Sib koom ua ke Windows Kev Lag Luam Txheej Txheem: Ntau yam ntawm cov qauv, cov yam ntxwv kev ua haujlwm thiab cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm
Yuav tsum muaj rau lub Windows niaj hnub no muaj siab heev. Qhov no kuj siv rau lub teeb pom kev zoo, thiab theem ntawm tshav kub thiab suab rwb thaiv tsev, thiab kav ntev, thiab yooj yim ntawm kev siv. Ib qho ntxiv, lub qhov rai yuav tsum zoo txaus nyiam, vim tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm sab hauv thiab architecture ntawm lub tsev. Yog li no, cov tuam ntxhab yuav tsum nrhiav cov hauv kev tshiab rau kev tsim kho cov kev tsim kho txhua lub sijhawm. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog kev tsim cov tshuab ua ke.
Yees duab K. Mankoma tau siv los faib cov khoom niaj hnub no rau cov yas, ntoo thiab txhuas. Txawm li cas los xij, hnub no hauv kev tsim cov thawv lub qhov rais lub qhov rais thiab sashs, sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv feem ntau siv. Qhov kev txiav txim siab engineering no yog tsim los ua ke lawv cov txiaj ntsig thiab luv. Tau kawg, nws tseem ceeb nce tus nqi ntawm lub qhov rais, tab sis nws tso cai rau koj kom txhim kho nws cov yam ntxwv. Los ntawm yog vim li cas muaj cov khoom siv sib txuas, peb yuav qhia txog lawv cov kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv kab lus no.
Wood xav tau kev tiv thaiv
Ntawm chav kawm, lub qhov rais ntoo zoo nkauj, thiab kev txaus siab rau lawv, txawm tias tus nqi siab, tab sis tsis nyob hauv txhua qhov tsis muaj zog. Txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg siv tswv yim xav kom paub tseeb tias cov khoom yuav kav ntev li tau ntau xyoo. Nws yog qhov ua tau kom nce lub neej ntawm lub qhov rais, yog tias koj tiv thaiv cov ntoo sab nraud los ntawm lwm cov khoom siv, tiv taus ya raws thiab ultraviolet, piv txwv li, txhuas.
Kaw cov ntoo sab nraud nrog cov ntaub nplaum sab nraum zoov yog thawj tus neeg tsim khoom hlau ntawm Windows kos nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev (nthab). Ntawm no yog lub ntsej muag (qhov thiaj li hu ua nyiaj hli) ua ob lub luag haujlwm ib zaug: ua ntej, ua ntej, tiv thaiv cov ntoo los ntawm cov khoom ntoo los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Thawj thawj zaug, cov nyiaj hli txiav tawm los ntawm Velux (Denmark) hauv xyoo 1962. nce cov khoom lag luam thiab cov ua lag luam ntawm cov qhov rai ntoo rau phab ntsa qhib.
Lub tswv yim ntawm tus kws tshaj lij
Ntoo-ntuj, "Nyob" cov khoom. Ntub nws indisputable meej mom, tab sis feem ntau cov neeg siv hauv lub cim xeeb qub tsis ntseeg lub qhov rais ntawm lub qhov rais ntoo. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov kev ua xyem xyav no, peb muab ntau tus lej sib cav. Cov kabmob cov ntsiab lus ua los ntawm kev ua lag luam engineering, sawv racks thiab muaj tapping lub zog thiab khoov. Cov xim pleev xim niaj hnub muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov ntoo los ntawm cov huab cua ntawm lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib txwm (kwv yees li 1 xyoos) nrog tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg xyoo. Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj los tiv thaiv cov chaw ntoo yog sab nraud Aluminium ob sab phlu. Kev kwv yees lub neej ntawm lub qhov rai ntau tshaj 50 xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm cov chaw sab nraud ntawm lub qhov rais thiab vim yog cov kab uas muaj qhov tshiab rau cov qauv tshiab ntawm lub tsev. Lawv, zoo ib yam li ntawm tsob ntoo, tuaj yeem pleev xim rau txhua yam xim, tab sis cov kev pabcuam lub neej yuav muaj ob peb zaug ntxiv.
