Har yanzu game da wuraren shakatawa. A wannan karon munyi la'akari da wasu bangarori daban-daban na "murfi" tambaya a cikin gidan birane.
"Mun sanya" sutura "don wuta," Shugaban Manunin Dutch ya tsunduma cikin samar da murhu, Harry Polyov ya yi shelar. Amas, zabi wannan "tufafi", wanda ke tabbatar da shi da nasu dandano da bukatun fasaha, wanda ya sa mu kowane daki.
A cikin mujallar "ra'ayoyi na gidanka", kayan game da wuraren kashe gobara aka buga akai-akai (
"Tsarin dumama mai dumama",
"Tushen zafi da zaman lafiya" da
"Wuta, Fasa, Foverwood da bututun haya ..."). Abubuwan da ke ciki sun bambanta bangarorin ƙirƙirar "tufafi" don wuta a gidan ƙasa. Haka kuma, ya fi dacewa a gina murhu daga tubalin. Dalilin wannan labarin shine tattauna manyan bangarorin "murhun murfin" a cikin gidan birane.
Bangarorin doka
Har zuwa yau, babu takaddun tsarin da ke Rasha a Rasha, wanda zai bayyana kewayon bukatun don gina wuraren shakatawa a cikin birane da gidajen ƙasa. Kuma babu izini ko haramtawar takardun. Garin Snipa "dumama, iska da kwandishan" dauke da shawarwari kan gina murfin tarkon (snip 2.04.0.0-91 "Fusnace dumama"). Masu maginin murhu suna amfani da shi azaman jagora zuwa aikin sakin layi na wannan takaddar da aka sadaukar don tsara bututun hayaki (3.83), 3.84, 3.86) . Kodayake bisa doka, wannan takaddar ta shafi kawai ga tanderce kuma baya da nassoshi game da wuraren shakatawa.An samo waɗannan da aka ambata a wasu takardun jama'a. Misali, wasu ƙuntatawa suna yin ƙa'idodin ginin Moscow City da aka karɓa a 1996 (gine-gine masu gidaje "3.016). Dangane da wannan dokar, an yarda da shigarwa na murhun a gida na ƙarshe na ginin gini ko a kan mene na farko, ya ba da labarin mutum biyu kuma yana da mai shi ɗaya ne kuma yana da mai shi ɗaya. Dokar ba ta shafi gine-ginen ba, a cikin aikin Chimney tuni ya dage (Muna magana ne game da tsoffin gine-gine na zamani, da kuma game da tsoffin 'yan tawaye da "stalinist" Kawasaki da baƙi gas, don haka tashar Chimney tana ɗaya daga cikin halayen ginin ginin ginin). Prosh gidaje, sun ba da cewa bututun chimney yana cikin yanayin aiki, don gina murhu na iya zama mazaunin kowane bene.
Takaddun farko sun sadaukar da wuraren murhu ne ka'idojin yankin wuta na St. Petersburg da yankin Leningrad. Janar na fasaha. Hanyoyin gwaji. Tnpb 6-01-99. " Anan an yi amfani da shi da kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ginin murhu, dandamali da kuma rufin da aka zage shi da kuma dakin da ake gwada shi a wuraren shakatawa.
Rashin ginin majalisar dokoki guda yana ba da rikicewa da rikicewar da ke ba da rakiyar ginin murhu a cikin birane. Har zuwa yau, halittar irin wannan tsarin daidai yake da sake gina Apartment kuma, saboda haka, ya ƙunshi samun irin tsare mai izini (a cikin Moscow, takaddar, takaddar "a kan Hanyar shirya gabatarwa a cikin Gidajen Gidaje a Moscow "daga 29 Satumba 1999).
Menene wannan kunshin takardu? Da farko dai, ana buƙatar izini ta gundumar ko gundumar. Don samun wannan izinin da kuke buƙata:
daya. Samar da shirin sake gina. Mafi sau da yawa ƙirƙirar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyoyi biyu: kamfanonin da ke aiki a cikin shiguwar murhu, da kuma ƙungiyar aikin da ke da lasisi don tara shirin sake gina.
2. Kyakkyawan lokuta na iya buƙatar ƙarshe na fasaha a kan yanayin ƙirar gidan (tzk). Tzk ya ƙunshi bayani game da binciken injiniyan mai ɗaukar kaya da kuma rufe tsarin gidaje, da kuma yanke hukunci game da yiwuwar sake gina fasaha.
3. Sami umarni da ƙari ga kamfani wanda ke da lasisi don haɓaka shawarwarin wuta akan zaman lafiyar wuta (alal misali, VNIIPO Moe, Bashashikha).
hudu. A ƙarshe, don samun izini daga gudanarwar sabis na jihar (UBPS) na gundumar ko gundumar.
Gudanarwa tare da Ma'aikatan kashe gobara, a matsayinta na nuna, mafi kyawun matakin samun izini. Abu na gaba, zaku buƙaci yin kuɗi na haɓaka a cikin ƙungiyoyi na musamman (muna ba da jerin lokuta don Moscow, a cikin sauran biranen Jerin na iya zama ɗan bambanci):
Sninpidemadzor gundumar (ses);
sashen gine-ginen gine-gine da sashen gine-gine (rapap);
A wurin ma'auni ko maigidan gidan (Dez ko Hoa);
A cikin aikin Motazhilnia na Binciken Gidajen Jiha na Jiha na Prefecture na gundumar gudanarwa;
Binciken Fasaha Gas (idan akwai iskar gas a gidan);
Mosorshoreprecise;
Mosesiseergo da emainadzor;
Deum hanyoyin sadarwa da Moscorpelle (idan an canza batura);
Dubawa na gundumar.
Sannan zai zama dole don karbar sanarwa game da masu makwabta, sama da- da kuma wuraren zama, da kuma tabbatar da sa hannu a HSEK. Mataki na ƙarshe na hanyar shine taron MVK da kuma amincewa da ladabi don lambar da ta dace.
A kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyi masu dacewa, dole ne a yi ajiyar kuɗin zuwa bisa hukuma (a cikin tara-$ 800 da mafi girma). Kuma waɗannan kawai kashe kudi ne kawai. A aikace, daidaitawa ta mazaunan Moscow suna kashe $ 2000-3500 (mazauna yankin Moscow (mazauna yankin Moscow shine 30-40% mai rahusa). Idan ba ku kawai don gina murhu kawai, amma a nan gaba zai aiwatar da wasu abubuwan maye a cikin gidan, muna ba ku shawara ku fahimci waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. Sannan ba zai zama dole ba don karɓar takaddar da aka samu sau biyu. Mutane da yawa makomar wuraren nan gaba suna da iyaka don samun izini daga masu kashe gobara, suna fatan cewa sauran ƙungiyoyi kawai zasu shirya bincike a kan yankin. Irin wannan yanayin ya kasance tare da ƙarin matsaloli, alal misali, tare da JCC, kuma ban da ba bisa doka ba. Dangane da lambar gida, wani gida ko mai haya, wanda ya yiwa halartar wuraren zama ba tare da izini ba, ya wajabta kawo shi jihar da ta gabata a matsayin nasa (lambar gida, fasaha). Sashe na 3).
Don samun dukkan kunshin izini, kusan babu abokin ciniki ba a ɗaukar shi da kansa ba, yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa - watanni shida, kuma wani lokaci yana da kyau. Akwai wasu kamfanoni da yawa na gine-gine da gine-gine musamman wajen samun izini a cikin MVK. Muna ba da shawarar cewa ku dogara da wannan shawarar wannan matsala mai wahala ga ƙwararrun masana. Kuna biyan kamfani kusan kashi 10% na adadin aikin kuma ku adana taro na lokaci (ƙwararru ne su magance wannan matsalar don watanni 2-3), kuma sakamako mai kyau zai fi dacewa.
Idan ka sayi gidaje a matakin ginin gidan, kana da damar da za ka magance matsalar "rajista" zuwa wani hanyar yin mahimman bayanai game da shi a cikin shirin aikin gini. An tattauna wannan tambayar tare da masu tsara gine-ginen ginin, wanda ke ɗaukar duk damuwa cikin daidaita canje-canje a cikin ƙirar gidan tare da gyara da suka dace zuwa shirin. Bayan haka, ba za a yi la'akari da murhun wuta a matsayin sake ci gaba ba.
A cikin gidajen ginin kafin, zai zama dole don gudanar da binciken yanayin bututun mai (wato, duba shi akan yawa, amincin wuta). Ana yin jarrabawar da tsaftacewa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, irin su sake yinwa, inda farashin duka aikin ya kusan 1000 rubles. Idan a cikin ƙarin aikin murhun, ba ka keta amincin zane na ginin, babu wasu takardun da ake buƙata. Gaskiya ne, a cikin tsoffin gidaje, katako ko hade da yawa ana shigar da shi, da kuma kashe gobara sun ba da izinin sanya wutar "da Creak". A wannan yanayin, zaku iya buƙatar jarrabawar ƙwararrun masarufi (misali, wannan vnipou ɗaya ne daga cikin Ballikha).
Kulawa na farko
Tabbas, kuna cike da ra'ayoyi na musamman da sauri kuma ku hanzarta gane su a aikace. Kada ku hanzarta. Lokacin zana shirin daki tare da murhun wuta da farko, dole ne a yi la'akari da bukatun fasaha da yawa. Da farko dai, ba shi yiwuwa a sanya shi a kan hanyar da zai yiwu sauƙaƙe, in ba haka ba zaku sami matsaloli koyaushe tare da samar da ƙira na al'ada. Mafi karfi dala daftarin, kamar yadda ka sani, tasowa a kan madaidaiciya layi tsakanin taga da ƙofofin ƙofar. Akwai hanyoyin da ke haifar da tasirin iska. Halinsu ya dogara ne kawai a kan wurin Windows da ƙofofi, amma kuma daga tsarin samun iska. Zai fi kyau a ƙayyade wuri mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin shugabanci na ƙwararru, yawancin kamfanonin kamfanonin sun kasance cikin shigarwar gobara ba da irin wannan shawarwari.
Yi la'akari da wadatar tashoshin hayaƙi a cikin gidan hayaki (amma ana kiran ma'adanan hayaki, kodayake a cikin al'adar "Chimney", "Chimney" ba wanda yake yi) ba. Nisa tsakanin siminti da murhu ya kamata ya zama kadan. A cikin "bango", tsakiyar bututun hayaki a cikin bangon adjo zai iya karkata daga axis na 150 mm, a cikin wani bangon a nesa ba kusa da 300mm daga kusurwa. Zaɓin da ya dace shine wurin wannan cibiyar a cikin tsawan 1.9 sem daga matakin mai tsabta.
Smoke tashoshi yawanci located ko dai cikin ganuwar na ba-combustible kayan (abin da ake kira bango tashoshi), kõ dabam- dabam, a kan wani m tushe ( 'yan asalin). A rashin sa da na biyu sama murhu, mabiyin tashoshi suna shirya, dangane da konewa ɓangare na tsarin, ko dakatar, kirtani tare da mikewa alamomi zuwa sama, sa'an zoba da katangu.
Tabbatar bi bangon wanda murfin murhu ke adjoins, an yi shi da kayan aiki marasa aiki. Bai kamata a sami kowane sadarwar sadarwa ba - Wayar wutar lantarki, gas da bututun ruwa. Kafin ƙofar tandere ya samar da sarari kyauta na akalla 1.5m, wanda ba zai iya cika da kayan daki ba.
Snip 2.04.05-91 "dumama, iska, kwandishan iska"
Murhun dumama
3.73. Tsarkin Chimneys, ƙidaya daga grate grid zuwa bakin, ya kamata a ɗauki akalla 5m. Tsawon Chimneys da aka sanya shi a nesa daidai yake da ko tsayi mai tsayi na ingantaccen rufin da aka ɗauka:
ba kasa da 500mm- sama da rufin lebur;
ba kasa da 500mmm kan kunya daga cikin rufi ko parapet a wuri na bututu a nesa daga sama zuwa 1.5m ga gudu kan kankara ko parapet.
ba ƙasa da rufin rod ko parpel - lokacin da bututun hayaki yake a nesa na 1.5 zuwa 3m daga skate ko expet;
Ba ƙasa da layi 10 zuwa sararin sama, lokacin da bututun hayaki yake daga skate a nesa fiye da 3m.
