Kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm sab hauv ntawm stucco ntawm polyurethane: Qhov kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov khoom, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm installation, hom kev kho kom zoo nkauj.
Polyurethane stucco los ntawm orac thiab cov duab wallpaper nrog rau hauv ib qho style
Kev pab cuam eave thiab cov qhob noom txhua lwm
Yooj yim pluas plhuav - Kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm niaj hnub sab hauv!
Lub dai ntawm lub qab nthab qhov hluav taws xob thiab chandeliers sib haum!
Pilasterers thiab Frontones tuaj yeem kho qhov rai, qhov rooj thiab cov niches zoo nkauj
Colored qab nthab qhov hluav taws xob - peculiar hloov ntawm baroque qab nthab
Pilasterers nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, keeb ntawm cov architectural décor thiab visually nce qhov siab ntawm lub portal qhib
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov thom khwm yog cov muaj ntau haiv neeg: los ntawm laconic rau qhov kev nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab nrawm dua
Piftres thiab cov peev haum haum rau sab hauv niaj hnub
Kev sib raug zoo, mouldings, moulding décor qhia meej txog kev tshem tawm ntawm staircase
Saj zawg zog eava thiab molding yog tsim nyog thaum tsim qauv sab hauv nrog phab ntsa sib npaug. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias muaj tsawg kawg li bend ntawm (txog 50 cm), nws cov qis zuj zus tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom puas
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib qho chaw zoo heev ntawm lub qhov rooj hauv sab hauv niaj hnub
Hniav niches, txee thiab console thiab console - thawj thiab kev txiav txim siab rau kev tsim cov menyuam yaus
Ua-nyob rau hauv qab nthab teeb tau zoo nrog stucco ("ampir")
Lub chav da dej tuaj yeem dai nrog stucco rau koj saj.
Cov lus pom zoo pleev xim rau hauv qab tsob ntoo, thiab yooj yim plhu dawb- zoo nkauj nrhiav rau sab hauv nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm lub teb chaws
Xav thiab lub plinths pleev xim rau hauv cov xim qaim yuav ua rau cov me nyuam muaj kuab heev
Polyurethane eaves nrog built-in backlight system zoo heev tsim nyog rau ntau-caj dab qab nthab
Nyem lub hauv paus-classic kho kom zoo. Nco ntsoov tias cov rooj tog uas tau xaiv thiab khoom siv ntxiv!
Kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv ntawm lub stucco pib kwv yees li plaub txhiab xyoo dhau los, hauv lub caij nyoog-myecees. Wchery tau hloov ntau heev: cov qauv, thev naus laus zis, cov ntaub ntawv, cov neeg siv khoom tau ...
Txog lub sij hawm thiab nstav
Lub teeb rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov khoom dai kom zoo dua yog npaj los ntawm cov polyurethane tau tshwm sim ntau tshaj li kaum xyoo dhau los thiab tam sim ntawd muab cov khoom nrov heev. Nws yog vim nws siv tau tias cov khoom siv hauv lub Palace décor, xws li kab ntawv, cov pob kws sib tw thiab kev sib zog, tau muaj rau cov ntu dav ntawm cov pej xeem. Unseyished ntev ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev ywj pheej rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsis meej pem (baroque, stormisticated ntxim nyiam ntawm xyoo (niaj hnub) thaum kawg qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv txaus. Alas, thawb mus rau sublime tsis yog ib txwm ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv nyeem theem pib. Txhawm rau zam txhua hom "ci ntsa iab tsis txaus ntseeg", qee cov tuam txhab tsim cov tuam txhab muab lawv cov khoom raws li kev sib txuas nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Ib qho kev txhim kho ua tiav kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov khoos phis tawj simulation. Ua tsaug rau txhua qhov no, tsis tsuas yog tus kws tshaj lij kev ua haujlwm, tab sis leej twg tuaj yeem xaiv cov qauv xav tau.