Andrei Levandovsky, Tus Thawj Coj Lag Luam ntawm lub tuam txhab "Pawg ntawm cov tuam txhab Ruduspis"
Translucent ntoo qauv nrog aluminium huv, nthuav tawm hauv kev ua lag luam hauv tsev, muaj ntau yam. Lawv tau muab los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab xws li "Bavarian qhov rai", "Qhov rai kev loj hlob", "lub qhov rai loj hlob", Yukko (Txhua tus- Russofer (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees-Austria), Ru-Dupis (Lithuania), Kov fenster, strobel), urzedowski (Poland) ID.
Ntoo ua haujlwm. | 
Ntoo ua haujlwm. | 
Rudupis | 
Rudupis |
1-2.Qhov feem ntau cov vintuminuminate Windows. Cov variants ntawm lawv kev ua tiav yog ntau. Piv txwv li, hauv lub khob iav qauv (1), cov khoom lag luam txhuas yog qhov chaw sib foob ntawm lub thawv, thiab lub koom haum ua si ntawm lub ntsej muag sab nraud yog ua los ntawm txhuas.
3-4. Hais txog Aluminium hauv ob sab phlu yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog lub qhov rais ntawm niaj hnub teb-folding fittings. Hauv qhov no, sash tuaj yeem thiab qhib hauv hom slotting (3), thiab viav vias (4). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xaiv no muaj tsuas yog nrog ib leeg lossis sib tw flaps.
Lub kaw lus yooj yim tshaj plaws yog lub qhov rai nrog ib sash, uas yog, Eurnowned; Ib qho txhuas profile tau txuas nrog lub bruster qis dua ntawm nws cov thawv (qee zaum hu ua cov tee dej), tshem dej nag los ntawm qhov qis dua ntawm lub thawv thiab sash.
Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo dua los tiv thaiv lub qhov rai puag ncig. Hauv qhov no, lub thawv thiab strapping ntawm sash yog kiag li kaw los ntawm sab nraud nrog sab nraud nrog cov ncej tshwj xeeb, uas txuas rau ntawm tsob ntoo nyias.
Winfin. | 
"Kev Loj Hlob Qhov rai" | 
"Euromisii" |
5-7.Ccc yog nruab nrab thawv ntawm thawv thiab sash (5.7), nrog rau ntawm cov dej nrog tov thiab sash (6), feem ntau nws tsis muaj lub foob certour. Cov dej uas poob rau hauv nws tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov dej ntws thiab qhov ntawm txhuas profiles. Cov qhov yuav tsum tau huv tsis tu ncua.
Aluminium profiles tau teeb tsa yog thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, lossis thaum lub qhov rai mounting. Fasten lawv rau cov ntsiab lus ntoo nyob rau hauv cov kev sib txawv: qee zaum cov kua nplaum sib txuas tab tom pib, tab sis ntau zaus siv cov hnab yas tshwj xeeb (clips) lossis cov khoom siv. Nws thiab lwm tus ua ntej ntsia hlau ntsia hlau rau sab nraud ntawm lub qhov rais. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog uas ua pa sib txawv ntawm ob peb millimeters dav nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov ntoo thiab aluminium qhov chaw. Hauv qhov no, tsob ntoo muaj zog dua muab cov dej noo, uas nqus tau ntawm chav thiab huab cua sab nraum zoov, thiab nws tsis tshua pom kev cai fungus yuav tshwm sim hauv qab.