Ya kamata a cire bututun chimneys sama da rufin manyan gine-ginen da aka haɗe zuwa ginin tare da tanderunnce dumama.
Tsawon iska mai shaye shaye yana kusa da ƙaho mai hayaki daidai daidai da tsayin waɗannan bututu.
3.76. Ya kamata a samar da bututun da ke kan gine-gine tare da kayan aikin kayan aiki da yakamata a samar da abubuwan da aka yi da raga da karfe tare da ramuka na ba fiye da 55mm.
3.83. A nesa daga m saman na bulo ko kankare flue bututu zuwa rafters, dora akwakun da kuma sauran sassa na rufin combustible da kuma aiki-kona kayan ya kamata a bayar a cikin hasken akalla 130 mm, daga yumbu bututu ba tare da rufi - 250mm, da kuma tare da thermal rufi da zafi canja wuri juriya 0.3 m2c / W tare da wadanda ba flammable ko wuya-sized kayan 130mm.
A sarari tsakanin hayaki ƙaho da Tsarin daga cikin rufi daga wadanda ba combustible da kuma aiki-kona kayan ya kamata a katange da ba combustible yin rufi kayan.
An zabi kayan aikin murhu a cikin asusun ajiya a ƙasa kuma suna ɗauke da bango. Idan kaya ya wuce kwararar da yawa na overlaps (saitin fadakarwa daga farantin a gidaje na yau da kullun, a kan matsakaita, menkg / m (2 ko fiye), to, dole ne a ƙarfafa su. Yawancin lokaci yawanci ana aiwatar da shi da ƙarfe na mirgina ko karfafa kankare. Yawancin wuraren shakatawa na wuta wanda aka shigar a cikin gidajen da karfe 300 zuwa 800kg. Wutht da gibbin ba su fadi daga tsarin tubali ba, sun yi nauyi sosai (auna kusan da yawa tons). Saboda haka, tsarin bulo a gidajen birane suna da wuya.
Tabbatar da lafiyar wuta
Fahimtar lafiyar kashe gobara tana da jawabi saboda matsaloli da yawa a lokaci daya. Na farko, ƙirar da rufi mai zafi na chimney kanta. Ya kamata ya kasance tsaye, ba tare da lesions ba. Idan ya cancanta, an yarda ya karkatar da tashoshin filaye ta hanyar kusurwa ba fiye da 45 daga tsaye. A kusa da bututun tsayayyar bututu, shataccen rufin an ƙirƙiri - daga ulu na ma'adinan, daga ma'adinan abin da ya dace, toshewar kankare ko tubalin. Nesa daga waje na bututun da ke cikin rafters, catrates da sauran sassan rufi na rufin 2.04.05-9-91 (3.83): Yana da 130 mm don bulo da ƙwanƙwasawa, don Ceramic ba tare da rufi da zafi ba - 250mm, tare da rufin zafi, 130mm. Ga bututun ƙarfe daga "bakin karfe" sanwic "(a cikin al'adun gine-gine, ba a ambata ba) wannan nesa yana da ƙimar ciki (idan kun bi ƙa'idodin ciki na bututu (idan kuna bin ƙa'idojin Turai).Abu na biyu, rufi na thermal daga cikin rufin da overlaps, sanya amfani da kayan aiki. Don tabbatar da shi mafi yawa ana amfani da ulu na ma'adinai, faranti na karfe, da kowane nau'i na wuta da kuma wasu kayan da aka Rasha don gini da amincin ilimin wuta "(NICS da PB)," Rogunada "," in ji Soyuzpenziozolation "," in ji Soyuzpenziozolation "," in ji Magunguna ", da sauransu).
Wannan damuwa mai zuwa ita ce tabbatar da amincin wutar matsalar aiwatarwa (idan an yi shi da kayan haɗi). A saboda wannan dalili, fale-falen ne na yumbu, ana amfani da zanen karfe. Kuma, a ƙarshe, idan bango wanda murhun wuta yake jingina shine, zai kasance dole don gina ƙarin "sauki" a cikin gurbataccen "(ya kamata ya fi girma fiye da murfi).
Yankin yanki na amincin wuta na St. Petersburg da wuraren shakatawa na Lenenrad. Janar na fasaha.
Hanyoyin gwaji. Tnpb 6-01-99
2. Na'urar dumama, ka'idodin aikin wanda ya samo asali ne daga hasken hasken wuta daga mai da mai da aka mai da shi a cikin daki mai zafi.
5.2. Designirƙirar murhun da Chimney ya kamata samar da kwarara ta ƙasa a cikin dakin fure a lokacin tanderun, yayin da a cikin babban rami na buɗe, da bude maɓuɓɓugar iska dole ne ya zama aƙalla 0.25m s.
5.8. A zazzabi na waje na murhu na murhu (sai ga sassan karfe, rufewa da kuma faduwar budewar flue), bai kamata ya wuce 363 ba tare da la'akari da zafin jiki a cikin ɗakin.
5.9. Distance daga rami mai gudana zuwa kayan gini da tsari ya kamata su kasance cewa zafin jikinsu bai wuce 50c ba.
5.11. Matsakaicin yankin rami na flue zuwa yankin yanki na giciye na bututun hayaki ya kamata a cikin 8-15. Yankin yanki na giciye na bututun hayaki dole ne ya zama akalla 0.03m2.
5.21. Don ginin bututun fure (tashoshin tashoshi), ya kamata a yi amfani da shi: wani bututun jan tubalin da aka yi da rufi-mai tsayayyen yanayi tare da juriya na zafi a kalla 0.5 M2c / W. Bututun dole ne a yi shi da bakin karfe mai ɗorewa.
