Abin da ya kamata ku san harsashin ginin: kayan zane, kayan, hanyoyin gini. Nau'ikan kasa da taƙaitaccen bayanin su. Musamman mai da mai tare da daskararren kakin zuma: fa'idar kayan, fasahar amfani da ita ce, kulawa. Masu ba da shawarwari masu amfani.
Don haka, ƙaunataccen mai karatu, aikin gidan, bayyananniyar gidan, na waje harsashi da rarraba gida a shafin da aka zaba ...
Bari mu fara farawa. Kayan yau da kullun - tushe tushe. Kuna iya fara gina, amma don wannan ya zama dole don canja wurin aikin gidan zuwa darajar halitta zuwa ga shafin, I.e. Sanya abin da ake kira rushewar ginin cikin yanayi. Wajibi ne a yi wannan musamman, saboda yiwuwar ƙananan ƙuruciya na kai tsaye daga 90, ba wanda yake wajibi a cikin naúrar, kamar su ya zama dole a tsara shi akan Wurin katako (coo-kankataccen faranti sun fi wahala), kuma a cikin benaye don shigar da allon katako.
Ana amfani da kayan aikin geodetic don rushe (Theodolite, kumburi, auna tef). Sau da yawa, igiya triangle na rectangular tare da tarnaƙi 3, 4 da 5m ko wasu raka'a na al'ada ana amfani da su don samun kusurwa, amma a cikin iri ɗaya na robobi. Wannan "Triangle na Masar" yana ba da cikakken sakamako mai kyau. Da farko, an shigar da shi a cikin ƙasa, an yi la'akari da wurin Gidajen maƙwabta, layin gudanarwa daga titi (babu kusa da ƙusa, wanda aka ɗaure shi da igiya, wanda aka ɗaure shi da ƙarfi. A cikin hadarurruka suna da 1.5 na safe a waje da gida, saboda ba su lalace ba lokacin da ramuwar ramin na tushe ko rami. Daga wannan igiyar (layin fuska) tare da bututun mai, ma'anar kusurwar gidan ana amfani da ita ga murfin "Triangle na Masar" kuma saita tushen layi na ƙarshen facade. A wannan hanyar kuma tana shimfiɗa fatalwar a cikin hatim. Daga batun da aka auna tsawon bangon titi (maki) da gefe (maki na ƙarshe) da taimakon "Triangle na Masarawa" ko Theodolge da daidai da tsawon gidan bangon gidan. An bincika madaidaicin fashewa tare da diagonals: idan sun kasance daidai, yana nufin cewa sasanninta suna kai tsaye. Dole ne a kunna igiya ɗaya a mataki ɗaya, wanda yake musamman da muhimmanci a bangarori mai mahimmanci. Yin amfani da bututun, zaku iya yin ƙidaya da kuma tsara igiyoyi da kuma ƙasa a cikin tushe na tushe, rikon kwari da ramuka a ƙarƙashin tushe na gidan.
Dukkanin kari (tercrace, erker, baranda) an riga an haɗa baranda a kan babban gwiwowin gidan kuma an canza su tare da zane.
Tabbas, rushewar ginin a yanayi ya fi expeient, musamman tare da tsari na shirin, a gaban wuraren shirya ginin, wanda ake nuna su a cikin zane. Madadin muguna, wani lokacin da suka dace (a kusurwoyin ginin, a wuraren bangon bango), tara daga cikin bugun ruwa ya kore su zuwa ƙasar 1-1.5. Rigar alluna da kuma fitar da kusoshi, lura igiyar na axis da kuma babban girma na ginin, bangon transverse, nisa daga tushe, da sauransu. Bayan fashewa a gida, zaku iya ci gaba zuwa ga duniya akan makircin.
Ana kiran Gidauniyar da aka kira ta ɓangaren ginin, ta hanyar da ake watsa lafuffuka (bango) da sauran kaya masu nauyi (kayan aiki, kayan aiki (da ake kira kayan) don tushe, watau a ƙasa.