Vim li cas polyurethane?
Ob tug panels nrog embossed framing cov lus nug no. Cov kws tshaj lij txhais tau tias yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau cov tshuaj ib txwm plaster thiab rau tus nqi, thiab hauv qhov tsis zoo. Ua ntej, rau nws cov kev tsim khoom (los ntawm txoj kev, hom yas tsim nyob rau hauv Russia) tsis tas yuav muaj zog cov thev naus laus zis thiab cov khoom siv roj kim kim, uas txo cov nqi tiav ntawm cov khoom tiav. Qhov thib ob, nws yog qhov tsis tshua muaj kev sib cav, tiv taus cov ultretentations thiab yog li nws tuaj yeem nyob ze rau lub teeb thiab cua sov (tsuas yog qhib hluav taws yuav tsum tau zam). Nws kuj tsis nqus noo noo thiab ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab, uas ua rau nws tsis tseem ceeb hauv chav nrog nce qib av noo (chav dej). Thib peb, polyurethane yog ib puag ncig kev phooj ywg, kev cog phom kho yog txawm tsim tau los ntawm nws, uas, yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws pom zoo ntawm nws kev ruaj ntseg. Yog li, Polyurethane décor yog qhov tsim nyog nyob hauv tsev uas muaj cov neeg txom nyem ntawm kev ua xua.
Kodrogen Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom suav nrog nws lub zog thiab lub teeb ci (uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov plaub hau sib txawv lossis ntawm kev tshem tawm hauv qab nthab), nrog rau cov txheeb ze. Qhov kawg zoo yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb yog tias cov phab ntsa thiab qab nthab thiab qab nyob hauv lub tsev tsis zoo nkauj du (thiab leej twg tuaj yeem khav ntawm nws?). Polyurethane eaves tuaj yeem raug txo me ntsis, qhov me me curvature yuav tsis tiv thaiv lub installation, uas nws tus kheej yooj yim heev. Thaum kawg, qhov inertness ntawm cov khoom tso cai rau koj los xaiv ib hom xim (tshwj tsis yog thaum cov khoom lag luam tsis yog primed, tab sis laminated).
Feem ntau, ua npuas ncauj polyurethane tsis muab piv nrog cov plaster, tab sis nrog cov khoom siv polystyrene, txawm tias muaj ob xyoos, rau ib xyoos ntxiv. Nws yuav tau them los ntawm 20 txog 100 rubles. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov no nws txhua yam nyob ntawm koj cov phiaj xwm. Polyurethane candice muaj peev xwm muab 30-40 xyoo thiab tiv taus cov khoom staining, thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo li qub yuav zoo li cov khoom noj tom qab 2-3 kom zoo nkauj ", yog li nws yuav tau hloov nws. Thiaj li, nquag "hloov ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj" yog qhov zoo dua los xum palystyrene, thiab cov neeg uas tsis txaus siab rau ib txwm muaj nrog cov polyurethane ua npuas ncauj.
Kev ntxhib los mos thiab xim
Kev kho kom zoo nkauj tuaj yeem ua si thiab ua haujlwm rau lub cev, yog cov tuam tsev uas muaj lub ntsej muag ntxiv rau cov TAR, hais txog sijhawm polyurethane daj. Cov lus yog cov hauv paus tsis yog: xim daj daj ntawm cov yas, thiab cov xim dawb muab nws cov yeeb yaj kiab tshwj xeeb, ib txwm muaj dawb).
Qhov tseeb, polyurethane khoom yog lossis cov cim, lossis laminated. Rau thawj embodiment, lawv yog kim kim, tab sis ntau ruaj ruaj, thiab yuav luag txhua cov xim haum rau lawv. Hauv ob, nws yuav tsum txwv tsuas yog nrog cov nyiaj hauv dej-emulsion (nitrocacies thiab nitrolaci yuav tsum tau cais tawm). Nco ntsoov tias cov txheej yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, txawm tias koj xav khaws cov xim dawb-dawb.