5.22. Kowace wurin murhu dole ne ta sami canjin hayaki.
Barin iska ta shiga
Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar ginin murhu wanda ke haifar da dakin. Don al'ada aiki na murhun, wajibi ne don samar da wani ƙarin hadarin iska a cikin dakin da akwatin gidan wasan rufe-rubutun ke amfani da kusan 200-3mp3 / h (don bude fushin wuta, wannan darajar na iya kai 800-3- 1000m3 / h).
Tsarin gidaje na yau da kullun a Rasha an tsara shi don kwararar iska ta hanyar sinadarin tsarin gini. Yin amfani da Windows na Glozed na zamani-glazed "seed" dakin kuma, don haka, kusan, kusan yana kawar da wannan hanyar haushi. Tabbas, zaku iya amfani da mafi sauƙin yanayi, babu wani abu mai sauki kuma mafi dacewa! Amma a cikin hunturu, mutane da yawa sun ƙi shi, masu tsoron zuraje. Don haka magudanan sun kasance suna da nutsuwa da kirkirar wasu hanyoyin cin abinci na oxygen, alal misali, don shigar da tsarin da iska na musamman. Mafi kyawun su kawai suna ba da iska daga titi, mafi rikitarwa, har yanzu an tsabtace kuma mai zafi.
Akwai ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka. Don haka, a ƙarƙashin taga firam, zaku iya buga ƙaramin rami ta rami - Ta hanyar iska zata shiga dakin daga titi (ba shakka, an bayar da ramin ta hanyar daidaitawa). Wannan yanayin yana da kyawawa don shigar da babban taron dumama a ƙarƙashin taga, godiya wanda za a mai da shi lokacin shiga dakin. Wani zaɓi shine na'urar tashar iska ta iska a cikin bango mai ɗaukar matakala. A kan matakala koyaushe isasshen iska yana shiga cikin ƙofofin ƙofar, windows akan shafukan matsakaici. Haka kuma, an riga an mai da shi mai zafi kuma ba zai daskare da masu mallaka ba.
Gine-gine da masana'antu
Wani Wuta ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa uku: akwatinan wasan wuta, bututun chimneys da na ado. Yawancin masana'antun da aka gabatar a kasuwar Rasha suna bayar da saitin akwatin gida da kuma yatsa. Haka kuma, yawancin bambance-bambancen ado da yawa yawanci ana bayar da su da ƙarfi. Conversely, ƙamus ɗin ya dace da samfuran mai jan kunne da yawa. Akwai da dama dozin masana'antun a cikin kasuwar: Arkiane, Chemines Philippe, Deville, Godin, Rene Brisach, Seguin, Sama (France), Arriaga, Ferlux, Fugar (Spain), Austroflamm (Austria), Caminetti Montegrappa, Edil Kamin, Piazzetta ( Italiya), Dovre (Norway), Storeway), United Keddy), Harden, Max Blank (Jamus), da sauransu, wanda aka yi daga Talco chlorite dutse wanda zai iya tara zafi. Fata, ana rarrabe waɗannan samfuran ta hanyar manyan nauyi kuma saboda haka wuya shigar a cikin gidaje. Musamman dangane da kirkirar samfurin Boley (Holland) da mai da hankali (Faransa). Ana samar da kamfanonin bututun hayaki "kamfanoni yawanci ba a tsunduma ba, akwai masana'antun da ke wanzu.Yana da matukar wahala a kewaya cikin irin waɗannan masana'antun masana'antun, musamman ma da yawa daga cikinsu suna fitar da wuraren ruwa gaba ɗaya daban-daban salon. Bisa ga farashin category, duk kayayyakin za a iya raba 3 kungiyoyin: "cheap" (kudin sa na firebox kuma portal ba fi $ 3-4 dubu: Seguin, Deville, Dovre, da dai sauransu), "Average "($ 4-10 dubu: Edil, da Chrinees, Chrese, Piazetta, da sauransu: Fiye da $ 10 dubu, Arkiane, Nleyy, da sauransu).
Wuta. An kira akwatin gidan wuta "zuciya". Fuskar itace tana ƙonewa a nan, yana ba da duminsu. Ganun kayan wuta sun sha bamban da juna ta kayan masana'antu da ƙarin na'urorin rarraba iska a cikin ɗakin. Za a iya rufe kuma buɗe, amma ya danganta da wurin da aka gina a cikin bango, jingina ko tsibirin.
Kusan duk "wuraren kashe gobara suna sanye da akwatin gidan wuta mai rufewa. Amfanin da ya samu babban aiki ne (har zuwa 80%), amincin wuta mai kyau (saukar wuta baya zube coals), ikon sarrafa mai. A lokacin ƙone itacen itace, irin wannan ƙirar ba ta buƙatar kulawa koyaushe. Ko da tare da shigarwa na rashin ƙarfi na rufaffiyar gidan wuta, Carbon Mooxide zai fada cikin ɗakin. Kuma, kamar yadda kuka sani, yana da lahani ga lafiyar mutane kuma a babban taro na iya haifar da mutuwarsu. Babu wani akwatin gidan wuta mai rufewa, kamar yadda ake buɗe, maganganu mai muni.
Yawancin rufaffiyar ɗakunan an shirya su ne: Contrassion na mai ya faru a kan grate grate (a cikin wasu samfuran yana da a kasan tsarin, a cikin wasu bangon bango ). Ash, yana farkawa cikin grille, an tattara a cikin ash drawer. Yawancin lokaci ana shigar da tanderace a kan ƙafafun ƙarfe, wanda aka haɗa ko kerarre ta kamfanin shigarwa. Sauraron rashi shine maɓallin bulo ko kumfa. Ana yin ƙofar daga gilashin mai gwadawa kuma yana iya zama ɗakin kwana (mafi arha a samarwa), semicmular (mafi tsada) ko kurma. Ya buɗe gefe ko zuwa gefe da sama. Model na arewa (alal misali, a cikin engerly elongated elongated 650 ht elong elongated 650 HT bude fom.
