Kev tsim kho ntawm ob chav tsev nrog tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm 47.3 M2 nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev ib txwm ntawm series II-18: Sab hauv yam tsis muaj kev txhoj puab heev rau ib khub niam txiv hluas.
Txhua lub ces kaum ntawm chav tsev no rau ib nkawm niam txiv hluas tau nruab nrog kev hlub, mloog thiab ua tiav qhaj ntawv ntawm pomp. Tsis muaj ib qho "nyuaj" cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo "thiab daim foos uas yog kev cai los ua kev txhoj puab heev hauv sab hauv. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem ua tau nyob kaj siab lug thiab huam xeeb, coj qhua thiab ua haujlwm zoo. Yog li, cia peb kawm saib yuav ua li cas.
Kev Kho Dua Tshiab
Saib ntawm txoj kev npaj ntawm no me-me-me me "ob npaug" nrog tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm 50m2, ntau, tej zaum pom lawv lub tsev hauv nws lossis zoo heev rau nws. Cov tsev nyob hauv ib lub tsev raug ntawm LL-18 koob, qhov chaw cov neeg tsim qauv npaj tau peb txoj kev xaiv rau ob chav tsev (A, B thiab C). Cov neeg nyeem tau muab rau cov xim (kev xaiv c) zoo heev los npaj rau ob chav pw ib txwm vaj tse raws li LL-29 (LL-57, thiab (kev xaiv), Ca (EndectB ). Yog li, kev hloov pauv ua hauv chav tsev no, thaum tau txais cov ntawv tso cai cuam tshuam, tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv lawv.Xav sab hauv tsim qauv, cov tswv tsis tau dhau los "looped" ntawm qee yam keeb kwm keeb kwm. Qee txoj kev npaj thiab kho cov tswv yim ua rau nws kab tias nco ntsoov txog lub xyoo pua xeem. Nws tsis txawm tias xyoo rau hnub no muaj nyob hauv kev zam. Tsuas yog ib tug hluas, tab sis twb mighted tiam yeej txaus nyiam kev ywj pheej ntawm cov xyoo, kev ua paj lug tshwj xeeb thiab cov paj huam txhua hnub.
Tsim cov nta ntawm cov tsev apartment yog xws li. Lub phab ntsa sib cais ob chav nyob yog cov cab kuj, cais tawm ntawm av nplaum-qhob thaiv cov pob zeb, tab sis txhua lwm cov partitions yog nyias (80mm), los ntawm gypsum qhob. Xav ua kom yooj yim thiab txo cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab, nrog rau kev tsim kho tag nrho, cov kev hloov pauv tau siv ntau heev. Cia peb hais, tus cab kuj phab ntsa tau raug tsuas yog ua tiav, thiab qhov qhib tau sab laug hauv tib qho chaw thiab yav tas los. Tag nrho tau rhuav tshem txhua lub teeb partitions. Lawv hnav ntawm lawv qhov chaw, tab sis txawv me ntsis, raws li txoj kev npaj tshiab. Cov txheej txheem tau txiav txim siab tsis tsuas yog los ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub qhov rais, dej thiab cov dej phwj tuaj, tab sis kuj tseem muaj qhov chaw cab kuj sib tov cov chav nyob.
Thawj chav tau dhau mus, xws li thiab sab laug. Cov tswv tau npaj nws, vim hais tias chav tsev yuav tsum siv ua chav nyob. Txhawm rau cais nws, nws yuav siv tau los txiav qhib tshiab hauv cov kabmob phab ntsa, thiab qhov no kim heev, thiab qhov kev tshwm sim ntau dua hauv qhov xwm txheej no. Ntawm no, hauv chav nyob, peb xeeb los qhia lub ces kaum me me rau lub chaw haujlwm. Lub chav pw tsuas yog teem rau hauv chav tsev nyob hauv ob chav tsev nyob deb, uas tau ua tiav. Txawv chav dej tig mus rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab me ntsis nce los ntawm txuas ib feem ntawm qhov chaw hauv txoj kev hauv tsev rau nws. Lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, ntawm kev thov ntawm lub hostess, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nrhiav ntawm thaj chaw ntawm chav dej tshiab ntawm chav dej tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias tsis yog peb tau raug kev txiav txim siab zoo, qhov kev txiav txim siab yog tsim hauv thaj chaw tsis muaj kev nyob ze. Yog li ntawd, peb pom ib txoj kev witty tawm: Ua lub cuab yeej rau hauv phab ntsa. Ntawd yog, los ntawm sab ntawm txoj kev hauv tsev tsim lub cib "hnab tshos" uas lub tsheb tau muab tso rau. Nws muab tawm tias ib feem peb yog nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm chav dej (los ntawm muaj lub tsheb thiab ob peb nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm txoj kev hauv tsev, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cib duab sib tw prism. Lub dav hlau sab saum toj ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm 80CM) raug kaw nrog lub qhov cub uas nrog nrog lub rooj sib tham thiab tig mus rau hauv lub rooj xov tooj - nws yooj yim heev ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm txoj kev hauv tsev thiab chav ua noj.
