Tsarin ruwa mai amfani da ruwa na gida: ka'idodin shigarwa, kayan aikin ƙira, haɓakawa da nau'in na'urori.
Model na matatar "PereroK", wanda Nano- da UltFartherther sun samu nasarar hade
Tace "engago-0004-5m" gauraye zuwa ruwa wanda ya wuce Membrane tsabtatawa, ruwa bayan ya yi daidai
Amfani da methranes methranes yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar saitunan membrane NanoFilation wanda ya tabbatar da kwararar ruwan tsarkakakken ruwa 60l / h har ma ƙari
A cikin damuwa, mai arziki a cikin halitta da mutum-mutum-masu magana na ƙarni na wannan don haka kuna son tabbatarwa aƙalla abu ɗaya: ko da abin da ya faru musamman kuma data kasance a cikin dafa abinci ) Koyaushe zai gudana mai tsabta da kuma yawan ruwa don sha da dafa abinci. Yadda za a sami irin wannan amincewa?
A yau za mu ci gaba da batun matattarar gidan don samun ruwan sha, mun fara ne a cikin labarin "tace don ɗaukar hoto" matattara don bututun ruwa ". A wannan karon, bari muyi magana game da amfani da kayan aiki, aikin wanda ya dogara ne akan sabon abu na osmosis na baya. Wannan batun yana da wuya, saboda haka za mu fara tattaunawar tare da bayanin Azov, menene jujjuyawar osmosis.
Osmosis da kuma jujjuyawar osmosis
Babban bacewar tsirrai na tsire-tsire na cikin la'akari shine membrane waɗanda ke hana kwayoyin halittar da na diamita na membrane, amma yana da iyakance ga diamita na abubuwan da membrane tare da babban girman kwayar halitta. Ainihin, wannan sieve ne na kwayar halitta. Irin wannan membrane ana kiran semi-permeable.
An yi amfani da yawan tsarin maganin ruwa galibi membranes na polymel tare da girman pore wanda ya dace da kwayoyin ruwa (har zuwa 1 nm). Ta hanyar irin wannan ramuka, mafi yawan impurities da ke cikin shiga cikin kawai ba zai iya ba.
Yanzu game da jigon hanyoyin osmosis da jujjuyawar osmosis. Bari muyi kokarin bayyana abin da osmos yake kan takamaiman misali. Ka yi tunanin jirgin ruwa da aka tsawaita ta amfani da abin da aka ambata semi-permeable membrane zuwa kashi biyu da gishiri mafita na taro an zuba a cikin kowane kwantena sakamakon. Idan duka sassan jirgin ruwa suna ƙarƙashin matsin lamba iri ɗaya, sannan ruwa a cikinsu yana ƙoƙari don daidaita taro a duka tankuna. A lokaci guda, kwayoyin da ke shayar za su fara motsawa ta hanyar membrane, inda mafita ba shi da mai da hankali, inda ta fi ƙarfin gaske, yana haifar da matakin ruwa a cikin wannan ɓangaren jirgin. Wannan sabon abu ana kiransa osmosis , da kuma karfi tilasta kwayoyin da ruwa don motsawa, - matsin lamba na osmotic; Darajar ita ce mafi girma, mafi girma banbanci tsakanin maida hankali na mafita.
Osmosis phenenon ya yi amfani da metabolism na dukkan rayayyun halittu - bangon sel membrane ne, wanda yakai kwayoyin halittar ruwa, amma ba kwayoyin sauran abubuwa ba.
Yanzu yi tunanin tsari wanda zai faru a cikin jirgin ruwa iri ɗaya tare da membrane na Semi-permeable, idan a wannan rabin inda aka samo asali, ta amfani da famfo tare da famfo mai yawa osmmotic. Kwayoyin ruwa za su fara motsawa ta hanyar membrane na Semi-permeable a akasin haka, wato daga mafita mai da hankali. Wannan tsari shine Rever Opmosis . Yana da a wannan ƙa'idar da tsire-tsire na warkarwa suna ƙarƙashin aiki: A gefe guda, an ciyar da membrane a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga tushen ruwa, a ɗayan - an ba da wanda aka tsarkaka.