Wasu kamfanoni suna haɓaka mafi yawan zane. Wannan misali, alal misali, Churea Chrine Modem. A iska a kawo su a lokaci guda daga ɓangarorin uku, ta bangon baya, ƙasa ta girgiza da facade. A ciki na ciki yana da tsarin hadaddun tsari, wanda zai ba ka damar inganta "hayaki Labultinth" da karɓar ingantaccen aiki na 75%. Tsarin mai ban sha'awa na ƙirar tands ta Keddy-solicular (ta hanyar, kafin sunan wannan kamfani da aka rubuta har yanzu suna ɗaukar akwatin gidan wuta "karya da keɓaɓɓe. Rashin haɗa seams yana sanya ƙirar ƙira (don haka, shiryayye rayuwa akan akwatin gidan wuta mai shekaru 10 ne).
Rarrabe samfuran wutar da aka sanye da ƙarin aikin "gilashin tsabta": a saman, tsakanin ƙafar ƙofa da gilashin ko gilashi, an bar rata. Ta wurinsa, saukar da wuta "yana kwarara" sanyi, wanda yake aiki a matsayin cikas ga mai tsarkakewa zuwa mai tsarkakewa (irin wannan aikin yana da, Manufofin F-168, a duk faɗin F-168, a duk faɗin duniya daga su.
Bude murfin tubalin tubalin ne mai gyarawa (alal misali, samfurin Santa-Jean (Modelic Pazzetta) ko kuma jefa ƙirar iroves a al'adun gargajiya; Haka kuma akwai cikakken buɗe man da irin wannan ƙirar sune wutar da wuta ke ƙonewa, ta rataya kan harshen mai tara hayaki, gyarawa kawai a cikin manyan benaye). Cikakken wuraren shakatawa na wuraren shakatawa suna cikin kangara na Boley kamfanon (samfurin 186, 998, 36 Gr, da sauransu), Model Model). Iyawar dumama a bude tukawar ba ta fi na wutar wuta ba, - ta kashed har sai da itacen wuta. Dangane da lissafin injiniyoyi masu zafi, ingancin da aka buɗe na akwatin gidan waya na gargajiya shine 5-20%. Mafi ƙarancin rauni ne saboda gaskiyar cewa, da fari dai, wurin murhu yana aiki tare da damar iska mai kyau, don haka, sashin-ƙasa na bututun mai ya kamata ya zama babba, sakamakon haka, babban yanki na iska mai dumi yana tashi cikin bututu tare da hayaki. Abu na biyu, bulo mai gyara (kuma mafi yawan bude fensires an yi shi da tubalin) - kayan intanet mai zafi kuma yana ba zafi sosai a hankali fiye da filayen ƙarfe.
Don haɓaka ingancin saukar da wuta daga tubalin, ya zama dole don ƙara yin magana da na ciki - ka ce, don haɗa girkin ƙarfe ko faranti na baya. Irin wannan "Reficikin Faransanci na Faransa yana ba da samfuran su, alal misali, reshen Faransa sun sabunta Brisch-RB 35. Ganawar buɗe daga ɗakunan ƙasa suna da kyau sosai. Idan har yanzu kuna "marasa lafiya" ta hanyar budewar kuma ba ku yarda da kowane zaɓuɓɓuka ba, wanda aka yi da gilashin da ba a girki).
Bututun hayaki - Waɗannan sune "hasken", waɗanda ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar dillar da ke da alaƙa da kuma flushing na gases daga wutar. Za a iya yin shi daga abubuwa daban-daban: bulo, kankare, farramics, karfe. Ga bututun bututun, irin masu nuna alama kamar dirka, gratsory da kuma abubuwan lalata da abubuwan lalata na kayan suna da mahimmanci. An lasafta sashen gudana kuma tsawo na bututun hayaki an lasafta bisa girman da wutar tanderu, har da tsarin rufin. Gabaɗaya da aka yarda da shi gabaɗaya sashe da girman wutar murfi na wutar tsagerun (nisa / tsayi) shine 1:10. Tsarin masu samar da teburin da aka lissafa na musamman waɗanda ke saita rabo daga diamita da tsawo na bututun hayaki ga masu girma na wutar. Mafi kyawun tsari shine zagaye, da ɗan muni fiye da mafi yawan abubuwan da basu dace ba na rectangular.
Cutar karfe kamar "sanwic" sun fi shahara a yau - bututu-bututu, tare da cika sararin samaniya na Bastalt auduga. An yi su da "bakin karfe" kauri daga 0.5-0.6 mm. Kasuwar Rasha ta gabatar da babban adadin kamfanoni da ke ba da irin kayayyaki: BOFILL, Nigara (Spain), Haiab (Litriyanci (Rance), Fineline, Cibiyar Bincike (Russia). Chimneys suna da alaƙa da murfin wuta tare da bututun adaftan musamman na musamman, wanda aka yi daga "bakin karfe". Ana shigar da shigarwa na bututun a cikin bututun hayaki da mahaɗan da aka sarrafa tare da manyan fitattun 'yan tawayen ruwa da kuma mastic. Farashin kuɗi don bututun na masana'antu daban-daban na iya bambanta da wahala: masu samar da Rasha kusan $ 60-90, kuma BofOly sau 2, kuma suna da tsada sosai, $ 160. Gaskiya ne, ƙirar ƙarshen shine mafi kamala: kowane ɓangare na "kurma" bututu, wato, a garesu "bakin karfe".
Hakanan akwai abin da ake kira chimney chimneys da aka ƙera daga ƙarfe mara ƙarfi (mafi yawansu akwai-Layer, ba tare da rufin zafi ba). Ana amfani da su a cikin zamani na tsohuwar bulo crickys ("Gilzing" - Caka cikin hayaki mai tsafta na ƙaramin diamita), kazalika lokacin kwanciya hayaki a wuraren hadaddun hadewar hadaddun. Yana samar da waɗannan bututun, kamar tubest (Faransa), farashin 1 na yamma tare da diamita na 150m-$ $ 48, tare da diamita na 200m- $ 65).