Muaj, los ntawm txoj kev, muaj lub comma, raws li qhov twg stucco thiab eaves yuav tsum yog dawb. Nws tsis yog muaj tseeb kiag li.
Baroque lossis khoob dai (cov nkaws, iav) feem ntau npog nrog kub nitrol lossis acrylic, qee zaum muaj kub tiag kub. Tag nrho cov no zoo kawg nkaus, tab sis, frankly, me ntsis pompous. Nws tseem tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kub, raws li txoj cai, glitters tsuas yog nyob rau convex lossis concave seem. Ntawm lub dav hlau nws yuav zoo li cov ocher, txawm tias muaj teeb pom kev zoo (lub kaum sab xis yog qhov tseem ceeb). Qhov kev xaiv ntau ntau rau cov uas nyiam lub dai kom zoo nkauj hauv cov style ntawm niaj hnub lossis lub teb chaws. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem xaiv cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish ntawm ib qho ntxoov ntxoo thiab nrog lawv pab tau ua kom qog ntoo, ntuj pob zeb thiab txawm tias daim ntaub.
Cov chandelier nplua nuj thiab lub qhov (socket) tsuas yog tsim nyog hauv tsev nrog cov xwm txheej siab, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub txog xim, tab sis kuj yog cov qauv. Piv txwv li, hauv cov ntoo "hauv qab ntoo" Karnis, tus yam ntxwv zoo, ua piv txwv ntawm cov ntoo ntoo. Ib qho ntxim nyiam nthuav yog yog tias lub eave ntawm cov eaves lossis molding nrog ib qho chaw tsis sib xws tom qab cov xim tseem ceeb kom dhau los ntawm cov xim txhuam los ntawm lwm cov ntxoov ntxoo. Txhua thiab niches, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog "Venetian plaster", nrog kev ua tiav zoo, tuaj yeem coj mus rau marble lossis granite. Nws lom zem, tab sis qee zaum lawv lub ntsiab lus tso tawm tsis muaj sab nrauv, tab sis lub suab. Nws yog txaus kom khob ntawm polyurethane kem lossis niche kom nkag siab txog dab tsi nws yog ua tau los ntawm. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau cov tswv yim uas cia koj ua kom tiav kev dag ntxias ob lub zeem muag thiab pob ntseg. Cia peb hais, xuab zeb lossis pebbles tau nchuav rau hauv cov kab hollow, thiab tam sim no lub emptiness yog "tsis kaw."
Ntau tus kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias eavible yuav tsum tau txav mus los nrog kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb: ua ntej lawv yuav tsum tau them nrog ib txheej roj pleev xim.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Mounting
Nws ntseeg tau tias kev teeb tsa ntawm polyurethane stucco yog qhov yooj yim. Qhov no muaj tseeb, tab sis nrog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb, yooj yim rau cov kws tshaj lij.
Tus thav duab ntawm lub qhov rooj yog zoo sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov rooj tog, hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj uas muaj nyob rau hauv txhua hnub nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas lawv tau npaj tseg. Vim tias qhov no, "kev siv" polyurethane mus rau ib puag ncig (ntsuas kub thiab av noo) tshwm sim. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, saum npoo ntawm lub qab nthab thiab phab ntsa yuav tsum tau txig huv thiab qhuav, tsis muaj cov kua nplaum yuav cawm tau los ntawm kev puas tsuaj tom ntej.
