin iyo. Tuniyarmu zata gaya game da peculiarities na fasahar aikinsa.
A kan na'urar ƙirƙira (tushe) ba ma'ana bane
Babu dogaro ga nadama.
Matsayi na gaggawa
(Ginin Rasha na farko
Takardar Takardar)
Tambayar mai haɓakawa: "Ku gaya mani yadda ake zub da tushe mai ƙarfi na ɗan monolithic slab ba tare da gindin ruwa ba? Ruwa mai tsafta, mai yiwuwa iri ɗaya ne). Ruwa yana da zurfin 0.8-1m , zurfin magudanar ruwa shine 1, 8m. Girma a gida- 1410m. Ginin Gidaje, katako na farko, da itace. Idan muka ba da labari mai kyau, zan yi godiya ... "
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1,2. An rufe matashin gwajin (misali 1) da Layer na kare ruwa (hoto 1). Tsarin firam ɗin biyu da ya yi 16mm daga sanduna, da aka ɗaura da waya na karfe (hoto 2). Girman Tsarin tantanin halitta - kusan 1515cm
3.4. Betonomy ga wurin ci gaba (misali 1) akan tsohuwar kuma yuwuwar kunbuta sashe, to, ba zai yiwu a saukar da kwalbar (hoto 3) ba. Don yin wannan, an saka gawa da kunnuwa a kan titi (hoto 4)
Amsar kwararru: "Amsawa ga tambayar ku, zan faɗi waɗannan ginin, irin wannan ginin ba zai yiwu a aiwatar da abubuwa da yawa ba, ko kuma daga ra'ayi na tattalin arziki. Tare da irin wannan yanayin tubalin tubalin bene na farko), da slab za su yi zuba a lokacin farin ciki, ba a bayyana yadda aka tsara Farko ta farko ba: Idan karfafa manyan abubuwan da aka tsara a kan tushe , wanda zai yi tunani a kan karfafa gwiwa da kauri daga farantin.
Game da batun, Ina bayar da shawarar ka ka yi wani gidauniyar haihuwar Boro. Zuwa da kyau tare da diamita na 40cm da zurfin na 2-2.5- tare da fam na 2.5-3m, shigar da madaidaicin matakin don ɗaukar matakin da ke gaban Woodwok. Sa'an nan kuma kirkiro wani anti-matashin kai a karkashin kintinkiri na katako, shigar da macawkorking a ciki kuma cika aikin kayan aiki a kan kewaye da ginin da kuma a ƙarƙashin bango. "
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5.6. Yawan karuwa (misali 1) leda a jere na katako (hoto na 5), sannan a hatimin, ta amfani da murƙushe mai zurfi (hoto 6)
7. Lokacin da kankare froze (kamar makonni 3), an gina shi ne a kan farantin daga gidan slag na gaba (misali 1) - teburinsa a ƙarƙashin ɓoyayyun bangon. Tare shigarwa na huhar wutar tarko ta dage da shafi goyon baya
8.Gru ruwa a shafin (Misalin 2) suna daɗaɗɗa sosai sosai
Lokacin da ka karanta wannan shawara, an katse shi don tambayar kwararren wanda ya amsa tambaya: "Mai ƙauna, ka karanta wasiƙar a hankali?" Bayan haka, akwai dukkan mahimman bayanai: "Bugatonk zuwa 1 m", "Ruwa yana cikin zurfin 0.8-1m", "Mene ne ba a sani ba." Juyawa ga yaren da aka saba yana nufin cewa ba zai iya yin ƙoƙarin haɓaka tare da ɗaga ruwa ba ko kuma ya bushe da zurfi tare da zurfin fiye da 1m: za su cika su da ruwa, sannan kuma a tsaftace su nan take da ruwa, sannan a tsaftace su nan take da ruwa, sannan a tsaftace shi. Don amfani da shawarar da aka ba da shawarar da aka ba da shawarar, a wannan yanayin zai zama dole don aiwatar da Geo-magana, wanda zai ba ku damar fahimtar ko akwai m Layer na ginin ƙasa kuma a abin da zurfin yake (bayan Duk, tara tarawa yakamata ya dogara da shi). Amma wannan ba duka bane. Zan saya da kyau sosai. Zai wajaba don shigar da wani ci gaba nan da nan, wanda da farko, da farko, daga baya, zai kawar da damar ruwa daga ƙasa zuwa kankare Cika cikin rijiyar (ruwa daga rijiyar nan da nan kafin cika famfo famfo na famfo). Lokacin da za a cika tara, zaku iya fara samarwa. (Game da irin wannan tushe an rubuta dalla-dalla a cikin "IVD", 2008, №3.) A cikin lamarin kwarewar da ke gudana (mallaka ko maƙwabta) ko kuma ba son yin shi, da alama Yi gaskiya, yanke shawara don zuba farantin monolithic.. Bayan haka, irin wannan tushe, a cewar masana, Win-Win-Win-win-win-win-win-win-win-win-win-win-win-win Na tambaya game da shi san, amma kawai bai ji ƙwararren masanin sa ba. Bari muyi kokarin gyara kafaffun kafada kuma mu fada game da ginin tushe na Slab tare da yanki na 36 da 190m2.