Ceramic Chimneys a cikin kasuwancin Rasha suna wakiltar kamfanin Jamus Tona. Da ƙira mai-uku-Layer: Layer-ceramics, matsakaici-rnama, ƙwararrun rufi, kankare kankare (kumfa kankare). Kaurin kauri daga cikin pipe tonalin-15mm, yana da tsayayya ga lalata da tsabta. Tsakanin layin rufi da kankare ana bayar da shi ta hanyar fanko wanda tabbatar da samun iska ta tsarin. Rashin tsarin yumɓu, kazalika da tubalin gargajiya, nauyi da yawa ne.
A cikin murhu, zaku iya ƙona bishiyoyi daban-daban: itacen oak, dandanan kudan zuma, maple, Birch, kamar yadda. Amma ba duk hanyar fitilun suna ƙonewa irin wannan hanyar haɗarinsu ba ta dogara da yawa. Biranen tare da ƙananan pores (m) suna baƙin ciki a hankali, mai riƙe da zafi mai tsawo. Dabbar ruwa sun haɗa da itacen oak, Maple, Beech, a Cuech. Akwai kuma samar da zafi mai zafi mai zafi na fitilar Birch. Ba'a ba da shawarar yin tattake murabba'in murhu mai taushi ba mai taushi mai taushi - poplar, yawa Hakanan ga murhun murhu na m coniferous duwatsun, suna dauke da ribar da yawa na ci gaba, a hankali kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga saurin gurbataccen bututun hayaki. Bugu da kari, dutsen coniferous ya zubar da famsun wuta, wanda zai iya haifar da wutan kowane abu kusa da wutar.
Bai kamata a saka a cikin murfin wuta ba, suna da mummunar flared kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga samuwar babban adadin condensate (danshi) akan saman dutsen bututun mai. An san cewa bishiyar da aka kafa sabo ne ya ƙunshi har zuwa 50% danshi. A m na murfi ya dace da itacewood wanda danshi shine 15-20% (wannan ya yi daidai da itace, yana da shekaru 2-3 a cikin ingantaccen hazo da kariya daga hazo). Idan akwai ruwan 'yan cirewa, an haramta yin amfani da sunadarai ko taya mai gas, kerosene, barasa, mai. Lenens kada ya zama kananan, tsawon lokaci mai kyau - 2 / 3-3 / 4 na fadin flue ramin.
Wuta a cikin murhu na iya zama "wasa." Misali, zanen wutar. Ruwa daga littattafan musamman akwai shawarwari akan wannan batun: "Za a iya cika launi mai launin rawaya, wanda mai sauƙin zaki zai iya cika ƙarfi kai tsaye a cikin cibiyar, amma yana da ƙarfi. Zai fi kyau yin mafita kuma jiƙa masu motsa jiki ". Majalisar, hakika, mai ban sha'awa, amma saboda wasu dalilai ba a rubuta a cikin littafin game da cutarwar ta tagulla na mutum. Sabili da haka, ku yi hankali da kuma kula da irin wannan bayanin a hankali, idan ya yiwu, in guji muguntar maganin sunadarai da ƙari. Zai fi kyau ga "hanyoyin motsa jiki na wasa da wuta. Don bayar da harshen wuta na musamman, zaku iya amfani da kututture da asalinsu, kuma don samun ƙanshi mai ƙanshi na juniper.
A ina zan sayi itace? An magance wannan tambayar ta hanyoyi da yawa, tunda ba mu da matsaloli tare da itace. Wasu suna jin daɗin sharar gida kusa da bitar Maɓallin Maɓallin Maɓuɓɓuga ko Chips), Wasu kuma ta hanyar adana wuta da kuma samun shi a can . Mafi matsalar gaggawa shine adana itacen wuta. Kuma idan yana da sauƙi sauƙi a cikin yanayin gidan ƙasa (gina wani alfarwa da ci gaba da lafiya), to komai ya fi wahala a cikin gidan birni. Yi tunani game da adana itacen wuta a gaba. Misali, haskaka wurin a cikin ɗayan ɗakunan amfani (alal misali, a cikin pantry). Yana da kyawawa cewa ɗakin yana da iska mai kyau. Kada ka sanya itace, sabo da shiri, a cikin ginshiki, ba wai kawai basu bushe ba, amma har ma da m.
A cikin fasfon na kowane tandon, ana nuna nau'ikan mai da aka ba da izini. Akwai samfuran da aka tsara don ƙona itace ba kawai itace ba, har ma da baƙin ƙarfe, mai launin ruwan kasa da peat. A aikace, yawancin murhu suna nutsar da duk wannan itace.
Brick Chimneys a cikin birane na birane bai shahara a yau. Tsarin su shine tsarin cin abinci mai wahala. Hakanan, rashin amfani da cakulan tubalin bulo shine babban ƙarfin saman bango: an adana soot a kansu, a hankali "ya faɗi a hankali", dirka ya faɗi a hankali. Amma ƙirar hayaki ba kawai bututu bane. Don kare ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara da iska a ƙarshen iska a kan leji (abin da ake kira ɓangare na himneney, hasumiya sama da rufin), an shigar da ƙafar), an shigar da fannoni. A kan gine-gine tare da rufin daga kayan haɗi, wakilin Sparkling da aka yi da ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da ramuka na ba a ƙara fiye da 55mm ba. Tare da mummunan chimney, ana kawo bututun chimney tare da fan (Chymosa), samar da haɓaka haɓaka. Irin waɗannan magoya suna da yawa a kasuwar Rasha, alal misali, tsarin vile na kamfani ($ 360), zr ta samfurin 180 ($ 480) na Swedish Stedshamir, Tsarin TRacamino ($ 450) na kamfanin Italiyanci Vortice. Fasali na na'urar-centrifugal da kuma wurin aikin motar akan Turbine, wanda ke waje da yankin gas. Yi la'akari da idan ka ba da himneney, na ƙarshen ya kamata ya yi aiki tare da kowane akwatin gidan wuta mai saukar da wuta. A cikin lamarin, matsaloli na iya tasowa. Hayatarwar tana da kuka a saman kai na hayaki.