Me me thiab, tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus hnyav yog tsuas yog lo rau phab ntsa lossis qab nthab, nrog qhov no, nyuaj heev rau kev tiv thaiv. Kev nyuaj tshwm sim thaum cov neeg tau sib txuas yuav tsum txuas, xws li cov pob zeb lossis moulds. Npleem cov ces kaum kom lawv zoo kawg nkaus coincididbided, nws tsis yooj yim. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum tau teeb tsa cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb: Stusla, saws, spatulas nws. Tau lawv rau ib-zaug siv tsis tau ib yam nkaus. Qee cov tuam txhab muab cov cuab yeej ntawm cov cuab yeej rau tus kheej, thiab cov teeb no (nws haum rau hauv lub thawv ntim khoom) lossis yuav khoom lossis xauj tsev. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv cov lus qhia kom ntxaws, nyob rau hauv uas pab txhawb nqa cov nyiaj tau los yog txiav txim siab qib los ntawm kauj ruam.
Lub High Plinth Call faib cov phab ntsa kab rov tav uas feem ntau ntawm cov nplaum no tsis yog siv cov "kua ua kua thiab dhau los, tshwj xeeb yog lub tsev tshiab , tej zaum yuav ua raws li kev txiav txim ntawm lub ntuj shrinkage khaws "qhia" (tus neeg tim khawv qhia cov dab neeg qhia txog ib lub pob zeb poob rau txhua lub rooj poob). Ib-meter shrinkage nyob hauv tsev thiab lwm yam kev tawm tsam yuav tsum nco ntsoov, txawm hais tias tus corporate kua nplaum rau kev teeb tsa thiab docking siv.
Cov eaves thiab mouldings, ntxiv rau kua nplaum, yog tseem txuas los ntawm tus kheej-draws lossis screws los txhim kho cov kua nplaum kom ua tiav kom tiav. Saj zawg zog (nkhaus) Eaves thiab molding yog kho nrog cov kua nplaum tshwj xeeb (ob qho tib si sib dhos thiab docking) thiab screws.
Tej zaum cov thev naus laus zis ntau tshaj plaws thiab cov thev naus laus zis ntawm cov kab ntawv kho kom raug. Lawm, los ntawm lawv tus kheej, lawv tsis txhawb nqa vaj tsev, tab sis tej zaum yuav nkaum zoo inexpressive kev txhawb nqa (cov kav dej hlau, carcasses anks.p.). Ob lub tsheb ciav hlau-xas-xas yog txuas nrog los ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab kua nplaum (qee zaum, raws li peb tau hais, ib lossis lwm tus muab ua haujlwm). Kho qhov siab ntawm cov ncej puab lossis kem nws tus kheej muaj ntawm cov neeg modules, ib yam li cov qauv antique. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov chaw ntawm cov modules tsis yog txhua yam tsim nyog kom kaw.
Polyurethane Ntxiv ...
Qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm lub nrawm nrawm ntawm lub stucco yog twv yuav raug hu tsis tsawg tshaj li nws cov ntaub ntawv zoo nkauj, yog vim li cas cov tuam ntxhab tab tom xaiv cov khoom lag luam uas tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Yog li, cov txhais tau tias yog siv, tseem ceeb sawv cev rau tib polyurethane, tab sis nyob rau hauv lwm lub xeev sib sau. Kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab tshwm sim ntawm qib molecular. Txhim kho cov ORC ntxiv yog cov khoom lag luam zoo nkauj ntxiv, pabcuam txuas rau qhov eaves, molding nrog txhua lwm yam. Nws drips yog muab tshem tawm tsuas yog tom qab ziab (tom qab 3 teev). ORAC kho cov qauv ntxiv-mounted kua nplaum, uas tseem siv rau yoog raws Eavings, molding thiab kab. ORAC txhim kho cov ntawv foos ua haujlwm los tso Karnis, moulds thiab plinks rau lub qab nthab thiab ib txhij ua ib qho chaw ua haujlwm.