A lokaci guda, duk gurbata ya kasance daga gefen membrane, wanda yake amfani da ruwa mai farawa. A bayyane yake cewa maida hankali kan ma'adinai da sauran gurbata zasu iya ƙara ƙaruwa. Da fari dai, membrane na iya rufe shi kawai (ya zira kwallaye), abu na biyu, tare da karuwa a cikin rashin ingancin rashin ƙarfi, wanda ke da matsakaicin matsin osmotic zai karu, wanda yake magance matsin lambar waje. Sau ɗaya daga ƙimarsu daidai, tsarin tace zai tsaya kawai. Ga wannan ba faruwa, an tilasta shi gudummawar ruwa ana shirya shi ta hanyar membrane, koyaushe wanke "brine" a cikin magudanar.
Domin duk ruwan da ya kamata kada ku shiga cikin magudanar membrane (bai tafi tare da hanyar mafi ƙanƙantar hydraulic juriya), a kan shigarwa na shigarwa, an saita mai amfani da matattara. Matsalarta ita ce ta ci gaba da kwararar ruwa na ruwa a matakin da suka dace da matsakaicin aikin membrane.
Tsarin tsari:
| Osmosa
Rever Opmosis
| 1 Magani tare da taro mai kyau na babban kaya; Membrane 2-Semi-Permeable; 3-bayani tare da low salts; 4- Hanyar motsi na kwayoyin ruwa; Romomatic matsa lamba; R - Matsayi na waje ya wuce |
"To, me yasa na san wannan kimiyyar?" - Maigidan mai karatu ya cancanci. Avt me ya sa. Ruwa yana gudana ta hanyar Membrane, da magudanar ruwa, da daidaitawa a cikin rabo na 1: 4 (an saita sigar zuwa ginin lokutan shigarwa da har abada). Wato, lokacin samun ruwa tsarkaka 10l a cikin magudanar ruwa, 30-40l "brine" za a gurbata. Wajibi ne a yi la'akari da ƙarar ƙarar a cikin tsarin kankara. Ga mazaunan birane, wannan tambaya, watakila, ba abin da yake na gaggawa ne (aƙalla, muddin muna biyan ruwa a cikin counter), amma masu mallakar gidajen ƙasar, wanda aka tsara don iyakataccen adadin na fitsari, na iya haɗuwa da wata matsala shine gaba ɗaya na ƙara na ruwa zai juya wani wuri a kan ciyawa. Duk da haka, da "brine" ba lallai ba ne don jefa (abun cikin ƙazanta a ciki shine kawai sama da a cikin ruwan sama), ana iya amfani dashi don bukatun gonar, alal misali a cikin tsarin drip ban ruwa shi..
Abin da ya shafi aiwatarwa
Babban mahimmancin shafar tsarin osmosis shine matsa lambu . Abin da ya sa a cikin fasfon na osmotable saiti yana nuna darajar matsin lambar da aka bayar tare da yanayin tirita. Yawancin lokaci, wannan mai nuna alama yana daga 2.8 zuwa 8,8, amma sau da yawa iyakokin ne 3.5-6 ATM. Irin wannan girman matsin yana samar da tsarin rufin wanda ka haɗa shigarwa da aka samu. Idan wannan siga yana da matukar raguwa sosai fiye da shawarar, to tare da shigarwa dole ne ka sayi matsewar cigaba ko kuma kayan kitse, wanda aka haɗa, atomatik da masu aiki (duk $ 45-180 ), har ma da mafi kyau, mai jujjuyawa mai narkewa tare da an riga an riga an gina shi (zai iya tsada kusan $ 40-95 mafi tsada). Sabanin haka, shigarwa ba za ta yi aiki ba kwata-kwata ko jira har sai adadin ruwan da aka tace (koda ɗaya kawai kwanon rufi), Dole ne in tafi na dogon lokaci!Don ɗaukar matsin lamba sama da iyakar da aka ƙayyade a cikin fasfon, kuma, membrane polymer na iya rushe kawai.
Abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci shafi kan aiwatar ƙarfin zafi . Karuwa a cikin danko da yawa na maganin yana rage tare da karuwa kuma, sabili da haka, rashin nasarar membrane yana inganta. Amma a nan, komai shine mai ma'ana, tare da karuwa a cikin zazzabi, matsin lamba na osmotic yana girma, wanda ke hana kwararar aikin OSMosis na baya. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa sigogi na zazzabi suna aiki a cikin fasfotar don shigarwa (a matsayin mai mulkin, yana da kewayon daga 10 zuwa 40c) kuma suna buƙatar a kiyaye su.