Ta Kayyade bayyanar murhu, salo da kuma "hali". An dauke litattafan da za a dauke su ne masu amfani daga marmara, a qarancin sau da yawa (Arria, Piazetta). Salon gari na ƙasa yana nuna "tubalin" - Sandy, lemunsu (galibi daga farar fata), wucin gadi. Matsayi na ƙasa da ke ba da shawarar kamfanoni kamar churenees, Fiazeetta, Rene Brisisach, Seguin. Marmara yayi amfani da salon zane-zane na Art Deco, na zamani. Minimalism da babban fasaha suna ba da fifiko ga ƙarfe da gilashi (Armiane, sinesees Philippe, mai da hankali). Gunffall "ra'ayoyin gidanka" N 9 don 2003. A cikin ƙarin daki-daki, an bayyana shi daki-daki game da maganganun da aka tsara a cikin labarin "kuna zaune da murhun wuta."
An gina fuskata a matakin ƙarshe na aikin gini, bayan gama ginin. Daga cikin gine-ginen da ake samu a kasuwar Rasha akwai tsarin monoblock, wanda tanderence da tashar sune "jiki" (Austroflammammam, max blank). Kudin Poral ya dogara da kayan (musamman mai tsada-halitta mai ɗorewa da Granite), kayan ƙirar zane kuma na iya zama daga dubunnan dala. Af, lokacin da umarnin ƙirar mutum na tashar jirgin ruwa (ko duka ƙirar waje na murhun), masana'antar ƙasashe, masana'antu da bayarwa za ta buƙaci lokaci, yawanci wannan watanni 2-3 ne.
Ba da wadata
Kamfanonin sun gudanar da sayarwa da kuma shigar da murhu, da yawa. Zabi ɗayansu naku ne. Amma kafin cikar kwangilar don samar da wutar murhun, muna ba ku shawara ku gano abubuwan da ke zuwa:
Kasancewar takaddun shaida zuwa samfuran da aka kawo da lasisi don aikin da aka yi;
samuwar takaddun tsaro na wuta;
Lokacin garanti ya bayar ta hanyar masana'anta na murhun da kamfanin ya kasance a cikin shigarwa (a cikin yanayin na ƙarshe yawanci 1 shekara, amma idan kun shiga cikin yarjejeniya don ƙarin sabis, garanti yana shekara ɗaya).
A cikin da ya dace da matsalolin kashe gobara tare da hayaki kada su kasance. Amma duk da haka suka taso. Mafi yawan damar shan taba a cikin dakin, kuma ba a cikin bututun hayney. Idan an samar da irin wannan yanayin daga gare ku - ba ku hanzarta kiran mai ban sha'awa tare da shirye-shiryen fushi: "kun sa mummunan murhu a wurina!" A baya can duba sewer - wataƙila ka manta da bude shi. Ka tuna ko an tsabtace bututun hayaki, yana yiwuwa ya sake rufe soot (musamman wannan ya dace da bututu tare da karamin sashi na sashe. Ko a cikin ƙirar chimney ta sami abu na ƙasashen waje (alal misali, makale dutse ko baƙin ƙarfe gida). Ya kamata a tsabtace chimney, bayan an sake yin jinkiri da murhun. Babu ƙarancin sanadin hayaki shine rashin yin amfani da iska a cikin barikin iska sabo. Ya kamata a yi wannan matsalar ko da a matakin ginin gidan murhu, kamar yadda aka bayyana daki-daki a cikin "iska" sashe.
Ana iya bayyana ƙarfi a cikin bututun hayaki a ido, a launi na harshen wuta. Tare da rashin iska, harshen wuta ja, tare da ratsi mai duhu. Kyakkyawan farin launi da kumburi a cikin chimney ya ce da dirka ya wuce kima. Trarfin al'ada ya dace da launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Yanayin yanayi yana da babban tasiri a kan aikin murhu: an yi biris da karar a hayaki kuma ya tashi tare da iska mai cike da iska. A lokacin shekara, musamman a cikin hunturu, lokacin da bambanci a yanayin zafi a cikin ɗakin kuma a kan titi yana da girma, ruwan sanyi na ruwa ana kafa shi ne a cikin bututun chimney. Don turawa irin wannan toshe, ana bada shawara don sanya jaridu ɗaya ko biyu a cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa bututun hayaƙi da ƙonewa. A lokaci guda, narke kayan wuta wanda ya ba da "babban" wuta (kwakwalwan kwamfuta, jaridar.
A tsawon lokaci, da tashoshin bututun chimney sun rasa tsaurarar, harsashi na karfe zai iya rushewa, kuma ruwan teku sau da yawa yana kaifi a cikin bututun tubali. A wannan yanayin, bututun hayaki zai buƙaci overhaul. Idan murhun wuta har yanzu gaba daya ne, kuma mai yuwuwa a koyaushe, yana yiwuwa an lissafta ƙirar ba daidai ba kuma girman wutar tander ba ta dace da sashen giciye na bututun ba. Ko kuma kai tsaye ya kasance ƙasa da iska mai iska ta tashar da ke kusa da shi a kan rufin, - a wannan yanayin himimney zai ba da sha'awar juyawa. Don kauce wa irin matsalolin duniya, kar a skimp kuma tuntuɓi ƙirar murhu don taimako daga ƙwararru. Idan babu wuta tare da wani abu da wannan kuma murhu ya fara shan taba, duba Asolnik farko. Lokacin da ya wuce haddi cikawa, iska mai gudana zuwa grate grille an tsaya, wannan shine sanadin hayaki da ƙawa mai zuwa.
Aiki da Kulawa
Daga ikon yin amfani da murhun, wutar wuta na aiwatar, da kuma dadawa mai ƙarfi, da tsawon lokacin ƙone, isasshen gas na gas, a ƙarshe, ƙimar carbon na carbon, a ƙarshe, karkatar da tsarin kanta.