Abubuwan ginin gini suna da jinsuna biyu - dabi'a da wucin gadi. Jarumin na halitta shine ƙasa, wanda ke faruwa a ƙarƙashin tushe da samun ƙarfin aiki, wanda ke tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na ginin da daidaituwa da daidaituwa na yau da kullun. A kasar gona da ba shi da isasshen ƙarfin sa da kuma wanda ake buƙata zuwa wucin gadi ƙarfafa (shafa, da ƙari, ana musanya, ana kiranta wucin gadi. Tsarin tushe koyaushe ya dogara da yanayin tushe. Wataƙila lokuta na karkatar da gidaje na gida-uku-uku-uku-storey suna da isasshen ikon ɗaukar tushen tushen halitta.
Da farashi Tushen Cotrafage yana zuwa 15-18% na jimlar gidan. Ana yin tushe a ƙarƙashin bangon da ɗaukar bangare, a ƙarƙashin goyan bayan mutum, da kuma kayan aiki mai ƙarfi, wanda ya kamata a gina masu zaman kansu na bangon bango tare da rata 50mm.
Dangane da tsarin tsari An kasu kashi biyu cikin kaset (a ƙarƙashin bango ko kuma yawancin goyon baya); ginshiƙai (a ƙarƙashin ganuwar haske, ƙarƙashin ginshiƙai, tare da zurfin tushe mai dacewa a ƙasa 2m); Kammala- karkashin gaba daya yankin ginin (tare da rauni na inhomoous filayen tushe, don ƙirƙirar hana ruwa kariya daga cikin tushe, a cikin ƙasa mai ɗora ƙasa tare da babban matakin ruwan karkashin kasa tsaye). Misali, shahararren ginin TSU a Moscow, gina kan kogin da aka gina, yana hutawa a kan wani monolith monolithic karfafa karfafa kafuwar gini.
Kwanan nan, tushe tushe suna ƙara amfani da ƙananan gine-gine, musamman idan ya cancanta don canja wurin mahimman kaya don rauni ƙasa, tare da babban matakin ruwan karkashin kasa tsaye. Tabbas, lokacin da akwai tarawa da kayan aiki mai sauƙi don samar da aiki.
Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don tushe:
- Dutse na halitta ne daga duwatsun halitta na alama 200 da sama (sandstone, mai girma harsashi, farar ƙasa, boot ko tsage);
- Kankare mai nauyi aji 50 da sama kuma karfafa kankare (monolithic ko prefabricated, kayayyakin daga gare su);
- Karfe, butetic buteti (don tushe-tushe);
- Tubali ja, da ƙone (alama mai dorewa 100 ko fiye);
- Itace maganin antiseptik (galibi don katako na katako).
Ta hanyar ginin Tushe ne masana'antu (prefabricated) da ba wanda ba wanda ba a kula da shi kai tsaye akan shafin ginin ba). Don cikakkiyar fahimta game da kayan game da tushe, da farko yi la'akari da tushe na gidaje ba tare da tushen tushe ba. Kafin fara tashin hankali da ramuka a ƙarƙashin tushe, ya zama dole a cire na sama na ƙasa na ƙasa (150-250mm) a ƙarƙashin yankin gaba ɗaya na gidan, ciki har da m.
Idan ka bar yankin sama, to, a cikin yanayin yana yiwuwa a juya shuke-shuke da tsarin katako, kwanon biya. An yadu a gida an yankewa kuma dan kadan trambed kasar gona, saukar da shi daga cikin rami a karkashin tushe wanda ba ya dauke da barbashi kuma ba shi da lafiya ga ƙirar gidan katako. Wannan ƙasa ta gamsu da karuwar karuwa a cikin ƙasa ta ƙasa wanda ya tsayar da ruwa daga shafin baya raji rajista a karkashin gidan.
Girman girma da zurfi na ramuka da ramuka an kafa su danganta da kaddarorin kasar gona, matakin ruwan karkashin kasa tsaye da zurfin ƙasa mai sanyi. Ga kowane yanki mai zurfi na yanki, akwai zurfin tsarin ƙasa na ƙasa (a cikin hunturu zazzabi an lura da 04, kuma ga yumbu da ƙasa ƙasa -1c), kamar yadda matsakaicin darajar shekaru na abubuwan da aka tsarkaka daga wuraren da aka tsarkaka daga dusar ƙanƙara. Don haka, an karɓi shi don Moscow da yankin Moscow 140-160cm, na Minsk - 100, ga Samara- 170cm. Zurfin daskarewa a cikin wani yanki ya kamata a bayyana a cikin wani yanki na gida ko kungiyar zane.