Baya ga zazzabi da matsin lamba, da ingancin da aka narke a cikin tsarkakakken ruwa yana rinjayi irin wannan dalilai, da kuma kayan gurɓatawa da aka sanya.
Abin da zai sami membrane
Misali, abubuwa marasa lafiyar membrane sun yi jinkiri sosai sosai. Ya danganta da nau'in membrane da aka yi amfani da shi (acetate cellulose ko kuma bakin ciki-fim mai tsarkakewa), digiri na tsarkakewa a yawancin abubuwan inorganic sune 85-98%. Abubuwan kwayoyin halitta tare da nauyin kwayoyin fiye da 100 an cire gaba daya gaba daya, amma tare da karami mai nauyi na iya shiga cikin adadin da yawa, gaskiya a cikin karamin adadin. Babban girman ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta kusan kusan yana kawar da yiwuwar shigar da shigarwar su a cikin tsarkakakkiyar ruwa.
Filato membrane suna da amfani ga samfuran nau'in Morption, tunda suna aiki a wani ƙa'ida, aiki azaman shamaki, ba ya tara komai. Ka kawo rashin yarda da ƙwayoyin cuta, irin wannan matsalar, kamar yadda suke faɗi, za su tsaya har zuwa ƙarshen. Ko da kuma membrane ya faɗi, abokan gaba ba za su shuɗe ba. Anan ga wannan, ingancinsu mun kira shi membrane shigarwa a cikin taken na labarin ta hanyar kowane lokatai.
Da kuma ci gaba. Ayyukan koda mafi yawan membranes na zamani suna da karami - 0.2-1.4l a minti daya. Don haka mai amfani ba ya tsammanin na dogon lokaci har sai an cika shi, alal misali, na'urorin Osmototic na zamani suna kawo tare da tanki na zamani. Ra'ayinsa na iya canjada a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci - daga 5 zuwa 25l, amma, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana da 10-12l. Ruwan tsarkakakken ruwa da aka tara a cikin akwati ya shiga tsakani daban da aka sanya a cikin matattara.
Waɗannan su ne ribobi na osmotheemics. Amma akwai kuma rashin amfanin ƙasa. Farkon da na farko da mafi mahimmanci: Filter Cikakkun abubuwa gaba ɗaya suna da cikakkun abubuwa masu cutarwa ga jiki da amfani. Saboda wannan, ruwa yana da nisantar da ruwa, har yanzu cike da kwayoyin halitta tare da salts ma'adinai, zamu faɗi kaɗan). Na biyu minus shi ne cewa membrane wuce narkar da narkar da ruwa gas gas. Idan muna magana ne game da oxygen da ke ciki, yana da kyau, amma lokacin da ake amfani da sulfiyar hydrogen, to akwai ɗan daɗi.
Aiwatar da tunani a cikin zane
Bari mu fara da ƙirar da ta zama nau'in al'ada. Ya ƙawata rikicin fasaha da farko saboda gaskiyar cewa farkon, yadudduka polymer membranes da aka yi amfani da su a cikin zane na matattarar masu tace suna da ladabi sosai. Sun ji tsoron laka a zahiri, impurities, amma musamman chlorine. Don haka wannan mafi tsada ɓangaren na'urar magani na ruwa ya yi aiki muddin zai yiwu, ya zama dole don shigar da tsarin tsabtace tsabtace. Misali, tsarin contridge mataki uku, inda:Na farko-tsaftacewa mataki na farko daga dakatarwar, yashi shi.. (Highity hensity polypropylene kayan abu, kayan marmari na iska ta shi..);
Mataki na 2 shine m, wannan shine, tsarkakewa daga chlorine da chlorine-dauke da mahadi (kayan da aka guga);
Matsayi na 3 - tsaftacewa daga gurbataccen kwayoyin halitta (abu - kwakwalwar kwakwa kunnawa mai granLade.
Sai bayan wadannan matakai uku, ruwan da aka ciyar da ruwa ga membrane (mataki na 4), kuma daga gare shi zuwa tanki mai ajiya. Koyaya, a kan hanyar zuwa Crane, tana da ƙarin hawan keke biyu na tsaftacewa:
Matsayi na 5 shine kamuwa da ruwa tare da hasken ultraviolet (fitilar Ullimi). Kashe kwayoyin da ba a san su ba wanda za'a iya karye shi a cikin tanki na membrane, lokaci, alal misali, daga iska ko tare da tarko mai hanci.