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9. Kafin halittawar tushe (misali 2), an taƙaita gidan har zuwa gidan, kuma ya haɗa "Hadin Mains" miƙa zuwa wanka da gareji.
10,11. A kewayacin kewaye da farantin (misali 2) yana da wani yanki na tsayin daka mai tsayi na 325mm (hoto 10), matsakaiciyar haƙarƙari-chafs trapezium tsawo 200m (hoto 11). Domin bangon tsagi na tsagi ba su bayyana ba, sun karfafa tare da takarda Slate
12. Bayan Majalisar Waya ta farko ta Riber Rebar (misali 2), an cire su daga tsagi da kuma fim din polyethylene saboda haka danshi daga kankare. Sa'an nan kuma sanya firam na haƙarƙari a cikin wuri kuma an ƙirƙiri itacen farantin daga sanda tare da diamita na 12 mm, wanda kauri bisa ga aikin ya kasance 175mm.
Tasiri kan goyon baya
Wani ɓangare na ginin da aka yi niyya don watsa nauyin daga ƙirar da aka sanya wa ƙasa a ƙarƙashin gidan. Na'urar, kayan da zurfin tushe sun dogara da girman kan su, daga "damar zama" da kuma fasahar ƙasa ta gina (kasancewar ginanniyar shi), da kuma Daga yanayin gini na shafin yanar gizon (zurfin 'ya'yan itacen na ƙasa, yanayin wurin, da kasancewar tafarkin.).Don wani abu sananne, zamu iya ɗauka cewa kafaffun lodi guda biyu suna shafar gidaje a kai tsaye, daga saman gidan aiki a kan kafuwar daga ƙasa.
An kirkiro ɗaukar nauyin kayan gidan da aka kirkira zuwa dindindin ta dindindin da na ɗan lokaci. Yanke sun haɗa da nauyin ginin ginin (tushe, ganuwar, benaye, gidaje na shi.p.) da kayan aiki (nauyin kayan aiki, kayan aiki, mutane, mutane). Knophen- nauyin dusar kankara da nauyin iska. Girman girman ɗan lokaci ya dogara da yankin da gangara na rufin sanduna. Misali, ga karkara tare da rufin lebur, ana ɗaukar nauyin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin asusun 180kgs / M2, kuma a kusurwar karkata kusan zuwa sifili. Ana yin nauyin iska a cikin lissafin kawai lokacin da rufin ya nuna fiye da 30, ya zaɓi wurin abu, a cikin fasalin birni, a cikin yanayin birni, a cikin filin da ke ciki .D . Don haka, matsakaicin darajar wannan nauyin don karkara - 35kgs / m2.
Loads suna aiki a kan tushe daga ƙasa suma sun rabu cikin dindindin da na ɗan lokaci. Propsaonononon ne da farko ikon juriya na juriya na (ya dogara da shi a kan abun da ke ciki, yanayin abin da ya faru da kuma karfin iko). Quirhosno-sojojin da ake kira Canji Motsa Abinda yakamata a faɗa a cikin ƙarin daki-daki.
Ruwan karkashin ruwa a cikin debe zafin jiki ya zama kan kankara, yana ƙaruwa a cikin adadin kusan 10%. Wannan shine babban dalilin radiation mai sanyi (kumburi) na ƙasa, wanda aka fallasa yumbu da yumbu. Lokacin da harsashin akan bango ya nemi a garesu, ƙoƙarin ba kawai ba ne, har ma yana aiki akan tangent, neman tura shi. Girman wannan runduna yana daidai kai tsaye ga zurfin daskarewa kuma yana iya kai 12 kn a 1m2. Lokacin da kasar gona take daskarewa a ƙasa zurfin ginshikan tushe, an haɗa shi kuma don tafin ikon ɗaukar ƙarfi, ƙimar wanda shine babban tsari mafi girma fiye da adadin sojojin da sojojin talaucin ƙasa.
