Labari da kuma stroreotypes waɗanda ke yaudarar masu siyarwa na fale-falen burodin tarkace. Maƙasudin ƙa'idodi, masana'antu, kayan gida, ƙira da farashi.
Za mu yi magana game da sabon tarihin kayan ƙira, fale-falen falo. Zamuyi bayani game da masana'antun, ka'idodi na inganci, aminci, ƙira da farashi. Ina aikata tatsuniyoyi da yawa ko, idan kuna so, sistreotypes waɗanda ba su ba da hutawa ga abokan ciniki da masu siyarwa
Labari na kasuwa
Kasuwar da ke cikin halitta ta Rasha ta fara samar da tsari a cikin 1996-1997. Sai masu siye zasu iya rarrabe fale-finai kawai a cikin gida, Italiyanci, Spanish ko Czech, inganci da farashin. Masu siyarwa sun isa su kawo samfurori a cikin marufi tare da abin da aka yi a hatimi a cikin Ily hatimi, da nasarar tallace-tallace aka bayar. A yau, wani abu: Mai siye ya zo ya dace da kuma nadawa.Dangane da kididdigar kwastomomi na 2002 da kididdigar jihar sun hada, rabon tsire-tsire na cikin gida a cikin kasuwar tayal - kashi 6%, da sauran abokan aiki na Rasha daga kasashen waje. Sanya na karshen hanyar oda: 29.2% na shigo da kaya ya zo daga Spain, 25.4% daga Italiya, 13.7% daga Poland. Sin, Slovakia, asusun Turkiyya na 5% kuma, a karshe, a kan Lithuania, Jamus da Czech, kasa da 2%. Kasashe kamar Faransa, Briarea, Iran, da sauransu, kar a ƙetare iyaka da aka gabatar, saboda haka suna da haɗin kai: duka tare, 5.5% na mahaɗan shigo da kaya.
Italiya, Fashion Fashionlator na fale-shekara shekaru da suka gabata, sanye da kayan aiki 95% na duk masana'antar duniya na wannan samfurin. Fiye da masana'anta 350 da yawa na ma'aunin zanen zanen kaya suna aiki akan duk duniya a yankin da ake kira Modena. Kowace shekara a farkon Oktoba, suna gasa a cikin manyan abubuwan Tunawa da Kasa da Italiya Cossaie a Bologna. Sabbin abubuwa sun faɗi akan lambobin salons na Rasha da shagunan makon Fabrairu-Afrilu na gaba. Kamar yadda a cikin filin da aka gama, ba za ku tuna jaket ɗin da aka siya akan siyarwa ba, amma kar a manta da peran wasan da ba a inganta shi ba, amma mai siyar da mai siyarwa ya bambanta sunayen masana'antu masu yawa, amma Daraja Hisors Abubuwan da aka fi so: Cibiyar ARAZIVA ta, Marazzi, Atchidea, Ariana, Marer, Sant'er, Sant'er, Sant'er, Cedir, Ricchetti, Afrani, da sauransu.
Spain - Duniya a cikin duniya dangane da kayan masarufi na Tile - shekaru da yawa da suka gabata kuma samu nasarar kama shi a kan fasahar Italiya da kayan aiki. Duk abin da yake daidai: masana'anta 350 da ke cikin tashar ƙasar Castellon ta gabatar da nasarorin nasu na Kasa da Spain, wanda aka gudanar a ƙarshen watan Fabrairu da farkon Maris. Asarar fuskantar fale-falen buraka kayayyaki masu yawa. Daga gare su, Aparci, vives, Metropol, Diago, Tau, Vendu, Veronda, Navitinti, da sauransu.
Masanashin masana'antu ya ji sosai tun daga shekarar 1998, lokacin da ya tafi rarrabuwa daga masu shigo da kaya. Amma a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, bin canji a cikin jaraba na masu siye, don kafa kamfanin da aka shigo da shi (Rhin Italiya), Snap, Grid har ma suna jan hankalin masana fasahar dabbobi. Misali, muna ba da "Sokol" (Kdenovsk, yankin Moscow), yankin Oryol), yankin erol), yankin na gwaji "(yankin Moscow). Haka kuma, an fara layin Italiyanci guda uku a OJSC "STROYFARFOR" (G. SHECHTA, Rostav yankin) daga 2001. Lines uku da aka ƙaddamar. Kwanan nan LLC "Bashkerama" (De'lanka na Oktyabrskaya yumbu tone) da ojasc "nezrad fromps" (Nabascs of Tiled kwangilar samar da kwangila don samar da fale-falen buraka. "Kiyaye shi, comrades !!!" Koyaya, ba lallai ba ne don tabbatar da masu shigo da masu shigo da wadanda suka kai ga girman samar da kayan da suka gabata a 2002.
