Rufewar da Rafters: Classigfication, Tsarin Tsarin tsari, ƙa'idodin zaɓuka ɗaya ko wani nau'in rufin gida don gida. Rufin garken kafa.
Muna ci gaba da sake zagayowar labaran da aka sadaukar domin gina gidan ƙasa mai zaman kansu. Lambobin mujallar mu ta kasance game da zabar wani aiki, tushe, bango da overlaps. Yanzu bari muyi magana game da rufin.
A ƙarshe, ganuwar gidan an gina, ana ajiye abubuwan da aka shimfida, lokaci da za a yi sauri kuma a gina rufin. Wajibi ne a kare gidan daga hazo, daga zazzage ruwa, daga saukewa da matsanancin hasken rana, daga asarar zafi a cikin hunturu. Abubuwan gina jiki, kewaye da ginin ginin daga sama, galibi iri biyu ne:
- siket ko Rashin aiki;
ɗakin kwana ko Bantes A cikin abin da rufin da kuma attic overlap suna haɗuwa (abin da ake kira coumedings). Na karshen kunshi mai ɗaukar nauyi (alal misali, katako, ko karfafa kankare wanda lokaci guda yin aikin rufi) da kuma wafet ruwa.
Don tabbatar da cewa yanayin atmospheric, rufin koyaushe yana yin gangara. Ya danganta da buƙatar ƙirar haɗin gwiwar ya haɗa da wani rufin vapor da murfin zafi. Ɗakin kwana Ana amfani da mayafin halayen dabbobi da yawa a cikin ginin mazaunin mazaunin da yawa da gine-ginen gwamnati, a cikin gine-ginen masana'antu da aikin gona da nomin aikin gona. Loomes na nau'in gida a cikin ayyukan gida suna da wuya. Tabbas, akwai rufin jirgin sama da curvilinear, and misali, sifa a tafkuna, motsa jiki da kuma nune-nunen pavilions.
Don gidajen gida, a matsayin mai mulkin, nema Rashin aiki ko Rufancin saukar ungulu . Sun ƙunshi ɓangaren ɓangaren (harsashi), waɗanda ake kira rufin, tushe (crates ko m baƙaƙe), wanda ke goyan bayan rufin, da kuma yawan tallafi na dillali, wanda yawanci dogaro da ginin bango na ciki.
Ya kamata a yi gagar daga kayan da zai iya yin girman kai na lokaci mai tsayi da na dogon lokaci, abubuwa masu tsauri da ke ƙunshe da yanayin lalata. Rawayen sun fi sauran abubuwan gidan na gidan, kuma ana nuna farashin kiyayewa da gyaransu da muhimmanci sosai a cikin farashin aikin gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka, ƙirar benaye su sami tsauri da karko, mai dacewa da farfajiyar ginin. Manyan nau'ikan da nau'ikan benaye na kafa, sassan su, sunaye da wuraren ana nuna su a cikin zane.
Don rage farashin ginin da raguwar lokatai, ayyuka da yawa don samarwa suna neman canja wurin zuwa tsirrai, amfani da yadu ƙara haɓakar abubuwa masu tasowa. Baya ga kaya akai-akai daga nauyinta, ƙirar rufin dole ne tsayayya da kaya na ɗan lokaci guda (nauyin dusar ƙanƙara (mayaƙan nauyi a cikin tsararren russia na tsakiya; Iskar da iska daga iska gefe da kuma zuba, tare da Lagu. Kai hari kan rufin ya kamata ya tsayayya da ɗaukar nauyin kaya daga aiki (gyara, tsabtace dusar ƙanƙara da sauransu).
A cikin gidaje mai kyau (Scanty) yawanci ya ƙunshi karkara da jirage lebur, rufin da aka rufe. Girman gangara ya dogara da shirin, fadin na spans da tsarin gine-ginen tsarin ginin, daga kayan rufin, daga yanayin ginin yankin.
Ya kamata a lura cewa bambanta, asalin layi na rufin, Dome, alfarwata iri da kuma wasu halaye ne na gine-ginen Rasha. Ya isa ka tuna da Termes, majami'u, Meadowers na zamani, kazalika da tashoshin horarwa, alal misali, lingerad a Moscow.