Tus adefix f w mounted nplaum thiab docking adefix p5 ntawm NMC lub tuam txhab kuj tseem siv tau txhais tau tias yog kev sib khi ntawm cov khoom sib luag thiab tiaj tus profiles. Docking muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm elit decor los ntawm gaudi kho kom zoo nkauj tsuas yog kho cov ntxhw cov menyuam, tab sis tsis siv raws li lub putty. Decompaster ua ob hom ntawm Frost-resistant lo - decompaster rau polyurethane ua npuas dej (txog li 20C) thiab decompus nrho cov tsheb polyurethane (txog li ntawm 40 ° C).
Thiab palaces thiab tsev pheeb suab!
Qhov no yog li cas nws yog tau txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj ntawm stucco los ntawm polyurethane. Nyob rau hauv nws cov kev ua kom zoo nkauj zoo, nws qhia meej meej rau thawj zaug, tab sis raws li tus nqi siab heev, rau tus thib ob. Hauv ib lo lus, txhua tus raws li qhov xav tau! Peb muab cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau qhov tau txais cov ntawv thov Stucco.Cov Pob Kws, Cov Pluashas, Pwm (Recured Corders rau phab ntsa) yog qhov muaj ntau thiab ywj pheej ntawm cov style ib txwm muaj decor ntsiab. Raws li peb tau hais, lawv tsis tas yuav tsum tau dawb.
Ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm kev tsim kho rau zais teeb pom kev zoo. Ntawm sab hauv, lawv raug kaw nrog ntawv ci txheej, uas, ntawm ib sab, tiv thaiv cov khoom los ntawm overheating, thiab nyob rau lwm tus, nws ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg peculiar.
Qhov thiaj li hu ua cov chaw siv hluav taws xob thiab cov pwm yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Lawv tau ua nrog ntxiv rau cov roj hmab yas, kom lawv tau txais kev tshwj xeeb. Siv los kho cov npoo av nkhaus - sib npaug phab ntsa, tshem tawm et.p. Nco ntsoov tias cov eaves thiab lub qhov cub yuav tsum sib phim nyob hauv qhov dav. Tib lub sijhawm, saib sab saum toj nrog lub qab nthab qis, ib qho kev tsis tsim nyog yuav muab rau chav. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tus kab rov tav nyias yuav hais txog cov kab rov tav thiab ua kom lub tsev pom dav ntau dua.
Curly mouldings Cov iav rau cov tsom iav, medallions, rooj panels ua tiav tau ua tiav. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm uas yuav tau los yog kev cia siab rau qhov chaw, lossis muab nws nruj nreem cov duab zoo.
Arches, plategraphs. Peb tuaj yeem muab cov chaw sib faib kom meej rau ob peb qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw hlab. Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov lus ntsug visually nce qhov siab ntawm lub qab nthab. Qhov rooj thiab qhov rai platebands hauv style yuav tsum sib haum rau cov eaves thiab lub plaws. Raws li rau sab xub ntiag ntawm lub qhov rooj, nws yog tsim nyog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv classic sab hauv.
Niches Console thiab Shelves Hu rau phab ntsa kho kom zoo nkauj thiab feem ntau siv los ua cov khoom siv uas tsim nyog ua tus tsim qauv lossis cov tsiaj txhu rau cov roj ntsha, cov phau ntawv, cov phau ntawv foob. Ib qho ntxim nyiam nthuav dav yog tias cov niches yog nruab nrog lub built-in backlight system.
Qab nthab outlets thiab dome - Raug "Palace nyob rau seem". Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tsuas yog nrog txaus qab nthab nthab (ntau dua 3m), txwv tsis pub lawv ua kom loj hlob ntawm lawv lub taub hau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis yog ib txwm ntshai thiab pompous. Muaj ntau tus laconic nyob rau hauv cov duab (puag ncig, square los yog voos), tsis muaj kev zam ntawm ib qho déc. Feem ntau, tab sis tsis tas, ua ke nrog cov chandelier classic lossis lwm yam teeb ci ntsa iab. Tuaj yeem ua raws li ib tug ywj pheej devorive ntxig. Obliges rau ib qho kev pom zoo centric sib sau ntawm sab hauv.