Tare da zurfin fashewa har zuwa 1m da fadi zuwa 0.6 m, ganuwar sa ana yinsa a tsaye, kuma zurfin fiye da 1 m-dusar ƙanƙara ta sama. Game da bulk, ya zama dole don shigar da tsari na wucin gadi daga garken, allon da cewa, bayan ƙarshen aiki, fitar.
Girma don tubali guda uku-uku-storey na ribbon tushe galibi iri ɗaya ne. An yi bayani game da gaskiyar cewa lodi da aka watsa daga gidan a ƙasa, in mun gwada da ƙarami, da kuma yanki na tushe (tafin tushe) ya wuce adadin da za a buƙace su ta hanyar kimanin sau uku. Don haka, da nisa na tafin tafin tushe an ɗauki aƙalla 600 mm, don poscite da kuma ƙarfafa) 400-600 mm, tubalin - 510mm. Wajibi ne ga dacewa da aiki da samar da subgation na tsaye a tsaye na seams duwatsu.
Kafuwar kintinkiri a karkashin bangon gida a cikin sashin giciye yawanci murabba'i ne na tsaye. Kashi na sama (Shafukan Gida), yana magana, yin la'akari da gangara na shafin, kusan 100mm a saman alamun ƙasa, na iya zama da kauri daga cikin gidan. Tare da rauni da kuma inhomogenous kasa (peatman, gandun daji, da sauransu), lokacin da matsin lamba ya wuce kilogiramati (yanayin gida) da 1-1.5 kg / cm2), kafuwar kasar ya zama Sweded saboda Taron da tsawo wanda tsawo wanda tsawo na kafuwar bayan 300-600mm ko kwanciya a cikin matashin kai (kankare ko karfafa kankare farantin). Zai yuwu yin amfani da yashin yashi daga babba ko matsakaici girman tsarkakakke, da yashi mai laushi (barbashi 1-2mm barbashi). Wannan Layer Layer 150-300mm an cakuda shi ta hanyar shafa ko rawar jiki tare da danshi.
Don ƙarfi da kuma karko daga gidan, yana da mahimmanci don sanin wane zurfin, yana da mahimmanci don sanin wane zurfin ya zama dole don kwanciyar hankali. Akasin haka ga mafi yawan ra'ayi, ba koyaushe tushe ya kamata a m da zurfi ba, sabili da haka more wuya da tsada. A cikin hanyoyi da yawa ya dogara da nau'in ƙasa.
Babban hatsari ga gidan shine bazara na kasar gona: fanko da pores suna cike da ruwa, wanda ya daskare a cikin girma na ƙasa, lokacin da yake ƙaruwa da manyan yadudduka na duniya, lokacin da aka fitar da tushen A saman, wanda ke haifar da sakin kayan kwalliya, da keɓaɓɓe, da lalata gidan.
Idan a Smoke duwatsu , to, kar a dorewa, kar a datsa, mai hana ruwa da sanyi (idan ba su da fasa ne, saboda haka, ba a tsawaita ba. Ana iya sa su a tushe tushe - kai tsaye a saman da aka daidaita. Irin wannan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin gida an samo ba da wuya ba.
Manyan-grained kasa Tare da barbashi tare da girma na fiye da 2mm dutse (murhun dutse, tsakuwa, tsakuwa) tushe ne mai kyau idan suka yi kyau a ciki, kuma ba su zama lalacewa ba.
Yashi kasa Kunshi barbashi tare da girman 0.1 zuwa 2 mm kuma sun bambanta a kan kabari, babba, girman matsakaici da ƙura. Mafi girma da kuma tsabtace yashi, mafi girma zai iya ɗauka kuma da isasshen iko da kuma yawan adadin Layer yana wakiltar kyakkyawan tushe don gine-gine.
Manyan-grained da yashi kasa (ban da ƙurajewar ƙasa daga 0.05mmmm) suna da nagarta, mafi girman ruwa da kuma saboda haka ba a sake shi a lokacin daskarewa.