Rufin ya bayyana silhouette na gidan gida, kamar kambi shi, yana ba da gamsarwa da kuma bayyana shi ga maganin gine-gine. Ta, a matsayin m hat, kammala kuma sau da yawa yana bayyana hoton mutumin mai gaye.
Ina so in yi fatan cewa a aikin hauhawar hauhawar mutum na zamani, lokacin da Tarurrukan gine-ginen masana'antu suka fara, a cikin sababbin ayyukan da gine-ginen asali na rufin gida za'a biya su sosai.
A lokacin da ke haɓaka tsarin gida na tsarin rufin, ya kamata a biya babbar kulawa, ciki har da kyawunta na waje.
A lokaci guda, bai kamata a yarda kuma mai wuce gona da iri ba da wuce gona da iri na rufin, wanda, ba tare da ƙara kyau a gidan ba, yana fuskantar ingantaccen bayani, aiki da gyara. Hakanan yana iya haifar da samuwar manyan jakar dusar ƙanƙara a kan rufin kuma a sakamakon leaks.
The tawali'u na rufin nuna digiri game da a kwance a kwance, alal misali, 27, 45 ko kashi. Becious mayu tare da nuna bambanci na rufin har zuwa 3-5% ana kiransu lebur. Wasu lokuta wasu lokuta sun gina bisa ga duka, gami da adon da yawa, gida ko sama da rabon sa. Irin wannan rufin za a iya amfani da su a ƙarƙashin wuraren shakatawa, wasanni, filin wasa, lambuna, da sauransu. Misalin irin wannan aikin na iya zama babban rufin sanannen ginin ginin gidaje da aka gina a kan aikin Architect Le Corbusier Le Corbusier (abin da ake kira "Gidan Goma"). A kan rufin da akwai kyawawan nau'in halitta da filaye, wurin waha "bene" har ma da ɗakin sujada.
Lokacin zabar fasalin rufin, ya kamata ka kula da yuwuwar sauri ga yiwuwar azumi da cikakken gudummawar ruwan sama da kuma cikar ruwa. Don rage ɗakunan dusar ƙanƙara (ƙari, nauyin dusar kankara sama da 100KG / M2) ta rosas tare da tsinkayen dusar ƙanƙara ya nuna, dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa ta tara Rods da aka rufe na rufin da ke da 'yancin iska, tunda tare da iska-fita, dusar ƙanƙara tana birgima daga doki da ajiya a kan scas din da aka nema. Koyaya, Fahimtar tare da ayyukan gida gida suna nuna cewa a yawancin lokuta, rufin, da rashin alheri, kuna da nuna bambanci ga kwal). A kan rufin, da gangara na waɗanda suke da girma fiye da ko ƙasa da 30, yawan dusar ƙanƙara zai zama ƙasa, tunda tare da tsawan ƙasa, kuma lokacin da iska mai laushi yake. Ya kamata kuma a ɗauka tuna cewa idan manyan bishiyoyi suna kare shi daga iska suna girma kusa da gida, ana iya kafa kayan kwalliyar dusar ƙanƙara a kan rufin.
Dusar ƙanƙara tana kwance a kan rufin yana ɗaukar hancin zafi, gami da shiga daga ƙasa ta bakin rufin, kuma a hankali zamewa a saman ruwa, a hankali da narke ruwa. Ruwa, zazzage tare da rafin dumi, daskarewa a kan kwarara mai sanyi na rufin da kuma samar da nondes da icles. Don rage girman dusar ƙanƙara da samuwar icid, da kuma condensate a cikin ɗaki, ya zama dole don tsara duniyar layin iska mai ban tsoro ta tursaso (brooid, clay lubricant, da sauransu) a hade tare da m m. A ɗauke da (iska ta halitta) samar da ramuka na musamman a ƙarƙashin cornice kuma a cikin rufin rufin, da kuma windows na rufin a kan sanduna, gaban ji da kuma ƙara daga cikin rods. Ana rufe windows tare da rufewa, glazed ko tare da lettos kamar "Makafi", waɗanda suke da iska mai kyau kuma suna da wuya a shigar da ɗakunan ruwan sama.