Mataki na 6 shine abin da ake kira matatar post (ta fitar da carbon na carbon). Dawo da ƙanshin da gas wanda ya zamewa cikin katangar kwalba.
Duk matakan tsaftacewa suna da alaƙa da bututun filastik na dabara ta amfani da saurin-da-john Bako na John.
Na farko an gabatar da tsarin gargajiya na gargajiya na kimanin shekaru goma da suka gabata kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi a yawancin tsarin membrane tsarin. Amma kada kuyi tunanin ci gaban fasaha bai shafi wannan dabara ba, kawai an ci gaba. Duk abin da ya canza, kuma mai sanyi.
Da fari dai, Na'urorin membrane yanzu suna samar da irin waɗannan masana'antun da kowa ba ma lissafi. A sakamakon haka, duka kayan da kuma masu tace sun faɗi a farashin, kuma a sau 3-4. A yanzu, farashinsu shine $ 150-300 gwargwadon yawan aiki kuma, ba shakka, babu wanda ya soke masana'anta don alama.
Abu na biyu, Tsarin da aka lalata ultraviolet ya daina da za a sanya shi akan mai siye. Akwai fata, shigar da ƙari ($ 50-145).
Abu na uku, Tsarin adana a gaban osmosis na baya ya fara tattara a cikin kowane saiti da ake so. Don yin wannan, ya zama dole don bincika ruwan saman kuma riga a kan shi, ƙayyade nawa kuma waɗanne matakai ya kamata a cikin ƙira. Yana iya zama isa da ɗaya, injiniya, kuma yana iya buƙatar tsarin magani mai yawa na ruwa mai sauƙi - tare da tsabtatawa na inji, m a kusurwar, unnerner na shi.Don .d.
Amma wannan, don haka don yin magana, da kyau. A aikace, mai amfani, zabi shigarwa ta gama daga kamfanin da kamfanin ya samar. Avybut ya fito daga menene! Kowane mai samar da kayan aikin osmosis mai samarwa yana haifar da bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen tsarin lokaci daya, koyaushe yana inganta su daidai da ainihin ƙwarewar. Misali, ARoll (Russia) kwanan nan an gabatar da shi ta hanyar samfuran guda biyu (duk da cewa adadin adadinsu yana da muhimmanci tara). Don haka, ARoll AT-560e yana da matakai biyar, kuma tsarin adana ya samu masu zuwa Game da kumfa) - masarufi (5mkm, polypropylene foamed). ACEL A-460E Wanke zuwa mataki daya na tsaftace kayan injiniyanci ƙasa, an tsara shi don shigar da tsarin tsabtatawa na farko (raga, da iska mai iska).
Karka yi kasala cikin adadin samfuran da sauran masana'antun Rasha. Misali, "inna median tace" yana ba da samfuran 16 (jerin tushe ")," Serious SPRA "," RSHETUSTIQUET), "biyu (biyu () membrane Jerin "Mabuɗin"), "Fasahar Barmrambrane" - Nuna 8 (jerin "Kogin").
Shahararren Shahararren Sharuɗɗan tace Osmotype ya sanya sakinsu da wadancan kamfanonin da suka kware kawai akan kayan cockridge da aka sanya a kan crane, a kan worktop da a karkashin matattara. Don haka "AFaphor" (St. Petersburg) yana ba da "shigarwa mai zurfi na" shigarwa na zurfin ruwa na ruwa aquaphor "-" Shafi a-line Ro4 "shi .D. Ba a sake Sifen da Geysburg ba kawai duka layin Membrane tace "geyser-3" a cikin OSMosis na dawowa. Tsarin zamani ya ƙunshi ƙara wani ɓangaren membrane da matattara wanda ya gabata don riga matakai, har ma da tanki na 12l. Tsohuwar matattara a wannan yanayin ya zama tsarin tsabtatawa na farko don tsarin duka. An sabunta, yana ba ku damar karɓar zuwa lita 200 kowace rana. Kuna iya yin nasarar amfani da sabon abu kuma tare da matattarar sauran masana'antun da aka sanye da sauri gina tsarin keɓewa. Kayan zamani na tatar da ake ciki idan aka kwatanta da sayen sabon shigarwa na wani irin wannan lamari ya ceci kusan 68.