Babban mai fafatawa a cikin dalilan samfuran da aka sabunta hanyoyin Rasha ne Talade daga gabashin Turai, Poland da Czech Republic. Shekaru biyar da suka gabata sun wuce matakin samar da zamani na zamani na samar da kayan kwalliya a kasuwarmu a farashin Turai ($ 10-15 na Fale-tseren Tile na tsakiya ($ 10-15 na Fale-zangar Tsakiyar Turai Unas sun shahara ga masana'antu na Yaren mutanen Poland: OPOOCZNO da Tubadzin, ya biyo bayan ZARA, Byerikaa-Konskie, Paryyz da Polcolorit.
Babban matsalolin ga manyan rarraba a Rasha a Rasha (Chelonson, Steresonpes na masu kaya da masu siye. Babban tayalan Faransa a fuskar masana'anta Cerabati, wanda wani bangare ne na Druppo Marazzi (Sennaya Topaya a 2002, 760mlnere), 760mlnere), ya fara kanta a cikin farashin ciniki da aka yi wa 1m2. Duk da ingancin ingancin, kyakkyawan tsari, mai ban sha'awa na samarwa da shahararren fale-falen budin sayar da masu sayen Rasha zuwa kayan Turkiyya, wannan samfurin bai yi nasara daga gare mu ba. A gabas Rasha, Tile na kasar Sin ya fito da dadewa, yanzu sannu a hankali ya shiga yamma. Wannan samfurin ana nuna shi ta hanyar inganci (ƙirar fasaha), farashin farashi (koda a farashin sufuri na babban jigilar kaya yana kashe kusan $ 10 a 1M2 "da yawa na haɓakar tarin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. Har yanzu ba a samuwa ga pereserine wani daga gare shi, amma akwai hali don ƙara yawan kyauta saboda salon don duka Gabas.
Labari game da inganci
Da farko, yumbu yana fuskantar fale-falen buraka don bangon ciki ba za a iya kwatanta su da wuraren bene ba. A cewar Turai Eniso da tsutsa 21180-2001 Talada "yumbu" na musamman, Bugu da ƙari, an daidaita shi a cikin aji na musamman, a kwanan nan, an daidaita shi a cikin aji na musamman. Dangane da bukatun na mai ruwan sama da kuma yumbu don daidaito sigogin Geometric, amma sha da kwanciyar hankali na glaze da sanyi da Strower " ).
Bukatun en ISO zuwa halayyar fasahar yumbu na fale-falen buraka
| Bayani game da fasaha | Standard Bear da Get | Hadawa karkacewa |
|---|---|---|
| Tsawon kuma nisa | En98. | Iyakar0.8% |
| Gwiɓi | Ha 98. | Matsakaicin 8% |
| Madaidaiciya | Ha 98. | Iyakar 0.8% |
| Wuri | Ha 98. | Iyakar 0.6%(Gent baya bayyana) |
| Sha ruwa | Ha 99. | Kasa da 16% (kasa da24% don carbonate taro da polymineal clay) |
| Karfin karfi | Ha 100. | Karin More 15psa |
| Juriya ga farrasi | Ha 101. | Fiye da 6balls a kan sikelin moos |
Ana bincika ingancin fuskantar ceramic files na yumbu da aka yi akan tushen sigogi da yawa. Karkacewa a tsayi da nisa ba wuce 0.5% yayi daidai da tayal saman-aji ba. Thorns thorns yana nufin karkatar da kusurwa daga kai tsaye babu fiye da 0.3%. Girman layi yana da alhakin daidaito masonry, kankanin kai da daidaituwa na kauri na masu amfani da kayan aiki. Finada daga farfajiya an rufe shi da fale-falen buraka shine babba saboda ingancin kowane kashi ɗaya. Kayayyaki masu ɗaukar hoto na ɓangaren ɓangaren ko gefuna suna samar da jirgin sama mai narkewa wanda ba a daidaita shi ba. Baya ga alamomi na layi, yanayin kariya na likitancinsa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance ingancin tayal. A tsawon lokaci, kayan na iya lalacewa, wanda ke nuna ƙarancin ingancinsa. Wani beramics maras so shine ikon sha ruwa. Ana amfani da mafi yawan lokuta a cikin ɗakuna, kuma wanda ya yi aiki sosai na tunawa da danshi, zai iya canza matakan layin, sannan ya lalatar da kayan da ke tattare, sannan ya faɗi. Daidaitar yana buƙatar karuwar a cikin girma a cikin girma na samfurin gwajin yayin Jairwar danshi bai wuce 0.1% ba. Bugu da kari, an bincika tayal don bayyanar zafi da juriya ga taya mai tsauri, kamar hydrochloric acid, potassium alkali, sunadarai gida.