A mafi yawan lokuta, hanyar rufin gyaran babban gida Na biyu . Thearshensa na iya ƙare da bangon tubalin da ke tsaye na triangular a ƙasa, wannan shine, don warwarewa a cikin ƙasa, wato, don warwarewa a ƙasa. Tabbas, ba gargajiya ba, kamar, a saman ginshiƙan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi a Mosshoi a cikin Athens, amma mai kyau tare da taga da dalla-dalla. Irin wannan kammala bangon ya ba ka damar bayar da haske na zahiri da kuma sanya iska a cikin ɗaki, kodayake yana sanya wasu karuwar rafted.
Wani sigar hanyar rufin rufin a ƙarshen bango Bayani na ƙwayoyin cuta , wannan shine, tare da scratular skates. Rufaffiyar bartt, an kammala tare da kwatangwalo a kan iyakar, ana kiran shi Walleva. Yana da dan kadan yana rage yawan ɓataccen masonry, amma ginin Rafter yana da rikitarwa, kafafun diagonal sun bayyana. Wasu lokuta, alal misali, da ƙarshen gangara an yanke shi da duka iyakar rufin jere, amma kawai babba ko ƙananan ɓangaren sa. A wannan yanayin, ana kiran Skat na ƙarshe na Skat wanda aka ɗauko, kuma rufin yana Semi-haul.
Tsawon attic an ƙaddara shi da nisa na gidan, gangara, gina rufin da kuma buƙatar samar da hanyar kashe wuta kyauta tare da tsayi na aƙalla 1.6 m tare da ɗakin duka. Yana da mahimmanci gano don tabbatar da cewa tsayin attic a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci, a cikin bangon waje, ya kasance daga saman ƙyallen na attic ga Mauerlat. Wannan buƙatun ne mai mahimmanci don dubawa na lokaci-lokaci da gyara ƙananan sassa na rfter, mafi ƙarancin daskararre, daskarewa, mai laushi, da kuma don lafiyar wuta. Ka lura cewa babban rufin ber a banda jinkiri, ba ka damar amfani da matattarar sararin samaniya sosai.
Tsarin tallafi na rufin gidaje tare da rufin kayan (tayal, slate, wavy asabtic zanen gado da ƙari) ne na Rafters ko kuma tsarin Rafter.
Wannan tsarin ana kiranta "tseratar da rafters" kuma ya ƙunshi yawancin gidajen gida daga abubuwan katako wanda ya kamata ya zama Antisepettar kuma ya kamataaked tare da harshen wuta. Stopyl kafafu, da dai sauransu, wato, ƙara da kauri na 50, 100 da tsayi a kusurwa daidai da kusurwa daidai da rufin rufin , kuma sun dogara ne da ƙananan ƙarshen akan Mauerlae, kuma na sama-kan gudu. Mauerlats suna tallafawa sanduna a kwance (100100), 150150mm), 15010mm), da kuma rarraba kaya daga ɗaki, kuma rarraba kaya daga ciyawa a ko'ina tare da duka bango. Matsakaici (50100, 50150mm) an daidaita shi akan racks (100100, 150150mm), a cikin soot ko a kananan sigar triangular, karkatar da ham-fayyacewar. Tsarin tsari mai zurfi, yankan da tsare-tsaren da zaku iya gani a cikin hotunan. Don haɓaka ƙara da kwanciyar hankali, wanda aka yiwa tsintsiya tsakanin magudanar ruwa kuma yana gudana a cikin shugabanci na tsaye ana saita wasu ɓangare. Kwan kusurwa tsakanin rack da farar ya zama ba fiye da 45.
An sanya racks a jikin bango na ciki kowane 3-4m, yayin da ƙarƙashin racks, lilo daga allon (lit) da kawai. An shigar da ƙafafun ƙafafun kowane 0.8-0.0 m, dangane da sashin giciye, kayan rufin da sauran yanayi. Lowerarancin ƙarshen ƙafar hefter ta hanyar mutum ya kamata a saka akan bango tare da wayoyi masu kauri don kare rufin daga yiwuwar rushewa da iska mai ƙarfi. An gyara murhun ta hanyar crutch ko ers, an zira kwallo a cikin seam na masonry ta 250-300mm a ƙasa Maurolat.