A bayyane yake cewa tushe (sabili da haka gidan da aka gina a kansa) na iya kasancewa cikin yanayin hutawa kawai idan karfin aiki a kai a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. Amma idan sojojin suka kirkira sosai, sun yi yawa, tashin kafuwar ba makawa zai fara. Da kyau, bayan an jefar da kasar gona, gida zai iya komawa wurin da ya gabata, ko kuma dawowa, kuma, mai haɗari, - dawo da haɗari, - dawo da haɗari, - dawo da haɗari. Yana cikin lamarin na ƙarshe cewa nakasas da nakasar da alama, a matsayin tushe da tsarin yana tsaye a kai.
Ba shi da haɗari fiye da gindin ciki, yana wakiltar tsarin da kuma matsawa sosai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kaya, misali peat.
Yadda za a kare kanka daga hari?
Don guje wa mummunan sakamakon tasirin tasirin da aka samu akan kafuwar sojojin da aka samu, waɗannan matakan an dauki su. Da farko, an sanya tafin a kasa da matakin farko na kasar gona (a wannan yanayin, baya dandana ayyukan da sojojin daga kasan). Abu na biyu, ganuwar harsashin tushe na karfafa kankare ana jefa shi. Abu na uku, fadada tushe tushe (yana aiki a matsayin irin wani anga). Na huɗu, suna yin bango ba a tsaye ba, amma kunkuntar sama (to, a sakamakon matsishin bango da katangar ƙasa, ba kawai ƙarfin da ke kiwon shi ba, har ma da ta). Na biyar, rufe bangon tare da zamewar kayan (misali, ɓawon burodi), yana aiki a matsayin mai tsami. A bayyane yake cewa aiwatar da kowane matattarar da aka lissafa yana buƙatar ƙarin saka hannun jari. Inini shine ɗayansu ba a zartar da ƙasa mai damfani ba.
Amma akwai wata hanya: ƙirƙirar mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda zai ba ku damar sauƙin rarraba nauyin da ke aiki akan kafuwar duka daga tsarin ƙasa. A kayan adon wannan slab a irin wannan zurfin, inda sojojin radiation ko da ba za su yi aiki kwata-kwata, ko kuma daidai da nauyin daga tsarin. Achetoba yana rage aikin sojojin da ƙarfi a kan irin wannan slab, maye gurbin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin sa (ƙirƙirar ƙasan yashi, wanda aka tsara don kashe tasirin kowane ƙarfi daga ƙasa). Irin wannan tushe, koda yana da saukin kamuwa da ƙungiyoyi na yanayi, za su ji tsinkaye masu ƙwararru masu ƙididdiga) kawai kamar shinge mai rikitarwa a kan raƙuman ruwa. Wato, zai tashi ya sauka tare da ƙasa ba ta lalata, sabili da haka, ba tare da haifar da nakasar ginin da aka gina a kansa ba.
Ana kiran waɗannan tushe da ake kira masu iyo. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da su don gina gidaje a kan kowane nau'in ƙasa (gami da peatlands mai nauyi, gwargwadon kowane ruwa da rauni) kuma tare da kowane zurfin ruwan ƙasa) da ƙarami. Tsarinsu mai kauri ne ko na lattice wanda aka yi da monolithic ƙarfafa karfafa karfafa (kankare dole ne ya zama aji mara karfin sanyi). Yana da tsauraran karuwa na Spatial a ko'ina cikin jirgin mai ɗaukar jirgin ruwa wanda ke ba da damar irin wannan tushe ba tare da lalata cikin gida ba don tsinkayar saƙo daga ƙasa mara kyau. Yankin tallafi mafi girma yana sa zai yiwu a rage matsin lamba a ƙasa zuwa 10kpa (0.1kgs / cm2 cm2). Yarda da kwararrun faranti sun hada da sauki farashin su da kuma karamin farashi idan aka kwatanta da tushe da tushe yanayin da aka lissafa.
Yaushe za a yi amfani da daskararren mai daskararre, kuma lokacin da bene? Ga gidaje na babban yanki ko hadaddun cikin sharuddan sifa, an ba da shawarar farantin daskararre tare da kauri na 150-180mm, tare da kwane-kwane da tsabtace (gefen-kusan 2m). Don ƙananan gidaje, farantin monolithic farantin (250-300m) ya dace da gidaje, kuma don matsakaicin gine-gine tare da girman sel tare da girman sel na kimanin 1.51.5. Bari mu juya zuwa takamaiman misalai.