A wannan batun, ba tare da la'akari da matakin hunturu a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma zurfin daskarewa da ƙasa ya kamata a saka a kan karamin zurfin yadudduka, amma ba kasa da 0.5 m daga farfajiya na Land shirin. Lokacin da ke tantance matakin tsayar da ruwa mai zurfi, ya kamata a haifa a cikin rani da kuma a cikin bazara yana ƙaruwa sosai, kuma a cikin hunturu yana raguwa.
Clay ƙasa (A cakuda sandar yashi da yumɓu) dauke da 0.05mm), wanda ke da capilaries da yawa, waɗanda ke da sauƙin ruwa da yawa, waɗanda ke da sauƙin ɗaukar ruwa, waɗanda ke da sauƙin ruwa. Da'awar lokuta na yumɓu na yumɓu ana sauƙaƙa moistened da diluted, a lokacin daskarewa akwai karuwa a ƙarar su.
Kura da ƙasa mai ƙura tare da ingantaccen ƙananan ƙananan yumɓu, an cire shi da ruwa, ana kiran su iyo. Ba su dace da amfani azaman tushe na dabi'a ba, kamar yadda suke da motsi mafi girma da ƙarfi. Idan akwai daga 10 zuwa 30% na barbashi barbashi a cikin cakuda, ana kiran ƙasa a loam, kuma idan akwai miya daga 3 zuwa 10% miya. Plosh ƙasa zurfin kafuwar an ƙaddara kan zurfin kasar gona da kuma matakin ruwan karkashin kasa a lokacin daskarewa. Tare da ƙaramin matakin ruwan teku tsaye (a ƙasa da zurfin 2m da kuma daskarewa, ƙasa tana da karamin zafi da zurfin tushe za'a iya shirya kusa da saman duniya, amma ba kasa da 0.5 m.
Idan nesa daga saman da aka shirya ƙasa zuwa matakin ƙasa mai laushi ba ƙasa da zurfin gasasshen daskararre, to, tushen ginin ya kamata a saka shi a kan zurfin daskararre ko ko da 0.1 m zurfi. Zurfin abin da aka makala na bangon bango na ciki, ginshiƙai da bangare a cikin gine-ginen da ke cikin kullun (himmar gabatar da + 10C) ba tare da la'akari da zurfin na ba ƙasa.
Zurfin lissafin daskarewa a ƙarƙashin tushen ganuwar waje na gine-ginen akai-akai an rage ƙayyadaddun gine-gine: ta 30% - tare da benaye a ƙasa; A20% - Tare da benaye akan Lags akan ginshiƙai na tubali kuma a 10% - tare da benaye akan katako.
A cikin gida gidaje mai tsayi, tare da ganuwar haske, tare da babban zurfin tushe, yana da kyau a gina su marasa ɗumi, amma ta shafi na tattalin arziki. Zasu iya zama tubali, takalma kankare, da sauransu masana'antu da kuma hanzarta gini sun hana hannu ko ƙarfafa katako. Da ginshiƙan da aka sa a cikin 1.5-3.5 m kuma dole a cikin wurare na kaya: sasannin gidan, wuraren shiga bango na bango, da sauransu. Mafi karancin ginshiƙan: boot picrete- 400400mm, bututun mai - 510380mm (a ƙarƙashin ganuwar gine-gine - 3000380mm (a ƙarƙashin ganuwar kayan gini guda 380380mm (a ƙarƙashin bangon gine-gine - 300000mm), search da 200400mm da 200400mm da 200400mm. A karkashin tushen tushe yi wasu tsari na tushe, sanya kankare, karfafa kankare ko yashi mai dauke da kauri na 100-300m.
A saman sandunan suna da alaƙa da ƙarfafa katako mai tushe (Randbalas) ko wasu jumpers (alal misali, baƙin ƙarfe), wanda aka gina baƙin ƙarfe.
Tagwaye da aka yi da kananan abubuwa (bulo, boot) ya kamata a ƙarfafa ta da tsayi a kowane waya 250-400mm sublicimeter ko grid na ƙarfafa. A bu mai kyau shirya da kuma tsaye ƙarfafa.