Qee lub sij hawm ib qho txhuas profile tsis yog tsuas yog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv zoo nkauj, nws tau tuav cov haujlwm hauv lub iav, uas yog, piv txwv li, hauv qee cov qauv Rudupis). Cov qauv no ntawm mounting lub khob iav yog hu ua qhuav. Thaum nws tau siv yam tsis muaj Silicone Realant: txhuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov sash yog nruab nrog contours ntawm lub foob, nruj nyob ib sab mus rau lub khob pob. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws ntseeg tau tias cov qauv no zoo dua li "ntub": tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo uas nyob hauv cov iav uas muaj kev puas tsuaj.
Nyob rau hauv lub nceeg vaj xim
Aluminium profiles yog anodized lossis stained. Cov xim ntawm cov hmoov hniav hmoov yog ib qho catalog ral. Raws li rau Anodizing, muaj kev xaiv xaiv - feem ntau tsis muaj ntau tshaj kaum tons. Kev tsim kho tshiab, thiab ntawm cov xim thav duab muab lub neej kaum-xyoo, lub neej kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag tshaj 20 xyoo. Qhov ua tiav tuaj yeem rov qab los, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas kev mob, uas yuav xav tau ib feem lossis ua tiav ntawm cov qauv.
Txhawm rau xaj cov qhov rai ntoo yuav luag txhua daim ntawv-puag ncig, oval, arched anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked anked ang.p. ITO tsis cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov ntaub tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo: Aluminium profiles tuaj yeem khoov ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob, rau qhov tshwj xeeb yob yog siv. Muaj tseeb, cov qauv qauv no tuaj yeem yog 2-3 zaug ntau kim ib lub qhov rooj sib dhos nrog tib thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw translucent.
Ntau sash!
Txog tam sim no, peb tau tham tsuas yog hais txog lub qhov rais nrog ib leeg sash. Tab sis ntawm kev ua lag luam hauv tsev, khoom siv domus, Npam Ikkuna, profin, Tiivi (Fensestra) yog Fenstra) - Finland) - Qhov rai nrog cais thiab ua ke sash. Ntxiv mus, qhov strapping ntawm cov nrov plig plawg sab nraud hnub no yog nce los ntawm txhuas, kaw cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib lub thawv thiab sab nraud ntawm lub thawv.
Rudupis | 
Rudupis | 
Rudupis |
8-10. Rau cov ntoo ntoo ntawm Cora (Rudupis, 8.9), kev teeb tsa ntawm cov txheej txheem alumining thiab dai kom zoo nkauj hauv qab nws tau muab. Braga ntxuav los ntawm tib lub tuam txhab (10) nrog kev pab ntawm cov duab ntxoov ntxoo camts txhim kho lub khob. Hauv lwm kis, cov khoom siv hlau ua kom pom ntawm lub qhov rais los ntawm txoj kev, uas tso cai rau koj los nruab nws hauv lub nroog muaj kev nce siab. Auznutri nyob rau tib lub sijhawm khaws lub ntuj zoo nkauj ntawm tsob ntoo.
Kev tsim kho ntse (Finnish hom) ob qho tib si yog kev ncua ntawm lub voj rau lub thawv thiab txuas nrog los ntawm kev cog lus sib txuas kom lawv tuaj yeem qhib tib lub sijhawm. Sucked (Swedish hom) lub txheej sab nraud yog dai rau sab hauv thiab tsau siv cov latch tshwj xeeb. Zoo nkauj thiab ua khub tsim lub qhov rais ntawm sash yog ib qho yooj yim muab nws yooj yim los ntxuav tawm sab nraum zoov hmoov av. Tib lub khob yog ntxig nrog ib lub khob ntawm 3-6mm tuab, thiab nyob rau hauv lub khob sab hauv ib-chamber iav.