Zuwa shugaba Masu kera sun inganta kuma sun rage yawan da aka gabatar - ƙarfin su, juriya na sabbad da kuma dogaro, dogaro, aminci ya karu sosai. Farashin ya faɗi sosai.
Daga litattafansu zuwa zamani, minimalism da motsi
Tunanin bayar da matattarar membrane tare da wanda ya gano kan bangarorin daban-daban ta hanyar matakai da bututun filastik, duba na ergonomic a ƙarshe ya zama a zahiri. Misali, Ergonomic da ƙirar zamani ita ce kayan aikin ruwan Amurkawa ta zama mai laushi, ɗaya "ɗaya" na gano cikakkun bayanai "komai da faɗi. Yana da daraja ƙara ingancin inganci da aminci: kayan ruwan sama iri mai laushi yana da garanti mai samarwa don rayuwar sabis ɗin a farkon mai siye da siyarwa.
Mataki na gaba a yankin ƙira za a iya ɗaukar ƙoƙari don ɓoye dukkan sassan matatar a cikin shari'ar filastik. Wani misali na misali da za a iya kawo a-575 CMB-R3 kwanan nan saki da ARoll. Jikin na 420230mm an ɓoye matakan tsaftacewa guda biyar na tsaftacewa da tanki mai narkewa da mai girma 6l. Don haka ƙarshen ya cika da sauri, tsarin yana da ƙarfin membrane na 280l / rana. Kulawa na na'urar kuma bai wakilci matsaloli na musamman ba. An sanya duk abubuwan da suka shuɗewa (abin da ake kira wuraren da aka haɗa a cikin hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon haɗin, don maye gurbin yanayin da aka samar dasu kuma cire karar "datti" Carridge "datti". Ya isa kawai don cire haɗin tambo biyu (tsarin Bohud), cire tsohon kayan daga mai riƙe da ayyukan a cikin juzu'i na baya, shigar da sabon. Don sanin buƙatar maye gurbin albarkatun ta, membrane yana amfani da na'urar ta musamman wanda aka gina don auna jimlar adadin, a cikin ppm, barbashi mai narkar da narkar da a cikin ƙwayoyin ruwa). Farashin tsarin- $ 500.
Akwai ma yin ƙarin zane-zane, kamar su tace Amii (Poland) ko Aro-Sl daga Blufilers (Kanada). A cikin karamin gidaje, iri ɗaya huɗu na tarko yana ɓoyewa, wanda aka tsabtace na injiniyan, tsaftace kayan aikin Osmosis (a kusurwa na ƙarshe (a kusurwa). Rage girman tsarin yana ba ku damar hawa shi cikin wurare masu wuya-kai. A zahiri, tankin tanki a cikin irin wannan "Minimist" ba ya ɓoye - yana da tsada daban.
Cikakkiyar tsarin tsarin membrane ya sa ya zama ta hannu. Misali, aquro (Taiwan, Kit ɗin Kit ɗin Kit) da Amii (samfurin "Dachnik") suna aiki don masoya don tafiya da mota. Irin wannan na'ura tare da matakai hudu tsaftacewa a cikin karamin akwati (kimanta girma 453517c, da kuma nauyi 10kg) da sandar da ruwa daga kowane tushe. Abinci - daga cibiyar sadarwa ko baturin mota. Yawan aiki - 6-8l / h. Farashin, daga $ 280.
Rashin daidaituwa na tsarin tsarin shine rage arzikin kayan kwalliya na layi idan aka kwatanta da na saba, dole ne su canza su kusan sau biyu sau da yawa.