An bincika Layer Glaze a kan tayal a cikin tayal don juriya ga karfafa gwiwa ga sikelin daga ma'adanai, da wuya wanda aka sani. Ingancin an ƙaddara gwargwadon ma'aunin motsi (ya ƙunshi fasaha 10-Ottulka zuwa Diamond). Mafi qarancin buƙatun don kwanciyar hankali na saman glazed Talal - Mohs6, wanda ya yi daidai da filayen.
Abu na biyu, labarin cewa mataki na biyu da na uku shine kai mu daga kasashen waje, an hana shi filaye. Samfuran an ƙaddara su ta hanyar ado da ƙa'idodi na aiki. A cewar kalaman sannu, daidai da tsarin en98 Standard, farfajiya ta tayal yakamata tayi kyau. Don farkon aji, kasancewar 5% na fale-falen fale-falen buraka da lahani a cikin jam'iyya ke halada. Dangane da ka'idodin aikin, daidaituwa ga bayyanar sinadarai, justsion, da dai sauransu, - sigogi da aka ayyana a cikin daidaituwar wannan tala dole ne ya kasance a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa. Grle na biyu yana ba da ƙarin ƙananan karkacewa na sigogi na mahimman abubuwan da aka yarda da su a ɓangaren huɗu na tsari. A karkashin darus na uku, sun fahimci dukkan tayal, wanda bai shiga rukunin farko da na biyu ba.
Kowane mai kera kansa yana tantance nau'ikan samfuran sa. Manyan masu kaya ba sa fuskantar manufar adadi, saboda a cikin jerin kayayyaki na masana'antu suna nuna samfuran aji ne kawai. Baya ga wannan samfurin, aji na biyu ya fito, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba fiye da 10%. Ba shi yiwuwa a hango bambancin nau'ikan jam'iyyun gaba, tun da auren ba bazuwar. Sabili da haka, tsire-tsire ba za su iya garantin ci gaba da kasancewar tayal na biyu ba, wanda ba zai taba shirya babban mai ba. Daraktan na biyu shine kan ginin manyan abubuwa, hukumomin gwamnati, tashoshin horarwa inda dan kwangilar ya dauki matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da girma girma. Wasu lokuta ƙananan ƙananan-digiri na biyu har yanzu sun fada cikin ƙananan kamfanoni waɗanda ƙananan kundin da ƙananan kundin. Koyaya, farashin siyarwa na shuka a kan tayal na aji na biyu ba shi da girma idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin da na iya faruwa yayin aiwatar da wannan samfurin. Vitogo da darajar sasalin samfuran aji na biyu ya ƙasa da farashin farkon ta 5-10%. Alamar alama, marufi da bayyanar da tayal na biyu iri ɗaya sun bambanta da sigogi na farkon tile, kuma kwararren zai ƙayyade nau'ikan. Koyaya, akwai irin ƙwararren ƙwarewa a cikin abokanka, wa zai hana mai siyarwa mara kyau kuma zai iya dawo da adalci? ..
Abu na uku, a cikin Turai ya daɗe ana magance matsalar ingancin Tala kamar haka. Samun kayan kuɗi, kawai sayi layin Italiyanci da abubuwan da suka shafi, suna hayar masifa. Ana magance matsalar inganci a hankali, yayin da kayan aikin ke fuskanta da kayan aikin igiyar ruwa na farko da aka saya a GDR (waɗannan wuraren suna da yawa da layin glazing). Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yana maye gurbin sabon (kodayake yana yiwuwa, kuma ba sabo bane - akwai kasuwar sakandare) kayan aikin na Italiyanci). Mabuɗin a cikin samar da fale-falen buraka a gaban layin zamani suna da cikakken haɗin haɗin fasaha a duk matakan da tsarin kulawa mai inganci. Saboda haka, a cikin samar da yumɓu na yumɓu, wanda yake amfani da masana fasahohin Italiyanci kuma inda tsarin sarrafawa ya zama daidai gwargwadon ka'idodin kasa da kasa Iso9001 ko iso9002, ba za ku iya shakka ba. Amma duk wannan yana da tsada, kuma yayin da babu kamfani guda ɗaya a Rasha, kodayake akwai wasu wasu kungiyoyin masu ilimin fasahohi daga Italiya a yau (Primemmer, muna kiran masana'antu "Lira Cire", "Velor"). Bari muyi fatan cewa a nan gaba can gaba mai kyau zai zama 'yan kwararru na Rasha "', wanda suka wuce horon aiki a kasashen waje.