Qhov dav ntawm lub qhov rais lub thawv nrog sib cais thiab sib cais tau ntau dua li ntawm Eurocon (hauv thawj zaug - 110 hli, thaum lub tom kawg ntau tshaj li 80mm). Isois lawv cov meej mom tsis ntseeg: ua tsaug rau ntau qhov dav lev, cov kab nqes zoo tau txais kev tiv thaiv zoo los ntawm khov. Lwm ntxiv-tsis sib thooj ntawm qhov tsom iav, uas txo cov txiaj ntsig ntawm resonance thiab nce cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub qhov rais (txog 35-40dB). Ib qho ntxiv, tus qauv tsim tso cai rau koj mus rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm iav thiab lub qhov rais ntawm cov dig muag ntawm txhua yam, thiab nrog cais sash, thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv hlau yob sheet.
Rau pem teb | 
"Euromisii" | 
"Euromisii" | 
Winfin. |
11. Tag nrho cov ntoo thiab txhuas yog qhov zoo rau kev tsim cov vaulted translued qauv tsim rau ib tug loj daus load.
12. Lub qhov rais ua tiav ntawm hom Swedish, raws li txoj cai, muaj ntxiv (windproof) foob pob.
13-14. Thiab nyob rau hauv Paired (13), thiab cais (14) qauv nrog cov khoom siv txhav tas yog qhov sab hauv (lub qhov rai sab hauv nrog lub qhov rais thib ob.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom xav txog qhov tseeb tias thaum sib cais sashs qhov rai tsuas tuaj yeem hloov (qhib tsuas yog hauv ib lub dav hlau). Tib yam thiab thaum sib cais, thiab nrog tus qauv tsim, tsawg kawg 2 xyoos yuav tau ntxuav tsis ob, tab sis plaub lub dav hlau.
Saczintrome ntawm hlau
Qhov rai, nyob rau hauv lub thawv thiab sash yog ua los ntawm txhuas thiab yog nruab nrog dai cov ntoo ntoo hauv ob sab shling, hu ua txhuas-ntoo. Lub thermal conductivity ntawm txhuas yog ntau pua lub sijhawm siab dua ntoo lossis PVC, 220W / (MK). Yog li no, tag nrho cov profiles tau ua nrog lub thermal tawg, uas yog, nrog cov ntxig yas nrog lub thermal conductivity coefficient ntawm 0.25w / (mk). Ib lub thermal tswv ntawm 25mm dav yog txaus kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov kub hloov profile-0.60 W (Hais txog tib yam li hauv peb-Chamber PVC Profiles). Sab hauv cov hniav hauv ob sab hauv, tso cai rau koj nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov rais hauv chaw nyob sab hauv, cov chaw tsim khoom los ntawm ntau yam ntoo ntoo: beech, mahogany thiab txawm walnut thiab txiv ntoo qab zib. Mounted los ntawm lawv txoj kev zawv zawg - txhuas profile muaj cov kev tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb (tav), uas ntxig rau hauv cov graphing graines. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog, txij li cov ntoo hauv qab dej noo paug hloov lawv qhov ntev thiab tuaj yeem tawg, yog tias cov khoom siv nyuaj rau cov profile.
Winfin. | 
"PROMPROGRESS" | 
"PROMPROGRESS" | 
"PROMPROGRESS" |
15. Txhawm rau tawm cov sash yam tsis muaj kev pab ntawm lub cuab tam.
16.Qhov ob sab ntawm txhuas-ntoo profiles tuaj yeem pleev xim hauv cov xim dawb.
17-18.Profili tsim nrog ib (17) lossis ob (18) thermal sib cais. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim, cov ntxig ntxiv ntawm cov polyamide muab tso rau ntawm ntoo thiab txhuas.
Tsev Kho Mob, qhov rai zoo sib xws vim yog lawv tus nqi siab tseem tsis tau muaj ntau nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws. Aluminium-ntoo profiles rau cov qhov rais no feem ntau yog imported. Lawv tau luam tawm los ntawm cov tuam txhab xws li agnelli metalli, mixall, Vitralux (Tag nrho Ltalis). Cov rooj sib txoos ntawm cov khoom tiav yog nqa tawm los ntawm promprograms, Alwood, Studio Garda (txhua tus- Russia) IDR.