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13. Maɓallin Lokacin da aka zubo farantin (misali 2) da aka kawo shi tare da tire na katako, surfacewar ciki wanda aka watsar da shi
14.Kafta, a bude gidan abinci, kusa da gidan (misali 2) ya zuba kafar guhu, abin da ya haifar da "iyo na" iyo "masu iyo. Kankare don kasetinan kaset ya kawo welendbarlow - nesa don sufuri tare da tire ya juya ya zama babba
15.shem wani muhimmin farantin monolithic: 1-tsayayyen tsayayye a kan rufin; 2-karfafa farantin kankare; 3-matsakaici mai tsauri; 4- Matashin sa matashin kai tare da kauri na 400mm
16. Tsarin tallafin na farantin-lattice a ƙarƙashin ginin 6.44.9m. Ana kiran murhun irin wannan ƙirar kawai yanayin da ake kira, tunda a kwance a kwance "membrane" a ciki
Misali na farkon
A wannan yanayin, karamin gida-storeton ƙasa gida (6.56m) an gina shi a shafin da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi tsawon shekaru 30. Kwarewar dogon lokaci game da aikinta kuma ya ba da shawarar ga masu, wanda zai iya zama tushe don sabon tsari, saboda haka saboda haka suke da ƙarfin zuciya na wani karamin tushe. IPOZhuya, daidai ya isa: farkon, ruwan karkashin kasa ya riga ya kasance cikin rabin mita daga matakin ƙasa.A karkashin gidan nan gaba, an cire ƙasa mai yawa na kasar gona da tono da "ramin" tare da zurfin 50cm (daga baya aka fitar da ƙasa da aka bayyana). A kasan ramin, an kirkireshi mai yashi tare da kauri na 20cm, a saman firam biyu mai karfafa, ta amfani da tashoshin jeri biyu, dauke da tashoshin kankare, wanda ya ɗaga saman matashin yashi a kan 10 cm, nisa tsakanin yadudduka na kayan baytings shima 10cm), bayan da aka jefa samfurin M300 daga cikin M300 na kankare 30cm. An nuna tsari na aiki a cikin hotuna a cikin hotuna da kuma a cikin comments, watakila ba ya bukata.
Misali na na biyu
A nan, masu haɓakawa sun yanke shawarar ba wai kawai gida ba, amma hadaddun gine-gine, wanda ya haɗa da wanka, gareji da shinge a kusa da makircin. Don matsi duk wannan da suke ci na samar da fasahar tsari ne don ƙasarmu, wanda ake kira Durisol (Duriisol-Werke, Austria).
Hoton gini ya tsufa sosai sabili da haka, sun koya game da matsalolin tare da ƙasa daga makwabta kai tsaye nan da nan: ruwa mafi ƙarfi, ruwan karkashin kasa yana cikin zurfin kusan 1m. Bugu da kari, an sake gina shafin akai-akai kuma ya rushe a gida, don haka a wurin da ci gaba akwai adibas na gine-gine da yawa. Masu zanen kaya sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da tushe a ƙarƙashin gidan mai ɗaukar hoto mai ƙyalli tare da kintinkiri da kuma wanka da wanka da wanka, faranti na lattice.
Ayyukan da aka fara da gaskiyar cewa "ƙarni - tsohuwar" Layer na Ginin Ginin da aka yi da m (kauri daga cikin ramin grained kusan 40 cm). An zubar da yashi da ruwa kuma an gina shi ta amfani da vibrotem. Tare da yashi, an ɗauki ƙasa zuwa shafin, wanda sai suka kebe matakin ƙasa (tsayin tsawo tare da tsawon shafin ya kasance kusan 80cm).
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17.The fasahohin kirkirar fararen fararen fata a ƙarƙashin gareji da wanka (misali 2) Gabaɗaya yayi kama da fasaha na gina bel-kan bel-jiga. Bambancin shine a cikin tushe mai ɗorewa na tef ɗin suna da tsananin a ƙarƙashin ƙaho, a cikin fararen fararen fata - tare da matakin sel na 1.51.5 m). Giciye sashe na karfafa belts- 8040cm
18Fdaya-yankewa-m (misali 2). Tushen tarin tara tare da diamita na 160 mm yana cikin zurfin 1.2m. Sashe-sashe ribbons fentin - 5025cm. Zuba jari ya bar fitowar mai karfafa gwiwa don ci gaba da aiki
19. Lokacin da kankare na farantin kayan monolithic (misali 2) ya taurare, magina, kamar yadda a farkon misali, ya fara gina tushe a kai. An kirkiro shi ne daga toshewar da ba a iya cirewa ba. Abubuwan da aka yi da su daga abin da aka yi da kansu ba su da ɗan farin ciki na OpilkK: a 80-90% ya ƙunshi aikin da suka gabata na manyan bishiyoyi na bishiyoyi masu ɗaukar hoto
Lokaci guda tare da shirin yankin, sadarwa ta dage farawa. Gas da bututun bututu (eyeliner tuni ya ci gaba da kawowa a saman bene a karkashin ɗakin kwana na gaba. Daga nan daga akwatin tukunya mai saukar da ruwa da dumama manyan hanyoyi zuwa garejin da wanka-polymer bututun da aka sanya a cikin bututun pvc da aka yi a cikin kayan shafa ruwan. Umurnin aiki akan ƙirƙirar slab da kanta cikakken cikakken bayani ne a hotuna. Da kyau, game da fasahar Duriisol, za mu gaya muku daki-daki a batun na mujallar na gaba.