Txhua thiab cov tub rog Cov. Lawv tuaj yeem raug hu ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm architectural décor tsis muaj kev ncab. Qhov txoj kab uas hla ntawm txhua tus yog ib txwm muaj, vim tias lub sijhawm ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub, yog 14-25cm. Cov kev sib tw ntawm cov peev txheej, cov pob tw thiab cov pob tw kuj sib haum rau cov qauv qauv thaum ub thiab cov muaj kuab. Ntxiv mus, qee cov kab tau ua nrog cov thickening tshwj xeeb (entazis) ntawm pob tw, ua tsaug rau uas lawv saib cov cuab yeej ntawm peb qhov kev xav kho qhov muag). Cov qauv xws li tsis tau txiav hla dhau, yog li qhov siab yuav tsum tau hloov kho siv lub hauv paus. Ikolovna, thiab pilasters thov cov cwj pwm tshaj plaws ntawm lawv tus kheej. Qhov twg tsis muaj kev sib faib dhau los rau plinting lossis corice tsuas yog cuam tshuam phab ntsa dav hlau, unsuccessful txhua qhov chaw yuav twb tau tag nrho cov chaw ua kom tiav. Ib qho ntxiv, cov ntsiab cai paub zoo "xya zaus tuag" yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
Qhov Kev Kho Kom Zoo Tshaj Plaws
Lub dav hlau xim ntawm phab ntsa, yooj yim cornice thiab laconic qab nthab (wm Lawv yog thawj zaug los nthuav tawm lawv cov khoom lag luam hauv Lavxias kev ua lag luam. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov tuam txhab no yog qhov dav heev los ntawm keeb kwm raug ntawm lub Palace décor mus Minimalist cov pob zeb thiab lub plinths. Tus nqi yuav raug hu ua tus txheeb ze. Mouldings los ntawm NMC ntev 2M, nyob ntawm qhov loj me ntawm ntu, raug nqi los ntawm 200 txog 1500 rubles, thiab lub plaws xob - 350-450 rubles. Lub seockets ntawm tib lub tuam txhab mus rau tus nqi ntawm ntawm 200 txog 2100 rubles., Thiab zoo nkauj niches yog kwv yees li 800 rubles. Kev siv cov av ntawm cov av ntxhia nce tus nqi (nws tau thov hauv 2 txheej).
Ua raws li Belgian dav dav, Cov tuam txhab zeb cov uas tau txais, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Gaudi dai kom zoo thiab muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm 300 rubles, moulding - los ntawm 200 txog 1250 rubles). Floral ornaments prevailing no khov kho. Qhov no yog khoom plig rau kev coj ua sab hnub tuaj. Cov neeg tsim qauv Gaudi décor ntseeg tias lub teeb "plooj" Circuital ntawm cov qauv duab (lub tuam txhab tsuas yog zoo ib yam li cov stucco los ntawm Gypsum. Cov Khoom Uas Muaj Peev Xwm thiab Cov Khoom Muaj Peev Xwm Muaj Kev Sib Tw kuj tau muab los ntawm Lavxias cov tuam ntxhab, xws li "Europlast" thiab Decomaster. Yog li, mouldings los ntawm lub tuam txhab decompaster ntev 2M, nyob ntawm tus nqi them los ntawm 400 rau 600 rubles, plinths los ntawm 150 txog 300 mus rau 1500 rab.
Peb xav kom rov qab hais tias lub siab xav ua kom lawv lub tsev thawj ib txwm ua rau tsis npaj txhij txog thiab feem ntau tsim qauv daws teeb meem. Yog li tsis txhob ntshai sim sim nrog lub tsev zoo nkauj ntawm koj lub tsev!
Cov kws khoosts ua tsaug lub tuam txhab "Ambire dai", "Prestige decor", "déces", "khoom", decomaster rau kev pab hauv kev npaj cov khoom siv.