Don na'urar Soles, tuddai da EAves, don adana babban mashaya, ƙananan ƙarshen ƙafawar yana ƙara tare da gajerun allon (40120, 5010mm), wanda kuma ya fi sauƙi a tsallake kan dabarar Brickkwork. Don samuwar Valm na manyan gidaje, an shirya kafafun diagonal diagonal, kuma tare da makogwaro rafyled (gandun kiwon dabbobi). Abubuwan da aka yi da katako a cikin katako na katako an yi su ne ta hanyar baka, ƙusoshin ƙusoshi ko ƙusa.
A kan ƙafafun rafter, ƙusoshi na katako, wanda ya kunshi yawanci daga sandunan cranial (5050mm), ya kai ga kowane 330mmm), 50200mm) a cikin Hukumar, Pinches, Yankan bututu, skate. Ana sanya kayan rufin a kan crate (abin hawa na bangarori na fili) da datsa.
Baya ga katako mai yafa rafters, akwai wasu gine-gine daga karfafa kankare. An samar da mummunan mummunan katako da kuma karfafa sojojin kwalliya da masana'antu daga mutum na farko wadanda aka tattara a cikin wuri guda, wanda ya rage hadaddun aikin gini. A lokuta inda rafters ya dogara ne akan bangon biyu na waje kawai (idan babu wani kyakkyawan tsarin aiki, wanda aka dakatar da shi rataye kuma sune mafi sauƙi (idan wani) ya mamaye wani ɗabi'a.
A cikin rataye rafters, tare da jiragen sama sama da 6m tsakanin saman iyakar Rafter, kaka dakatar (a tsaye na katako) ana matse da katako. Don kauce wa ƙirar aikin zuwa ƙananan ƙarshen tsohuwar mahaifiyar, da kwance da kwance kuma an dakatar da tallafawa katako na daddamar da murƙushewa. Har zuwa 12m a cikin ƙira, wani famfo yana gabatar da ragter wanda ke rage tsawon lissafin ƙafafun.
Za'a iya amfani da ɗabi'ar ƙirar don na'urar a cikin manyan wuraren zama na abin da ake kira nau'in Attic. Mansard-Room, mai suna ta Faransa Architch XVIIV XVIIV. Francois MANZAR, wanda ya fara dacewa da shi a ƙarƙashin gidaje masu girma na gidajen rufin gidajen Gothic a baya. Abin baƙin ciki, ɗabi'ar attic ne yadu a duk faɗin duniya.
Rufin Atic shine wani nau'in rufin benci. Don mafi kyawun amfani, ana yawan sararin samaniya tare da karin kumallo a sashin giciye. Wannan wani ɓangare na rufin, wanda ya samar da sashin bangon dakin, ya zama dole, ba kamar rufin sanyi na al'ada ba, rufi. Rushewar rufin ya raba babban ɓangaren sanduna da rafters daga mafi sanyi ƙasa. Tare, fashewar da aka sa a kan wanne zanen rufin da ke tare da gina sifa mai sauƙi tare da tsayayyen tsawa. Extraarancin tsarin tsari na rufin ɗakin da aka ɗauka da yawa.
Rawan rufin gidaje
Abubuwan rufi daban-daban suna amfani da rufin da suke yin la'akari da maganin gine-ginen ginin, karkararta da ƙarfin aikinta. Don haka, don Garages da kuma zubarages, yana da ma'ana don amfani da rufin tare da ƙaramin nuna bambanci daga sama da sama.
Teburin yana nuna kimar wuraren rufin a gidaje daban-daban dangane da yawan yadudduka, sawun gidajen abinci, tushe da rfyles.
Rufin rufin daya ne daga cikin mafi yawan zamanin. Yana da dorewa, lafiya a wuta, baya buƙatar gyara da zanen. Cottage tare da rufin mai tsawan, yumbu ko yashi-yashi, yana da kyan gani da wadata, ba tare da taimakon irin wannan rufin ba tare da shekara 100 ba. Ka lura cewa an fara amfani da tayal ciminti a cikin gine-ginen na zamani na zamani, alal misali, a cikin gundumar Mitcow na Mitino.