Da farko dai, kuna buƙatar kunna murhun daidai. Tsawon lokacin konewa a cikin tandere na itace kwanciya daya shine 5-10 hours. Bai kamata a cimma nasarar ƙara tsawon lokacin ba saboda yawan ƙarfin mai, dole ne ya cika ba da 2/3 ba. Don kiyaye mai ƙonewa mai zurfi, fitilu na ƙaramin diamita ana amfani da shi, amma a adadi mai yawa. Ana samun yanayin jinkirin, akasin haka, karamin adadin katako na itace itace. Ya kamata a ɗauka a cikin zuciyar cewa aikin murhu na dogon lokaci na wurin murhu a cikin jinkirin motsi yana haifar da gurbatar da wutar lantarki, gilashin hayaki.
Idan wani abin da ake amfani da shi a kan adawar itacen wuta ana bayar da shi a cikin ƙirar murhu da iska mai gudana a duk faɗin da aka aiwatar, saboda haka zaku guji matsalolin hutawa.
Babban aiki mara kyau da kuma cin abinci mai dadi da muhimmanci wanda ya shafi aikin murhu yana tsaftace saman murfin tanderun da kuma hayaki daga soot, wanda shine sakamakon bai cika wasan itacen wuta ba. Sumbin na iya taimaka rage rage da drug, lalata brickwork kuma, mafi mahimmanci, yana haifar da haɗarin wuta.
A chimney yawanci ana iya tsabtace ta amfani da kayan aiki na yau da kullun tare da allura ("daji", ko kuma "shinge", ko kuma "shinge", ko kuma "shinge"), wanda aka saukar da sarkar a cikin bututu da juyawa. Soot ya kwashe kai tsaye a cikin tanderun ko aljihu na musamman, ya danganta da na'urar murhu. Tsarin tare da aljihu ya fi dacewa, saboda yana kare ɗakin daga sage. Na'urar aljihun aljihun baya a matakin shirin murhun wuta. Aikin da aka fi datti shine tsaftace wuraren shakatawa tare da buɗe wuraren huta kuma ba tare da aljihunan wuta ba: soot don yin mummunar tashi ko'ina cikin dakin kuma ƙazantar da komai a cikin ɗakin kuma ƙazantar da komai a cikin ɗakin kuma ƙazantar da komai a cikin ɗakin. Zaku iya gujewa jimla, yana da hermetically secking da wutar don tsabtatawa lokacin tsaftacewa. In ji su suna tsunduma cikin ƙungiyoyi na musamman (alal misali, '' Formorm ") ko kamfanonin sayarwa, shigar da bautar da gobara (" Art Arch ", da sauransu). Duba da tsaftace bututun hayaki da aka ba da shawarar sau 2 a shekara. Don hana samuwar soot, zaku iya amfani da masu kashe gobara waɗanda ke ɗauka tare da abubuwan musamman na musamman, ko kuma tsohuwar "kaka" incineation a cikin fiber na tsabtace dankalin turawa. Lissafta soot daga chimney shima yana da ikon Olhovy da Aspen Berewood.
Kula da murhun murhu bai yi wahala sosai ba: lokaci-lokaci bincika sarkin ƙarfe masara, kamar yadda ya cancanta, Shafe kofofin ciki tare da m shagon da ba su da soaps, Cire ash (kawai daga ganyen ya sanyaya). Ana iya tsabtace glille tare da mai tsabtace gida. Cire tsarin baƙin ƙarfe suna karewa daga fage da "thermal" girgiza (canji a cikin zafin jiki, alal misali, lokacin da ruwan sanyi ya shiga saman zafi).
Duk da hadadden tsarin da kuma kiyaye murhun murhu, ra'ayinta shine maritiis da ƙari. Bayan duk, sadarwa tare da wuta da rai na daya daga cikin mafi yawan bukukuwan mutum. Wuta duka tushen makamashi da kwanciyar hankali, zafi da haske. Avteda duk wannan shine sau da yawa rasa a cikin dogon lokacin hunturu.
Samun babban ra'ayoyi na tunani, masu su zasu iya gudanar da kansu kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma sun juya ga kwararru kawai a lokacin zabin gidan wuta. Dakatar da shi a rufe jikin mutum model Dovre 2900gl (Norway) tare da karfin 16kW kuma yin la'akari da kilo 180 Gilashin tanderace yana da tsari na wutar lantarki, wannan wani nau'in sasantawa tsakanin banal "lebur" da semi-madauwari.
Lissafin farashin murhu tare da shigarwa
| Kayan haɗi da aiki | Kudin, $ |
|---|---|
| Dovre 2900 gl (norway) | 1430. |
| Bututun na bututu na Chimney "sanwic", wanda aka yi da bakin karfe | 180. |
| Insulation (FoIl Cash) | 130. |
| Case da aka yi da plasterboard | ashirin |
| Fuskar marmara | 230. |
| Shirya shuka (granite) | 240. |
| Samun iska mai iska (3 inji mai kwakwalwa.) | 70. |
| Kayan aiki don ginin chimney shugaban (bulo, ciminti, da sauransu) | 80. |
| Shigarwa na murhu | 600. |
| Duka | 2980. |
Chimney tare da jimlar kusan 7m (ɗakunan ɗaki suna sama da ɗakin) yana da ƙirar tsaye a tsaye. Ana sanya lizar kwandishan tsakiya, kuma ana sake gina manner da sabo iska, don haka wurin murabba'ai bashi da matsala tare da murhun don duk lokacin aiki.
Lissafin farashin murhu tare da shigarwa
| Kayan haɗi da aiki | Kudin, $ |
|---|---|
| Mars 75 STSNAE (Steko, Czech Republic) | 3500. |
| Bututun na bututun mai "sanwic", wanda aka yi da bakin karfe ("Appoco", Russia) | 1200. |
| Glazed ceramic tayal (dakin zama yana fuskantar) | 300. |
| Fallestin na plasterboard (chimney ya sake kama) | 600. |
| Shigarwa na murhu | 600. |
| Duka | 6200. |
Ginin Edita na gode da kamfanin "Art-Ton", "Duck Main wuta", "Invaditiet Igor Bobenko neman taimako," da kuma Vladimir da Innu Pozdnyakov na taimako wajen aiwatar da daukar hoto.