Labari na zane
Sigogin fasaha na tayal an daidaita shi kuma suna tantance rabin kudin sa kawai. Rabin na biyu shine ingancin ƙirar - sigogi shine na asali. Koyaya, shi ne wanda ya tsirar da nasarar tallace-tallace na tarin tarin (Jerin), saboda a sakamakon haka, an zaɓi tala da aka zaɓa dangane da jaraba mutum. Wannan samfurin ana siya kuma ana sayan wannan samfurin tare da tarin abubuwa (jerin), wanda ke ƙayyade ciki na ɗakin da aka yi amfani da shi (neo-free sanfeayans). Da bege ya hada da tile na baya rufe 80% na ganuwar bangon, da abubuwa masu ado. A ciki, an haɗa kowane nau'in kyakkyawan fasahar fasaha: zane, zanen, zane-zane, kayan zane.
Akwai tarin gargajiya da zamani na fale-falen buraka na gungu na bango na cikin gida.
Tarihi na tarihi. An kafa tarin kayan gargajiya da masu kera su daidai. Wannan yawanci tan guda biyu ne na fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen buraka da streaks (kwaikwayon wani dutse). Lura cewa sautin duhu, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana a ƙasan bango, ƙarin haske a sama. Ari da, abubuwan da aka yi niyya a cikin hanyar fale-falen buraka tare da tsari, raba iyaka da abin ado da kuma launuka daban-daban na bakin ciki, friezes, PLTHS. Designirƙirar an samo asali ne daga halayyar ƙasa na masana'anta na zane.
A cikin tarin Italiyanci a cikin tsari ko wani kuma akwai jigo na tsufa (tasirin tashin hankali, maniyantu manasa, kwan fitila na fure, gurbataccen ado na fure). Launuka launuka da kyawawan launi. Soultari a Russia sun mamaye m, launin ruwan kasa, launin shuɗi, mai haske mai haske. Haka kuma, classic yana cikin girman da kusan duk masana'antar Italiya. Ariana mafi girma yana bayarwa ta Ariana, Marazzi, Tagy, Marca Corona, Gonsia Gardmade, ko kuma a cikin wani mai tunani, idan kun fi son tayal Daga jerin filosofi daga Gardia Orshidaa. Koyaya, wannan zai buƙaci manyan zuba jari - daga $ 1,000 zuwa $ 5,000 don rufin girman gidan wanka 20m2. Kadan hanyoyin da aka gabatar a cikin tarin Malus daga Ariana ($ 22 don 1M2 "bango"). Anan tayal ba ta kwaikwayi dutsen na halitta, kuma farashinsa yana ba ka damar adana kuɗi akan bututun ruwa. Gabaɗaya, zaɓi na tarin gargajiya yana da fadi sosai (pospoint da bayyanar). Haka, almara ta Italiyanci shine kayan aiki mafi yawa, don haka ya sa duk abin da ba su da rauni sosai, har da cikin Spain, Poland da Russia.
Spaniya suna da fale-falen buraka suna amfani da dyes mai haske, zinari, metallization. Hoto, Suraye na Fale-falen tabi na tarin Mayanvas daga ApariCi ($ 20), mulkin mallaka daga tunawa ($ 20) ɗauke da mulkin mallaka ($ 20) ɗaukar mu a lokacin mulkin mallaka ($ 20) ɗauke da mulkin mallaka ($ 20) ɗaukar mu a lokacin mulkin mallaka ($ 20) dauke mu a lokacin mulkin mallaka ($ 20) dauke mu a lokacin mulkin mallaka ($ 20) dauke mu a lokacin cin zarafin mulkin mallaka. An mamaye abin ado na kwantar da hankali a cikin jerin masana'antar tau ta Tau, kuma za a karanta na Bahar Rum a cikin tarin Toscana daga Perma. A wata kalma, a cikin kayan ado na tayal, zaku iya gano dukkanin juyin halitta na zane-zane na Spain.
A cikin jerin Holdon Rolls daga Johnson (United Kingdom) aiwatar da salon mai nasara. Ba za a adana Birtaniyya a kan pannets mai cike da zane ba. Akwai a kasuwarmu da fale-falen fale-falen buraka da tsohuwar kayan kwalliyar Rasha. Misali, ya danganta da gine-ginen mai saukar ungulu na Rasha na haifar da tarin "zobe na zinare" na alamar "Kerama". Anan ne sifofin da bangon launuka na ƙarni na XVI-XVII sun yi wa ado.