| Abin ƙwatanci | Mai masana'anta | Prefilter: abu, girman pore, microns | Nau'in membran | Postfilter: abu | AIKI, L / H | Da ƙarfin tanki mai tara, l | Farashin, $ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mataki na 1 | Mataki na biyu | Mataki na 3 | |||||||
| ACOL A-560 E | Harajin yaƙi | VP, 25. | Gau, 20. | VP, 1. | M | Apk | 10 | 12 | 220. |
| "Akvafor-Ro" | "Akvafor" | VP, 20. | Carbonbel | Carbonbel | Polyacetate | Agku | 15.6 | 12 | 200. |
| "Geyser-6" | "Geyser" | VP, 5. | Agku | Pau, 10. | M | Agku | 8-10. | 12 | 250. |
| Legend: Foamed Polypropylene; Gau-granulatedle mai aiki; Kunna ƙwayayen ruwan sanyi na kwalba; An kunna kwalaren kwakwa na kwakwa; Agku- Kunna kwalban kwakwa |
Tsarin kwarara
Irin wannan tsarin juyi na osmosis yana da bambance-bambance uku. Babu wani tanki na membrane ta wannan hanyar, don haka za a iya yin shi ba tare da shi ba, ana shigar da sayaki a cikin tsarin, amma uku. Bambanci na farko shine na'urar kawai cushe da lantarki. Misali, a cikin samfurin A3300er ya fito da samfurin A3300er, da na'urorin ruwa na ruwa a cikin button da kuma mashigawa da atomatik, 5C) da kuma bayan rufe crane na tsarkakakke Rarraba ruwa (10c), kazalika da atomatik tsarin atomatik tsarin da kari sau da yawa a rana (don ba a adana ruwa), abin da aka daidaituna na ma'adinai shi.D. Ana yin karatun dukkan kayan aiki a kan hanyar LCD, LEDS, kuma a game da batun take yadda yanayin aiki na al'ada, suna tare da sauti. Duk wannan an ɓoye shi cikin kyawawan jikin mutum, mai kama da siffar (da abun ciki) toshe kwamfyuta. Poonan wasan kwaikwayon Smart ɗin shima ya gaza zama kwamfuta - $ 1225.
Kusan ayyukan da ake gudanar da tsarin aikin Merilin daga Ostonsics (Amurka) ya bambanta sosai - a cikin salon fasaha. Masu kirkirarta suna da farin '' Flasks "a cikin kwance, kulla musu a cikin masu riƙe da duhu. Yi - har zuwa 2790l / rana. Farashin - $ 455.
Muna samar da tsarin kwayar gudanarwa da sauran masana'antun, alal misali, "Fasaha," Fasaha, "Fasaha," Fasaha, "Fasaha," Fasaha, "Fasaha," Fasaha, "Fasaha - Ta'aziyya". Farashin - $ 350.
Dangane da samfurin "Geyser-6" sun samar da layin matattarar, sandan da ke tare da ƙara matsin lamba, ma'aka da ma'adinai da babban aiki
PO4 tace yana da mataki ɗaya ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin matakan tsabtatawa na inji
A- layinart na a-layi suna sanye da hanyoyin da sauri;
sarrafawa;
tushen wutan lantarki;
G-Node Haɗa "Sadarwa"
Haɗin 1-kumburi zuwa samar da ruwa;
2-bawalar bakar;
3-inji prefilter prefilter (25 mkm);
4-m plong akan carbon da aka kunna da aka kunna da aka kunna.
5-kayan masarufi (1mkm);
6-key don disassebly na adana tsari;
7-bawul yanke-kashe ruwa a ciki babu mai fage;
8-membrane toshe;
9-post tace;
10-cumulative tanki;
11-matsa don tsarkakakken ruwa;
12-Gudun Kwarewa;
13-magudanar ruwa
Busan baya OSMOSOSE an sanya su a ƙarƙashin matatun. Katchens zanen da ba su gani a waje, kawai crane yana bayyane
Abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin labarin da suka gabata game da tsarin tsabtatawa na osmotic na ruwa zai iyakance ga, idan babu wasu haruffa masu karatu da ke dauke da tambaya iri ɗaya. Don takamaiman misali, muna ba ɗayan ɗayan waɗannan haruffa.
Daga samun membrane tace, Ina kiyaye abubuwan da ba a yarda da bayanai ba.
Muhawara don ". Velite yana jayayya cewa mafi inganci hanyar tsarkakakken ruwa itace baya osmosis, yana ba da damar tace, kusan magana ne, duk abin da ke cikin duniya. Bayan haka, zaku iya sha ba tare da tafasa ba, babu ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta.
Muhawara a kan ". Ruwa mai zuwa (kamar yadda aka datse) yana cutarwa ga mutane, tunda ba shi da amfani kuma kwayoyin halitta na abubuwan ganowa. Haka kuma, ruwan "Superchald" ya jefa wadannan abubuwa daga sel na jiki. Zai iya zama, akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓuka don na'urori don amfanin da za a tsarkake ta ruwa, amma a lokaci guda kiyaye abubuwa masu amfani ga jiki?