Inganta lissafin kudin * na'urori tare da m "farantin" a ƙarƙashin girman 6.56m (misali 1)
| Sunan ayyuka | Yawan | Farashin, Rub. | Kudin, Rub. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amfani da gatari da alamomi, layout | Kombl | - | 590. |
| Oamar Farashi da Circal | 27m3 | 600. | 16 200. |
| Na'urar Sand Sand | 16M3. | 380. | 6080. |
| Na'urar Gida na faranti na karfafawar da aka karfafa lebur (tare da kayan aiki da kuma tsari) | 12m3 | 4000. | 48,000 |
| Rage ruwa a kwance da kuma bayan | 46m2. | 420. | 19 320. |
| Baya fushin, layout na yankin sauran ƙasa | Kombl | - | 3900. |
| Amfani kayan a sashin | |||
| Kankare m300 | 12m3 | 3900. | 46 800. |
| Sumunti | 350kg | 6. | 2100. |
| Yashi | 16M3. | 450. | 7200. |
| Katako na Sawn | 5M3 | 5900. | 29 500. |
| Karfe Fittings | 1.6 t. | 34,000 | 54 400. |
| Wire saƙa | 100KG | 65. | 6500. |
| Fim ɗin polyethylene | 1 mirgine | 3000. | 3000. |
| Hydrosteclozol, mastuminous m | 46m2. | - | 13 300. |
| Hardware, kusoshi da sauran kayan | Kombl | - | 1700. |
| Duka | 258 600. | ||
| * - An yi lissafin ba tare da lissafin sama ba, sufuri da sauran kudaden |
Inganta lissafi na tsada * na'urorin da talakawa "mai iyo a karkashin gidan hadaddun face tare da yankin farko na kusan 190m2 (misali 2)
| Sunan ayyuka | Yawan | Farashin, Rub. | Kudin, Rub. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amfani da gatari da alamomi, layout | Kombl | - | 830. |
| Cire kayan lambu ƙasa | 190m2. | 70. | 13 300. |
| Tarin da cire sharar gida | 10 t. | - | 14 500. |
| Ci gaba, hutu da tsaftacewa ƙasa | 137m3 | 551. | 75 500. |
| Overflow ofasa, an shimfiɗa ta na ɓangaren da hannu | Kombl | - | 9200. |
| Na'urar yashi na yanki tare da hatimin cututtukan fata da ruwa mai ruwa | 76m3 | 380. | 28 880. |
| Na'urar Gidauniyar farfadowa na karfafawar karfafa kankare (tare da shigarwa na kayan aiki da tsari) | 48m3. | 4700. | 225 600. |
| Rage ruwa a kwance da kuma bayan | 210m2. | 420. | 88 200. |
| Juya ɗan farin ciki, shafin yanar gizon | Kombl | - | 4700. |
| Amfani kayan a sashin | |||
| Kankare m300 | 48m3. | 3900. | 187 200. |
| Sumunti | 500kg | 6. | 3000. |
| M | 20M3 | 950. | 19 000 |
| Yashi | 76m3 | 450. | 34 200. |
| Lebur slate | 200m2. | 153. | 30 600. |
| Katako na Sawn | 8m3 | 5900. | 47 200. |
| Karfe Fittings | 8 T. | 34,000 | 272,000 |
| Wire saƙa | 400kg | 65. | 26 000 |
| Fim ɗin polyethylene | 6 dokoki | 3000. | 18 000 |
| Hydrosteclozol, mastuminous m | 210m2. | - | 60 700. |
| Hardware, kusoshi da sauran kayan | Kombl | - | 3200. |
| Duka | 1 161 800. | ||
| * - An yi lissafin ba tare da lissafin sama ba, sufuri da sauran kudaden |
Editocin suna godiya da kamfanin "Archvizen Kungiyar Kharkov don Taimako a cikin shirye-shiryen kayan.