A cikin tarihin tarihi na gargajiya na gargajiya mafi daraja sama da $ 15 don Fale-falen buraka fale-falen buraka na 1m2 wanda ke mamaye yanayin yanayin kayan halitta, galibi dutse. Haka kuma, yawancin "ci gaba" masana'antu na samar da tarin dabaru da gangan Shcherbat fale-falen da unven an yi shi ne wanda ba a daidaita seam din ba. A lokaci guda, gefen gefen yana da kyau a cikin inganci, ana ƙirƙira tasirin kawai saboda ɓangaren da aka bayyane. Wannan dabi'a ce a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar shawarwarin masana'anta yana ƙaruwa da lokacin farin ciki a ciki (har zuwa 100cm) da masonry masonry. Wanda yake mafi inthogeneous, curvilinear da kuma tayal, kusa da shi zuwa asalin (dutse), mafi tsada. Guda guda tare da tarin, kusa da wuri, don daɗaɗa Mramor tare da kyawawan zane na gidaje (kamar yadda a Immalidi daga Imptaonta, Spain). Kudinsa 1M2 na irin wannan kayan game da $ 35.
Tarin zamani. Fuskarsu ta lalace ga tunanin zanen, kuma babu iyaka ga fantasy. Yawancin Daliban Dalibai suna yin kwatankwacinsu, sai dai tare da yawan zane a cikin tashoshin Tretyakov Gallery ko Hermitage. Bugu da kari, fasahar zamani tana ba ku damar samun hotunan ingancin hoto.
Ana gina Neoolassic akan wannan gwangwani da tarihin tarihi: ɗaya gefen tayal, iri ɗaya. Amma babban nau'in halitta ana nuna shi sosai, kamar zanen latti-farkon farkon xxvek daga tsoffin frescople. An canza abin ado na fure cikin hotunan launuka na launuka (Muraro daga Carabati, Faransa daga "Lira daga" Lamba 10), "Helorado" daga "Falama" daga "Falama "($ 10), duka - Russia). Decor da ke da shi ya juya zuwa cikin tsarin halittu, maimakon kama da sinusoids, tarihi (Matisse daga Tau- $ 20), launin murabus biyu (HIFLESI SUL Mare daga Fap 35 a 1m2). A lokacin da ke zayyana irin wannan tayal, cikakken dukkanin dabarun da ake amfani da su, galibi ana inganta shi da yanayin sararin samaniya. Zai iya kwaikwayon haske mai haske a kan ruwa (Graghic daga Atlas na Atlas Concorde- $ 29), don zama mai tsauri (Habana daga Townzin- $ 15 ) ko "pupadzin" (Sity-Kubik daga Cermar- $ 22).
Babban salon fasaha yana nuna karamin abu da kuma postern kusantar ƙirar tala, wanda aka bayyana a cikin sautunan tone na asali da abun ciki, lonic, sau da yawa abin ado. Modst "Nordic" furanni da ciyawa suna kururuwa a kan masu zanen ƙasa na Jamusawa daga matattara. A cikin tarin yawa, iyakar a tsaye ya bayyana, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da ƙara girman ɗakin (alal misali, a cikin tarin Grafami Griffe daga Sant'aghostino- $ 35 da 1m2). Ana amfani da ƙarfe sosai. Sau da yawa sau da yawa a cikin neclassic, daban-daban yanayin rubutu ana haɗe. Ka lura cewa a cikin rashin launuka masu launi, kayan zane da kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa mai mahimmanci (Bravo daga View- 22, Cuir Tabaco daga Diago- $ 22).
Amfani da dabarun monophonic da yawa (Marocco daga Bardelli) yana taimakawa wajen ƙara haɗuwa da sarari. Don manufa ɗaya, zaku iya amfani da tsarin gine-ginen kafa (mai tsara) tayal. Wannan tayal ne na wurare daban-daban na launuka daban-daban (1010, 1515, 2020cm). Yana ba da damar mai tsara ciki don fitar da duk wani abu mai girma.
Alamar kabilanci tana samun ƙarfi tare da kowace sabuwar nuni. Takardar Afirka ta kalli wata sabuwar hanya a cikin mahallin ta zamani na IRIS Transparenze Tarin. Abubuwan kayan ado na jerin Katanga daga Steuler ($ 22) an samo su ne bisa ga masks da kayan ado na gargajiya na kabilan Afirka. Kyakkyawan nau'ikan nau'ikan geometric da kuma kwatankwacin launi na launi suna ba da jin daɗin tashin hankali da ƙarfin overrate na namun daji.
Sunan tarin Savanna (Cerabati) ya ce wa kansa. Kamar garkunan kananan Giraffes, a cikin tayal na ado, ya jingina a kan tsare-tsaren da ya bar zane mai fatun fatalwar. Avot a karkashin alamar duniya "yin-Yan" Akwai jerin fassarar adadi na Jafananci da kabilu na Afirka (YIN-Yang daga Marazzi).
Abubuwa da sababbin kayayyaki. A yau, manyan tsari suna zama sananne: 3040, 3060CM. Mai siye da alama yana ƙoƙarin mantawa cewa shekaru 15-20 da suka gabata, duk tayal yana da girma na 1010 da 1515 cm. Haka kuma, gwargwado yana ƙoƙari don tsayin tsawon zuwa nisa zuwa nisa 3: 1.