Vladimir Galkin, Volgograpd
Kamar yadda aka ambata, da membrane tace samar da kusan ruwa da aka yi (da dauke da ruwa tsarkaka - a cikin kewayon 15-20 MG / L). Overdare da fa'idodi na irin wannan ruwa a cikin shekaru goma akwai tattaunawa mara iyaka. Mun tsoma baki a cikin wannan tsari, watakila, ba za mu zama ba, amma ga waɗanda suka fi son amfani da tace membrane, amma a lokaci guda sha ruwa tare da salts ma'adinai, zamu faɗi yadda za'a cimma wannan.
Hanya da farko - Sanya tarin labulen tace. Wadannan kayan aikin an tsara su ne don wadatar da ruwa mai tsabta tare da kayan adon ma'adinai da microelements (alal misali, Geyser-vita ma'adinai yana ƙara sa da MG). Tsarin irin wannan kayan aikin shine gidaje tare da masu haɗin Joho (m ko fari), cike da sannu-sannu a hankali mai narkewa ma'adin arzikin ma'adanai na abubuwan ma'adinai masu amfani. Rayayyiyar kayan kwalliyar shine 4000-6000l, wannan shine, ya isa kusan duk shekara. Farashin - $ 20-25.
Hanyar na biyu - Createirƙiri tsarin tare da daidaitacce (tsari dangane da abubuwan da kuka zaɓa) matakin ma'adinai. Ta wannan hanyar, yana ba da shawarar yin tafiya, alal misali, kamfanin hydraulic na Rasha. Don yin wannan, ya zama dole don siye da shigar da bango na TDS-mita, wanda aka tsara don auna jimlar zamani, da kuma zai yiwu a iya yin kisankala ga ruwa ga ruwa wanda ya wuce ta hanyar membrane, wani adadin ruwa bayan prefilter. Za ku daidaita gwargwado ga hadawa, sarrafa shi bisa ga shaidar na TDS. Da kyau, hanya mafi sauki don samun tacewa "Emongo-0004-5m" daga wannan kamfani wanda aka riga aka gina an riga an gina shi ($ 249).
Hanya ta uku - Ba jujjuyawar da aka samu ba, amma naúrar nanoltration. A waje, wannan iri daya ne, amma a nan membrane tare da dan kadan karuwar diamita na pore-ramuka (har zuwa 10 nm) amfani. Wich na zamani shigarwa na zamani shi ne rabo na tsarkakakken ruwa kuma farkon shine kimanin 1: 2-1: 3, wanda yake rage yawan amfaninta. Sumberation na zamani na zamani yasa a yuwu a rage abubuwan da ke cikin iions (CL, F, na) by 40-70%, da kuma bi, da kuma na 70-90%. A lokaci guda, kwayoyin da yawa da ninka ions da yawa an kammala su gaba daya daga 0.001 μm, abubuwan kwayoyin tare da nauyin kwayoyin halitta da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda haka, da gishiri-dauke da tsarkakakken ruwa idan aka kwatanta da brine yana raguwa sau 2-3, wato, duk kwayoyin gishiri a ciki suna da ceto a cikin adadin adadi.
Nawa ne 1 lita na ruwa?
Kyakkyawan tsarin osmosis na osmosis ba zai sake ganin $ 200-250 ba. Sannan kusan sau ɗaya a kowace watanni shida zai canza katako na tsarin adana kuma sau ɗaya a shekara-shekara. Ana ba da shawarar canji don samar da ajiyar kuɗi akan wadataccen kayan da kusan 50%; Farashin irin wannan saita shine $ 20-30. Dole ne a canza membrane da kanta dole a canza sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu, yana da $ 40-50. Idan ka yi la'akari da cewa ana buƙatar dangi na tsakiya don dafa abinci a kowace rana 10-12 lita (kodayake tsarin gida zai iya bayar da 170-250 kowace rana), rubutattun abubuwa 0.550. Wannan shine sau daya da rabi mafi sauri fiye da farashin 1l ruwa, wanda ya tsarkaka ta tsarin katako, amma kusan sau goma yakai fiye da kwalban ruwa.