Lub ntsiab kom zoo ntawm aluminium ntoo lub qhov rais yog tias txhua tus neeg nqa khoom cov khoom nqa tau ua los ntawm cov hlau, thiab cov khoom siv (cov cuab yeej kaw) yog tsau rau nws. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no yog qhov ruaj khov thiab yuav ua li cas nws tsis zoo dua rau "widescreen" glazing. Quav, txawm hais tias lawv cov loj yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, tsis txhob tsis meej pem lub sijhawm, thiab cov tshuab muaj lub neej muaj kev pab ntau dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, dhau kev tub sab, lub qhov rais txhuas txhuas yog qhov zoo dua rau cov ntoo thiab yas.
Union ntawm Yas Thiab Aluminium
Sib txuas yas thiab cov qauv txhuas yog ob hom tseem ceeb. Thawj zaug yog lub qhov rai yas nrog cov kab sab nraud sab nraud ntawm lub thawv thiab kev txiav ntawm Sash (Analogue ntawm cov ntoo eurowindow nrog txhuas veneer); Lub qhov rai yas thib ob nrog cov flap thib ntxiv (analogue ntawm lub Swedish qhov rai).
"PROMPROGRESS" | 
Studio garda. | 
Studio garda. | 
Tus sau ntawm Txoj Haujlwm R. Krussopop Yees Duab K. Manko. |
19-20. Hauv kev vam khom rau ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab cov tuab tuab ntawm lub khob loj yog siv, uas cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm 1m2 lub qhov rais.
21.Telli thiab lwm yam fittings yog tsau rau txhuas qhov chaw los ntawm cov qhov hauv cov hauv ob sab phlu.
22. Lub qhov rai ntawm Windows Profile siv cov ntaub ntawv Aluminium, piv rau lub sijhawm "lub neej" ntawm lub tsev.
Thawj lub tshuab yog nyob rau hauv lub assortment ntawm qee cov thawj lub qhov rais profile tuam ntxhab. Piv txwv li, kev hais lus (Lub teb chaws Yelemees) muaj ntau tshaj rau Hom Profiles Kbe, kmermerling thiab Trocal, thiab SCCALY) - Corona Alulux System.
Raws li txoj cai, cov kab ntawv tsuas yog "kev pheej hmoo" mus rau tus kheej elecast (ob qho tib si hauv aluclip thiab alufusion systems uas muaj tsib-chamber System trocal innonova), Tab sis lwm txoj kev ntawm cov nrawm yog thiab piv txwv li, ob txoj kev nplaum nplaum. Thawj txoj kev yog qhov zoo dua, txij li kev sib txuas yog zawv zawg, uas tso cai rau koj kom them rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab nthuav tawm ntawm ob cov khoom siv.
Lub tswv yim ntawm tus kws tshaj lij
Thawj qhov system ntawm txhuas ntaub pua ntawm lub qhov rai thiab lub qhov rooj pvc profiles tau tshwm sim ntawm Trocal hauv 1992. Thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg siv khoom siv, muaj kev tsim qauv zoo thiab tsim los ntawm kev tso sab thev naus laus zis. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Aluminium Linings yog zoo nkauj. Lawv txawv ntawm lwm hom xim ua tiav ntawm PVC profiles muaj ntau dua txoj kev ywj pheej xaiv cov kev daws teeb meem ua monochrome thiab ntau xim. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov zoo nkauj "tsos" lub qhov rais ntawm PVC, txhim kho los ntawm txhuas, muaj lwm yam zoo. Raug yuam kev, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau hack, thiab qee lub tshuab ua kom nws tau ua kom loj dua li ntawm tus kheej PVC profiles. Zoo sib xws ntawm cov qauv no tseem tsis tau muaj ntau ntxiv. Ua ntej, vim hais tias lawv tus nqi yog siab dua li lub qhov rai zoo tib yam los ntawm PVC; Thib ob, vim qhov tseeb uas tus cwj pwm ntawm cov qauv tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev nyab xeeb hnyav ntawm Lavxias tsis yog kawm txaus.