A shekara ta 2001, a Nuni na Italiyanci Cersaie, wasu masana'antu sun sanar da tarin karusar-carudo-karusar. Wannan tayal ne na yumɓu na 2020cm tare da ƙirar-murabba'ai tare da gefen 1 ko 2 cm. Don haɓaka kwaikwayon Mosaicic, kowane kashi an sanya kowane daban daban da wasu cikin launi. A watan Oktoba 2002, kusan duk kamfanuna sun fara samar da ka'idoji a matsayin asalinsu ko kayan ado. An yi bayani kawai: A yau Musa ya shahara sosai, wanda, ba shakka, ba zai iya amfani da masana'antar al'adun gargajiya ba. Baya ga flay flage, akwai da shimfidar wuraren da ke tsaye a kan substrate mai sauƙaƙe don haka za a iya fuskantar saman firam. Puching cikakken shimfidu (abin da ake kira launi na launi na ainihi) Muna da tauraron dan adam daga Cononsa- $ 22 (Italiya), Egeo), Ege), da sauransu suna ba da kayan ado na Mossa (Misali, tarin RENOVA daga fap).
A shekara ta 2002, a cikin jerinsu na Sitado daga Traski (Italiya), sinra daga Ariana (Spain), Ceramica Bardelli (Italiya) da sauran masana'antu suna da tayal, wanda aka yi taso da yawa. Hotunan hotuna na launuka kuma har ma ana amfani da haifuwa na zane-zane ga hanyar siliki mai siliki. A ce za a bunkasa nasarar kuma a cikin 2003 a cikin tarin masana'antun za su bayyana hotunan mutane ko haifuwa akan tayal.
Kamar wata daya da rabi da suka gabata, a watan Janairu 2003, an gabatar da tarin biyu a cikin nunin a Munich, wanda ya haɗu da hanyoyi biyu don haɓaka ƙirar tilich. Direbiya ta farko an riga an rufe ta a wasu tarin, waɗannan su ne ramuka ko yanke yankar ta hanyar yankan ruwa. Misali na rubutun wannan hanyar na iya zama babban tayalan masana'antar masana'antar (Spain), inda akwai buɗe a cikin tayal tayal, inda zaku iya shigar da abubuwan ado daban-daban. Fuka-fukai da kwarara daga enveler enelopes ba su da karfi ga wavy a kusa da gefuna na tayal tayal. Yawan cire gefen, zaku iya samar da seam na Sinusidal, wanda ya bambanta da gaske daga grid na gargajiya na gargajiya. Na biyu shugabanci an aiwatar dashi a cikin iyaka mai amfani da wutar lantarki, maimaitawa da kwandon shara a cikin tayal. Ana amfani da hasken rana ta amfani da leds saka a cikin kauri na kayan m. Mita huɗu a koyaushe suna haɗa abubuwan kan iyaka da aka haɗa zuwa adaftar aikin yanar gizo ɗaya.
Tsarin masana'antu na Rasha har yanzu yana cikin jarirarta. Idan daidaitaccen tarin ya ƙunshi zaɓi na inuwar launuka 4-5, masu samar da gidaje da kyau. Babban aikin da ke cikin gida "a yau shine ci gaban ƙirar da ke ba ku damar haɓaka farashin da kuma bayan wannan, ku cimma riba na masana'antu. Za'a iya samun abubuwan fitarwa a ƙoƙarin ta daukaka masu zanenku, yayin da suke yi a cikin "Chokol", ko kuma suna jan hankalin ƙwararrun Italiyanci, yayin da suka shiga "Velor" Kerama "). Ito da sauran kuma sun riga sun kawo 'ya'yansu, saboda ba lallai ne mai amfani da shi ba tsawon shekaru da yawa.
Labarin farashi
Da farko, gabatarwar masu siye da cewa farashin luffin gidan wanka za a samu sakamakon yawa na farashin tayal a bangon bango, ba daidai bane. Gudanar da AKAK iri ɗaya, ba tare da wanne gidan wanka yana kama da bayan gida na jama'a ba? Taimakawa ado da farashin murabba'in murabba'in mita zai kara aƙalla da 30% a yanayin amfani da fale-falen burodin Rasha, kuma sau biyu da aka shigo da shi. An yi bayani game da gaskiyar cewa tayal na ado a yawancin lokuta yana da daraja a sau 10 fiye da bango lokacin da aka lissafta 1M2. Misali, wani yanki na ado na samar da farashin rashan na kimanin $ 1.2 lokacin da ake lissafta 1M2 zai kashe $ 96. Ito a farashin "bango" $ 8. Don tarin fannin waje, zaku iya gina irin wannan jerin kyawawan filayen farashin sasantawa "Force" (1M2) / Bordur (1PC.): $ 11 / 3.5; $ 15/5; $ 20/8; $ 35/13. Tabbas, mafi girma da kayan ado na yanki, ƙananan darajar ta kowane yanki naúrar da sama da farashinsa.Kun ce dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin farashin abubuwa da kuma kudin ƙarshe na bayarwa ba. Bari mu ba da misali: 2M2 Fale-falen falo 2020cm darajan $ 20 a 1M2 an raba shi da fale-falen fale-falen biyar a cikin girman 520c, a farashin $ 8. Bayan gudanar da lissafin sauki, muna samun karuwa sau biyu a farashin bayarwa gaba daya.