Saboda yiwuwar haske na kasar gona, wanda yake ƙarƙashin yumbu, kuma matashin kai sun gamsu da matashin kai a karkashin yumbu (ƙaddamarwa daga yashi da kuma slag Layer na 500mm tare da rata na 40-50mm).
Tushe mai gamsarwa daga karfafa pillars (An sanya ginshiƙai 300300mm kuma ƙari) a cikin filayen da aka ƙarfafa matashin kai (100-150mm).
Tasirin tari suna da fa'idodin su. Tsarin nasu yana rage yawan masu ƙasa (da 80% idan aka kwatanta da tef), yana rage yawan kayan (kankare - da 40%), yana kawar da buƙatar shirya harsashin ginin da ruwa a shafin.
Ya danganta da kayan tarihin da ke da katako (dubun dubatar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar Santa Maria Della gaishe shi a V. Peesice 30 class), Mai karfafa gwiwa na kankare (gine-ginen mazaunan arewacin Norrelk an gina su ne akan karfin gwiwa na orcrete ciles, karfe a cikin ƙasa mai rikicewa), karfe kuma a hade.
Ya danganta da yanayin aikin a cikin ƙasa, tara tarin racks ɗin da aka bambanta, waɗanda suke bisa tushen ƙasa tare da iyakarsu, waɗanda ke da dorewa daga cikin ginin saboda ginin saboda aukuwa na sojojin tashin hankali tsakanin gefen samaniyoyin tara da kasar gona kewaye da su.
A cewar masana'antu da hanyar m a cikin ƙasa mai tsinkaye, an nutsar da shi (clogged) a cikin ƙasa (tashoshin kai tsaye a cikin ƙasa (tashoshin kafa kai tsaye.
A cikin ƙananan tsawan tsawan gidaje, har zuwa 5m a ƙarƙashin bangon suna cikin layuka ɗaya ko biyu a cikin tsawan tubular na tubular (300-400mm da ƙari) karfafa kankare ko bayan 1-1,2m tare da karfafa karfafa piles na square daga 250250 har zuwa 400400mm.
A tari a kan kulawar da aka hada shi hasumiya yana da alaƙa da juna tare da karfafa gwiwar monolithic ko kuma masarar ƙasa mai kyau daidai da 300 mm), tsawo na akalla 150m. Tushen tarin abubuwa sune ɗayan nau'ikan cigaban ƙasa-ƙasa-da-ƙasa. Ganin cewa ba duk maganayen gida ba su mata irin wannan tushe, yana da kyau a ɗora lissafin da hanyar samar da waɗannan ayyukan. Ya kamata a sami ƙarin bayani irin wannan kuma aikin ya kamata a ɗauki aikin lokacin da aka sanya shi da ingantaccen tushe mai monolithic a ƙarƙashin gidan duka.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da tushe na ginshiki (FICole) a cikin ƙa'idar ba ta bambanta da ƙirar da aka tattauna a saman ginin gine-ginen da ba na canzawa ba; Littattafan da aka sanya bukatun, kuma ana kashe su daga kayan guda. Theasan wadannan halaye a mafi yawan lokuta yana da ƙasa da zurfin tushe, saboda haka, a ƙarƙashin ganuwar ginannun ƙasa, a matsayin mai mulkin, tafin ribble da aka sanya ɗan ƙasa da alamar bene. Mafi girman rarraba shi ne na'urar bango da harsaden ginshiki daga prefabricated, toshewar masana'antu. Tabbas, yin amfani da sauran kayan gargajiya (bulo, kankare, da sauransu) mai yiwuwa ne. Tare da ƙasa mai rauni, da toshe sa a kan matashin kai mai da aka yi da aka yi da shi a kan shirye-shiryen yashi tare da kauri daga 150mm.
Tubalan tushe da ganuwar ginin ƙasa an gyara su daga kankare iri 100 ko 20000 da kuma 600 mm, tsawon (lokaci guda (tsayi)) daga 900 zuwa 2400m. Don sanannen ganuwar katako mai zafi, yana da kyau a amfani da tubalan ruwa da fashin lafiya, fadi da fadi, ba fiye da 40mm ko fadi ba, voids. Koyaya, tubalan wurare a cikin ruwa mai cike da ruwa na ƙasa na iya buƙatar ƙarin ruwa da zafi.