Vladimir Kalabin, Kws Tshaj Lij Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Profin Rus
Kev xaiv ua ke ntawm cov yas thiab txhuas muaj rov kho dua (Lub teb chaws Yelemees), uas tau tsim tus qauv tsim nrog twisted flaps "2 + 1". Lub ntsiab (sab hauv) sash nyob rau tib lub sijhawm yog ua los ntawm tus qauv pvc profiles qhov tshiab-tsim. Ib leeg-sash yog ntxig nrog ib lub khob ntawm 5-6mm tuab. Xws li lub Windows muaj peev xwm muab kev tiv thaiv ntau zog tiv thaiv suab nrov, thiab lawv raug pom zoo kom raug teeb tsa tsev overlay txoj kev loj. Raws li cov ntsiab lus tau ua los ntawm Rehuam cov kws tshaj lij, lub rwb thaiv tsev lub suab nrov ntawm lub qhov rais los ntawm lub qhov rais thauj khoom ntawm lub qhov rais los ntawm lub qhov rais los ntawm 36-38 dBA (hauv lub qhov rai yas txheem nrog ib qho -Chaamber ob-glazed qhov rai, qhov ntsuas no yog kwv yees li 28dba). Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis ntev los no, yukco tau npaj ua ib qho analogue ntawm cov kab ke no.
"Profin rus" | 
"Profin rus" | 
"Profin rus" | 
Rau pem teb |
23-25. Nyob rau hauv Aluafusion System (23.24), Sash yog tsim los ntawm t-puab tshwj luam pvc profile, thiab cov ncoo ua cov hnab muaj nuj nqi. Alufusion overlays vim nws cov complex bulk daim ntawv tau nce rigidity, uas ua rau nws ua tau kom nce qhov loj me ntawm sash. Lub Aluclip (25) system yog classic overlays uas rov ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab PVC profile. Lawv tsim cov nyhuv zoo nkauj los ntawm lub faadeade ntawm lub tsev.
26.Qhov Clementing qhov rai windastal (yukko) los ntawm veka Euroline profile nrog ib qho kev sib dhos ntxiv.
Me ntsis txog nqi
Tus nqi ntawm lub qhov rais ib txwm suav ib tus zuj zus. Tom qab tag nrho, nws nyob ntawm cov teeb meem: xws li ob-glazed Windows thiab Accessories, qhov kev txiav txim ntim, lub sijhawm ua tiav ntawm IT.D. Tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua los ntawm cov ntoo thiab txhuas yog qhov cuam tshuam loj los ntawm "cov chaw tsim khoom" ntawm European tuam txhab ntoo, 1.5-2 zaug ntau dua cov khoom kim. Sab nraum zoov tig los ntawm txhuas txhua qhov ntoo yuav ua rau cov khoom siv los ntawm 30-60%. Nqi rau xws li Windows Pib txij 18 txhiab rubles. Rau 1m2 (yog tias cov khoom tseem ceeb yog ntoo thuv). Cais thiab ua khub qauv nrog kev nrov plig plawg ntawm txhuas yuav raug nqi lwm 20-30% kim dua. Aluminium-ntoo qhov rai sawv ntawm 65 txhiab rubles. Rau 1m2. Mus rau PVC profiles los ntawm txhuas yuav ntxiv rau tus nqi ntawm 1M2 Windows 40-50% (I.E., txog 3-4 txhiab rowbles koj yuav tsum tau them tsawg kawg 14 txhiab rub loj.
Cov kws khoosts ua tsaug lub tuam txhab "khobit", "Ruduspis pab pawg ntawm cov tuam txhab", yukko, readio, studio garda rau kev npaj hauv kev npaj cov khoom siv.