Lura cewa farashi mai yawa na musamman ya ta'allaka ne a cikin tarin gargajiya da kuma bordsalan tarin abubuwa (seters na iyakoki, abubuwan da suka fi dacewa).
Abu na biyu, akwai ra'ayi mai dorewa cewa tarin gargajiya na asali da aka samar a ƙaramin kamfani shine mafi tsada fiye da tarin yawa. Wani lokaci ba haka bane. Babban masana'antun kasashen waje musamman suna yin "bango", kuma duk abubuwan da suka dace suna ba da umarnin daga masu ba da haɗin gwiwa, don haka farashin waɗannan abubuwan nan da nan ke ƙaruwa. Merchen da ƙananan masana'antu suna kiyaye farashin kayan adon don ƙara riba. Sabili da haka, babu wani abu mai sauƙi kwatantawa. Don inganta zaɓi, la'akari da kimanta gabaɗaya. Misali, a karancin kudin "Force" a kayan aikin masana'antar masana'antu na Marazzi na iya zama mafi tsada fiye da kayan kwalliyar hannu a Tagina.
Tsarin farashin farashi don shigo da tarin tayal
| Bangaren a cikin tsarin farashin | Raba,% |
|---|---|
| Farashin kwangila | 100 |
| Aikin kwastam | goma sha biyar |
| Darajar kara haraji (zuwa jimlar 100 + 15 = 115%) | ashirin |
| Kuɗin sufuri | 10-15 |
| Jimlar farashin, la'akari da farashin sufuri da biyan kuɗi | 148-153 |
| Tarinup | 25-35 |
| Farashin mai yawa | 175-188. |
| Surarin ciniki | 10-25 |
| Farashin Retail | 185-213 |
Labari game da kayan
Yawancin masu siyarwa, suna yabon samfuran samfuran samfuran, ambaci samfuran yumbu, har sau biyu, daidaita waɗannan dalilai don ingancin samfuran da aka bayar. Bari muyi kokarin bayyana abin da suke ba daidai ba.An yi tayal daga jan taro da fari taro galibi ta latsawa. Da taro na taro ya hada da ja ko farin yumbu, bi da bi, ma'adini yashi da aluminosicats na alli da magnesium (filin spates) da / ko carbonates. Da sunan talakawa ya bayyana a sarari cewa babban bambanci ya kamata ya kasance cikin launi na fale-falen buraka na fale-falen buraka. A gaba, sai ya juya m-brownish, a cikin farin fari ko m beige. Babban siga na tsari na yumɓu mai amfani da yumɓu yana da mamaki, wanda ya qara ƙarfin ƙarfin kayan aikin da ruwa. A mafi girma poroci, mafi girma daga ruwa sha da ƙarfi. Ingancin ingancin kayan tayal za'a iya kwatanta shi ta hanyar tantance sha ruwa.
Fale-zage-zage suna faruwa a zazzabi na 900-1250c na 40-70 minti. Ya fito daga zazzabi da kuma tsawon ruwa na gasa ya dogara da manufar matsalar tayal, kuma ba daga farkon taro ko yawan gasa ba. Bugu da kari, da taro ne ya yi zunubi lokaci guda tare da icing (kamar yadda yake tare da harbe-harben guda) ko daban (kamar yadda yake (kamar yadda ake ninka) - ba matsala. Wannan lamari ne na aikace-aikace na fasahar daban-daban don cimma sakamako guda. Kawai farashin yana girma: soya ta fi karfin wutar lantarki - fiye da tayal.
Don haka, fale-falen buraka don rufin ciki na bango dangane da ja ko fari taro wanda aka samar ta amfani da guda ko tsari, kuma ana haɗa shi da farashi mai kyau don yin haƙuri ɗaya . Koyaya, farin yumbu (Kaolin) shine mafi filastik kuma yana ba da damar samun mafi kyawun girma. Bugu da kari, a wasu halaye, lokacin amfani da fallasa glazes ko haramtattun fale-falen buraka, launi ne na tushe yana da mahimmanci. Kaolina ne a Faransa, Britain da Jamus, haka ne cewa fararen lumbi ya saba amfani da fayalan tayal.