A lokacin da shirin ajiya akan ƙasa mafi rauni a kan ƙasa ƙarfafa matashin kai da kuma a gefen bangon da ke kwance a cikin maganganun da aka gyara. 100.
Adanawa na kayan tare da kayan masa mai yawa za'a iya samu a cikin kayan aikin tushe, a cikin wanda ke ƙarfafa kankare-maƙasudi yana da matsala tare da ƙasa na 200-900mm, barci mai barci tare da ƙasa.
Don haskaka da harsasai masu tasowa a cikin bangon waje, an shirya Windows ɗin, wanda ke da muhimmanci ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma gaban windows - rijiyar da ake kira ramin. Ana yin bangon mayafin daga jan bulo ko karfafa kankare. A waje, an yaudari ganuwar da mai zafi bitumen sau biyu, daga ciki an sanya shi tare da maganin alkaline; An yi ƙasa daga kankare tare da nuna bambanci daga taga da magudanar jari. Daga sama, mayafi da taga yana rufe tare da mai kariya baƙin ƙarfe.
Kariyar gine-gine daga ƙasa (tsabtace ruwa) da farfajiya (ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara) an shirya dusar ƙanƙara a kwance da kuma shimfidar shimfidar ruwa da ake kira cirewa. Don kare tushe da bango daga ruwan sama da narke ruwa tare da bangon waje, an shirya karin kumallo tare da nisa na 600-800mm (N200mm fiye da rufin s) tare da nuna alama daga cikin ginin 5-10%. Dangane da gefen abin da ya faru, yana da kyau a karya ta hanyar tsagi ko sanya sansanin tare da bututun gidan yanar gizo. Idan hanyar tana kusa da ginin, to, ba a yi mai laushi ba.
Don toshe hauhawar danshi mai tsayayyen danshi a cikin bangon waje da Inland, sa Layer mai hana ruwa, ya kunshi, yadudduka na 20-30 mm na mai siminti turmi na 1: 2. An sanya wannan ruwa mai hana ruwa a cikin bangon waje ta 100-150mm sama da matakin karin kumallo ko gefen titi; A cikin matakin horo na gida a karkashin bene.
Idan akwai ginshiki, a kwance watertlroofoging an shirya shi a matakan biyu: Layer na farko a matakin bene na ginshiki, na biyu yana ɗan ƙara sama da matakin wurin. Bugu da kari, an kare bangon waje na ginshiki ta hanyar ruwa a tsaye, yana da shi a farfajiya a cikin lamba tare da ƙasa. Tare da bushewar kasa (matakin ruwa na ruwa a ƙasa da bene na ginshiki ko sama da shi, amma ba fiye da 0.2 m) za a iya iyakance ga ƙarfin lantarki mai zafi bitumen sau biyu. Lokacin da matakin ruwan kasa yake daga 0.2 zuwa 0.8 a saman bene na ruwa, daga gefen bango, ana amfani da yadudduka uku na m yadudduka akan mastumen masastic. Wannan ketelation daga yiwuwar lalacewar baƙin ƙarfe ana kiyaye shi daga baƙin ƙarfe (120 mm) akan ciyawa mai tursasawa kuma a gaban ƙasa mai ɗorewa mai ƙasƙanci.
A rufi bangon waje ya kamata a sanya shi da 0.5 m sama da matakin ruwan karkashin kasa, saboda yana yiwuwa a girgiza kai. A saman sashin bango da ke saman rufin shiriya an rufe shi da yadudduka biyu. Dole ne ƙirar ƙasa ta gindin dole ta tsayayya da babban matsin lamba na ruwa daga ƙasa, sabili da haka, a saman rufin ƙasa dage farawa ko ciminti (asphalt) an sanya kuzarin aƙalla 50m.
A cikin tarurrukan masu zuwa, wadanda suke fatan ba ku rasa ba, za mu ci gaba da tattaunawar game da sauran kayan aikin. Fatan alheri a gare ku!