Wani misali na misali zai iya kawo jerin abubuwan samar da kayan aikin samar da ruwa na Wuraren Kamfanin Dubar. Gaskiya ne, waɗannan samfuran ba gaba ɗaya ba ne. Gaskiyar ita ce mai ƙera halittun manyan mutane masu tsayayya da su, wanda aka yarda a tsarin tsarkake ruwan famfo a cikin Moscow, don watsi da prefilers. Sakamakon ƙirar ya zama ƙarami mafi yawa: Tank ne kawai mai tarawa, a gefen abin da membrane ya hau, kuma wancan ne! A lokacin da aiki da ruwa banda a cikin wadatar ruwa ruwa, abun da aka ciki ("baƙin ƙarfe", tare da ƙara yawan kwayoyin halitta da ya dace da fitilar kwayar cuta. Na'urorin yi - 5l / h. Farashin - $ 180-230. Dole ne a ba da membrane ga masana'anta don sabuntawa ($ 10) kuma maye gurbin masana'anta sau ɗaya a shekara sau ɗaya da sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyar. Units NanFiltration dangane da membranes na Chloros-Jinta da sauran kamfanonin gida da kasashen waje. Za mu kira kawai "fasahar barbecue kawai" (Jerin "Rouhrel", "osisoss" (St. Petersburg) da Osonbics (Amurka)
Ra'ayi na kwararre
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai sabbin abubuwa a cikin fasahar masana'antu don shan dabarun ruwa na shan dabaru na ruwa wanda ke buƙatar har ma ƙwararrun ra'ayoyi da yawa. Babban adadin sabon juzu'i na osmotic da Nanoftres membranes ya bayyana a kasuwa, yana ba ka damar zaɓar mafi kyau duka abubuwa) abubuwa daban-daban na kowane abun da ke tushen. Riƙe waƙoƙin baƙin ƙarfe, Fasaha ko ƙwayoyin cuta, irin waɗannan membranes suna ba ku damar kiyaye salts masu amfani ga salts masu amfani ga jikin alli, magnesium, bicarbonates shi.p.
Don kerarre membranes, ana amfani da su daban-daban polmers, amma ba a amfani da su cikin tsarkakakken tsari, kuma a cikin hanyar haɗin polymer Layer ya shafi madadin polymer. Versioating Abubuwan da ke wannan Layer, zaku iya sarrafa da zaɓi na membrane ta hanyoyi da yawa. Hanya ta farko ita ce canji a cikin abun polymer. A farkon lokaci, membranes dangane da kan farfado na armomatic an samu babban yaduwar yaduwa, kuma suna gudun hijira a baya a baya, amma ƙasa da tsayayya aketate. Hanya ta biyu ana gyara ta hanyar saman membranes ɗin da ake ciki tare da girmamawa na sababbin kaddarorin. Wannan yana amfani da su ta hanyar sinadaran jiki (radiation mai-hoto, plasma, da sauransu) da hanyoyin sunadarai - "Alurar riga kafi -" Alurar riga kafi - "Alurar riga kafi -" Alurar riga kafi - "Alurar riga kafi -" Alurar riga kafi - "Alurar riga kafi" "alurar riga kafi" na sabon monomers. Amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu da aka bayyana ko haɗin su yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar membranes, mai tsayayya wa chlorine da kuma a zahiri ƙi kowane irin gurbatawa.
Amfani da irin waɗannan membranes yana ba ku damar sauƙaƙewa kuma yana rage ƙirar shigarwa na membrane, ƙididdige tsarin kariya da yawa. Sakamako a cikin tace maimakon matakai shida na shida ya kasance kawai membrane guda ɗaya. Tallafawa irin wannan shigarwa ma mai rahusa ne.
Babban Daraktan Waterlab, Likita na Kimiyyar fasaha, Alexey Tarian Jamusvich Farko
A kan wannan, wataƙila, gama tattaunawar game da tsarin tsabtace membrane, kodayake akwai wani abu don gaya. Misali, Aquabs na zamani waɗanda ba su tsarkake ruwa ba tare da taimakon duniyar ɓoye ɓoye a ciki, amma kuma ya iya ba da mai shi da duka ruwa da kuma sanyaya zuwa 95C (kawar da buƙata Don tafasa dukan kurt ɗin duka don kofin shayi ko kofi). Hakanan zaka iya magana game da tsarin tsarkake ruwa ga gidan duka, wanda yake da kyau madadin tsarin atomatik-questiction. Amma bari ya zama jigon don tattaunawa daban.
Masu gyara suna godiya da Waterlab, "kungiyar AKVAFOR", "Tace Alt", "comanteks da ke cikin gida", "tace Median", "in ji Mehram-Fasaha", "Geyser", "NPC babbar fasahar halitta ta muhimmancin rayuwa da ta'aziyya", "Fasaha na Baleomley" don taimako a cikin shirye-shiryen kayan.