Abu na uku, ingantaccen imani cewa Inspish ne mai rahusa Italiyanci shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yawancin abubuwan da Spanish suka kawo wa kasuwar Rasha da ƙirar aji da zane na tsakiyar tsakiyar-aji. A cikin samarwa, fasahar kayan ado wadanda basa buƙatar farashi na musamman. Koyaya, idan ka kwatanta zane da matakin kaya, zasu sami daidai daidai. Bugu da kari, a cewar kwamitin kwastan, kowace shekara rata a tsakanin farashin kwangilar da aka rage. Dangane da sakamakon 2002, shi ne 3.5%, don haka bai kamata yayi magana game da babban farashi mai girma ba.
Abu na huɗu, a cikin kasuwannin gini, tayal ba koyaushe mai rahusa fiye da a cikin shagon ba. Wannan gaskiyane kawai don samfuran gida da za'a iya siye kaɗan da kai tsaye. A matsayinka na mai mulki, masu siyarwa suna tura fale-falen hawa daga manyan masu samar da kai tsaye, don haka ba zai iya doke farashin a cikin shagunan da kansu ba. Bugu da kari, a kasuwa, zaka iya haduwa da yanayin da ba za ka iya ɗaukar fale-falen buraka ban da bata ko karye.
Bari muyi fatan cewa ɗan gajeren labarinmu zai taimaka muku da sauri kewaya cikin kasuwar tayali na yumbu kuma kada ku shiga cikin ɗakunan, da fasaha a sanya shi a kan hanyar mai siyarwa.
Jerin jagorancin masana'antun Rasha na tayal
| Sunan masana'anta | Yanki | Samar da dangi,% |
|---|---|---|
| CJSC "Vorel" | Yankin Oryol | 17.7 |
| Ojsc volgograd yumbu shuka | Yankin Volgograd | tara |
| Cjsp PKF "Voronezh ta dasa shuki" | Yankin Voronezh | 7.6 |
| OJSC OSCOLONCKELONELONELELMATATIT | Yankin Belgorod | 6.6. |
| Dooo "dasa yashi na gwaji" | Yankin Moscow | 6.8. |
| OJSC "Nephrit-theramics" | Yankin Lingrad | 6,1 |
| Ojsc "shuka na yumbu kayayyakin" | Yankin Svendlovsk | 6,1 |
| AOT "Falcon" | Yankin Moscow | 5,7 |
| OJSC "STROYFARORS" | Yankin Rostov | 6.9 |
| Llc "kuchinsky yace tsirrai-tale shuka" | Yankin Moscow | 4.8. |
| Cjsp "Saduwa" | Yankin Lingrad | 4,2 |
| CJSC "Quartz" | Yankin Lingrad | 2.6 |
| Cjscs PSKovkisotopootous | Yankin PSKov | 2,1 |
| Cjsc "Cheboksarskaya yerami" | Jamhuriyar Chuvash | 1,2 |
| CJSC GLEBIChevsky yumbu | Yankin Lingrad | 1.5 |
| LLC "babban samarwa" | Yankin Moscow | 1,6 |
| Ojsc don samar da kayan gini "nestsovo" | Yankin Smolensk | 1.5 |
| Cjsc piastrla | Yankin Svendlovsk | 1,7 |
| OJSC "Bunkovsky shuka na yumbu samfuran" | Yankin Moscow | 2,3. |
| Cjsc "angarsk yeathic shuka" | Yankin Irkutsk | 0.9 |
| OSOO "taz-toka" | Samara yankin | 0.9 |
| Oktoba yumbu tayal da masana'antar POLE | Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan | 0,6 |
| OJSC Torserteklo | Yankin THE | 0.8. |
| Cjsc "Tomsk shuka na yumbu kayan da kayayyaki" | Tomsk Oblast | 0,3. |
| Cjsc "Kirov Stroyfarfor" | Yankin Kaluga | 0.4. |
| Masana'anta Lipetets | Yankin Lipetetsk. | 0 |
| Llc op "Krasnoysktsramarin" | Yankin Krassarsk yankin | 0.1. |
| Llc "Makalinskoe" | Penza yankin | 0.1. |
| Ojsc "bez" | Yankin Moscow | 0.1. |
| Duka | 100 |
Na gode da taimakon ku a cikin shirye-shiryen kayan kamfanin "Tsohuwar Man Hottabych", "Lira Corambych", "Preearg", "chic", "Chic", "Gielor", "Server" . A cikin shirye-shiryen kayan, bayanai na bincike na Cibiyar Binciken Mataki da Sautin Kasuwancin "Itcor".