Manyan nau'ikan fale-falen buraka tif (mai sauki a cikin tsari, arha) da tsagi.
Ribbon lebur tayal - Waɗannan su ne girman 36515mm, ko 400220mm, suna da ƙasan karɓewa don haɗe tare da akwakun. Don hana leaks, dole ne a dage farawa a cikin yadudduka biyu don kammala ambaliyar seams. Wannan yana haifar da ƙara yawan amfani da kayan, wanda, tare da babban nauyi a cikin 60-80kg / M2, babban tashin hankali ne irin wannan rufin. Kamar ƙirar da ke sama na rufin gida daga kyawawan abubuwan fale-falen buraka da na USERITIS da SLate.
Tile Talal Yana da tsintsaye tare da tsinkayen tsinkayen tsagi, akwai kuma gira mai girka (tide tare da rami na waya) da tsefewar-jacking ba a yarda ba. Sabili da haka, an sanya tsagi tayal a cikin Layer ɗaya. Ta hanyar jere (nauyin 40kg / M2), don gujewa fadan ruwa ta iska, an daure shi da murhu zuwa ƙusoshi da aka zira a cikin sanduna na akwakun. Bayan watanni 2-3 bayan salo da ke kan rufin, lokacin da aka hau shi, tare da ciki daga cikin ramin, da tsagi shine mafita mai narkewa. Dawakai da haƙarƙarin skates sun mamaye fale-falen buraka na musamman. Rashin balaguron na'urar Ring, Aprons na kariya na bututun, auditory windows, an pavers gutters gutters tare da zanen gado.
Hawa na zanen gidan yanar gizo , ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin resarancin tashi, ya ƙunshi zanen gado na yau da kullun da haɓakawa. Shafan takardun shaida na talakawa na 120080059mm Yin nauyi game da 9kg an yi ajiyar karfe a kan allunan da sandunan (5050mm), kuma kowane layi na zanen gado dole ne su yi kwanciya da maganganu guda uku. Rufin zanen gado na karfafa (1750 da 20001mm0006-8mm) an dage farawa a kan sandunan karfafa akwakun karon karban karawa, ko a kan katako, karfafa sashe na katako. Girman zanen gado yana hanzarta samar da ayyukan rufi, tsari ƙasa da jabu, mafi aminci a aiki.
Zanen gado na wavy sa saman jere na zanen gado mamaye ƙasa a 120-200mm. Da steeper da gangara, karami da overlapping. An tabbatar da m adjoining na zanen gado akan bangarorin su fito da su ta hanyar faduwar su (150mm).
Irin gida, haƙarƙari da slips ana yin ta amfani da baƙin ƙarfe. Ya kamata a haɗe zanen gado zuwa ga gratvanized sukurori ko ƙusoshin tare da fa'idoji da wanki.
Ruwan rufin daga kayan masarufi Akwai daga ciki (boba) da kuma gyara (kawai da abubuwan da ke ciki). Ya kamata a yi amfani da su musamman don gine-ginen tattalin arziki, kamar mujamu, tare da ƙaramin yanki na rufin, tun da m yadudduka (resing abubuwa a ƙarƙashin yin tasirin zafi a hankali. Rajistar da aka yi birgima suna da ƙaramin ƙarfi na injiniya, amma suna da ƙarancin nauyi, suna da ƙarancin nauyi, suna da launuka masu ƙarfi saboda crumbs, danna cikin Layerarshe. Ramin rufi a kan wuya da santsi, kankare ko katako (na yadudduka biyu na allon sun zama tushe zuwa ga kashi 30-45). Ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa tare da karamin bambanci a cikin ƙimar mai yana buƙatar aiki iri ɗaya, amma har ma da kulawa da kyau kuma ba shi da abin da ya dace kuma ba shi da abin da ya dace Shekaru 30.
A lokacin rana kafin farkon aikin, da runneroid ko kayan aiki ya kamata a birgima, a yanka a cikin guda skate, ƙara 250mm zuwa lanƙwasa ta dokin da masara. Next, spatula, m goga, ko tare da kerosene, tsaftace a gefen gefe, kuma daga waje don haɗin ƙirar takardar mai kusa da 100mm.
Rawan ƙarfe Yi galibi daga rufin ƙarfe ne (mafi dawwama) da kuma ba zinc ba (baƙi) mai nauyin ƙarfe na ƙarfe (M2, da kuma daga ƙaramin jan ƙarfe har ma Zafafen zinare (alal misali, a kan wurin zama a kan sake dawowa na Kristi Mai Ceto a Moscow). Rayin ƙarfe sune mafi tsada, suna buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman da kuma kwarewar aiki. Saboda haka, a cikin aikin zamani, ana bada shawarar zanen galvaniz da kawai don rufe gidajen da ke da iska, rash, bututun ruwa, bututun iska, da sauransu. Sheets suna da kayan haɗin zinc a garesu, fadin zanen gado - 710, tsawon, 14.45 zuwa 1 mm. Ana sanya zanen gado a kan crate na katako (5050mm), na iya zuwa RAFALINES. A gefen rufin, tsirara ne tare da m mowing daga allon zuwa fadin zuwa fadin 700mm, kuma a kan skate da hakarkari da haƙarƙari na rufin - allon biyu. Ana amfani da zanen gado suna haɗi da juna da ake kira wanda ake kira, waɗanda suke kwance, suna kwance, a saman skate (saboda haka ruwan ya fi sauƙi) kuma a tsaye a kan skate. A rushe zanen zanen gado ana gyara shi daga masu launin karfe da ke cikin galvanized kusa da tsayayyen zango bayan 500-700m. Svearfin katako yana kiyaye ta hanyar kumburin ƙarfe wanda aka haɗa ta ƙusoshi zuwa cikin akwakun ƙarfe.
A lokacin da na'urar rufin ƙarfe ya fi kyau a sanya katako mai kauri tare da gas daga Pergamine. Irin wannan matakan prenacheacing shine mafi tsada, amma yana kare ƙananan gefen zanen ƙarfe daga lalata da kuma ƙara rayuwar sabis ɗin ta sau 2-3.
Rufin karfe wanda ba warwatattun zanen gado fenti mai fenti mai 3. Rufin galan galvanized za a iya fentin a cikin shekaru 8-10 bayan kwanciya.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da yawa kayan rufin suna bayyana, cikin gida da kasashen waje. Misali, karfe tayal tare da polymer ko poltized hadin gwiwa, rufin galvanized a kan fiberglass na fiber-Layer, rufin bayanin zanen gado da wasu. Firdausin kamfanonin suna samar da cikakken rufin rufin tare da duk abubuwan da suka wajaba a cikin launuka masu yawa. Game da shari'o'i, irin wannan rufin, kwaikwayon tayal na halitta, suna da dorewa, hygarienic, mai tsayayya da wuta kuma suna da ƙarancin nauyi na kimanin 1 mm.
Don haka, mun gina gida, ko kuma wajen, akwatin gini. Yanzu kuna buƙatar la'akari da abubuwan daban, kamar matattararsa, porch, inopes, kofofin da windows. Wajibi ne a kula da kyakkyawa da masu shiga tsakani. Bari muyi ma'amala da wannan a taronmu mai zuwa.
| Nau'in rufin | Kwanakin da aka kirkira ta hanyar skate da jirgin sama a kwance a digiri |
|---|---|
| Daga kayan da aka birgima (roba, rufi, da sauransu) tare da yawan yadudduka na akalla 2, an sanya shi a kan mastic | 3- 8. |
| Iri ɗaya, amma huɗu-, biyar-Layer tare da kare mai kariya na tsakuwa, ya girgiza a cikin zafi m | 0-22 da fiye kawai a cikin wuraren da ke cikin gidaje |
| Daga galvanized karfe takardar tare da ninki guda | 16 ko fiye |
| Iri ɗaya tare da ninka biyu | 12 ko fiye |
| Asbocated daga zanen gado na wavy na bayanin talakawa | 18-30 |
| Iri ɗaya ƙarfi | 14-45 |
| Tiled (dangane da nau'in) | 27-45 da ƙari |