Hloov chaw ntawm lub qub sib faib ntawm chav ua noj thiab chav nyob ua lub tshiab ua ib qho tshiab. Nws sawv nyob rau hauv tib qho chaw, tab sis tam sim no nws yog luv luv-txiav los ntawm ob xaus kom nws tuaj yeem zam ib puag ncig. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, ob qhov kev nkag mus rau chav ua noj tau tshwm sim los ntawm ntau sab. Tib lub qhov rais yog ua tiav hauv kev faib tawm, los ntawm uas koj tuaj yeem, zaum ntawm chav ua noj rooj, saib TV, nyob rau hauv lub tsev nyob. Nws yog kev xav thiab raug xa mus thiab qhov chaw ntawm phab ntsa tshiab, uas txwv txoj kev hauv tsev. Qhov muab faib muaj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tsab ntawv "T". Vim qhov no, nws tau npaj ob lub voj voos - hauv txoj kev hauv tsev - nyob rau ntawm daim iav thiab daim iav thiab ib daim iav, thiab nyob rau sab nraud, lub tsev qiv ntawv ua haujlwm thiab a Khoos phis tawj.
Cov phab ntsa tshiab
Cov ntu qub qub muaj cov ntxig rau lub raj mis lub raj mis, yog li nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau lawv. Tshiab txhim tsa los ntawm xov kawg (hollow) cib. Cov ntaub ntawv no yooj yim heev, kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab muaj cov cua sov thiab lub suab nrov suab zoo li cas, txawm hais tias nws yog qhov siv tau thaum niaj hnub kho. Cov partitions tau ua los ntawm cov tuab tuab ntawm zaus, ntawm cov kab hauv tsev meryonry sib xyaw los ntawm "glims". Lub saum npoo ntawm cov tswm ciab tshiab zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, yog li lawv tau txiav txim siab tias nws tsis tuaj yeem nkaum nws hauv qab cov plaster. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub ci ci Terracotta xim ntawm cov pob zeb ci ntsa iab ntsia hauv chav me me thiab nkees heev. Yog li thaum kawg peb tau mus rau tus neeg tsim qauv kev sib hais.
Cib phab ntsa txiav txim siab kaw lub plaster tsuas yog ntawm ib sab tes, thiab tom qab ntawd kom pleev xim rau ob sab. Txhawm rau sib dhos, ib qho plymsum plaster sib xyaw "gsims-gs" ("glims", Lavxias) tau xaiv. On to top ntawm plaster ntawm lub dav hlau, waterproof sib xyaw ntawm "Qub TT" (Opirok, Finland) thiab dov nrog cov xim ntawm matte acrylate xim harrylate harrylonia (Finland) hauv ob txheej. Achtoba xim mus tau zoo ntawm cov ntxaij ntxig ntawm cov pob zeb tsis sib hais, cov phab ntsa tau npaj tau thawj zaug uas tau npaj siab nrog lub chaw nyob tsis tau ("Knauf", Russia). Rau cov xim, dawb, pearl grey thiab daj noom xim coral xim tau xaiv. Ua tsaug rau cov dawb thiab hlaws qhib, nws ceases kom zoo li muaj cov duab loj thiab cov khoom mos ntxiv, thiab cua sov lub siab. Cov phab ntsa ntawm chav tsev apartment thiab cov cab kuj theem siab nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm "nrog kev daws teeb meem, tshwj tsis yog rau acrylate pleev xim, kuj venetian plaster.
Tus nqi ntawm kev npaj ua haujlwm thiab teeb tsa
| Hom haujlwm | Thaj chaw, m2 | Them nyiaj, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dismantling muab faib | kaum yim | 3.5 | 63. |
| Ntxuav qhov chaw los ntawm cov xim qub, tshem tawm cov duab ntsa | 170. | 2.6 | 442. |
| Dismantling sab nraum zoov txheej thiab cov screed qub | kaum tsib | 3.7. | 55.5 |
| Cib Cais Khoom Ntaus | 23. | 10 | 230. |
| Chaw thau khoom thiab tshem tawm ntawm kev tsim kho cov thoob khib nyiab | - | - | 250. |
| Tag nrho | 1040.5 |
Tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau mounting partitions thiab tshem tawm hauv qab nthab
| Lub npe | tus nab npawj | Nqe, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clok Ceramic Facilitated | 1400 pcs. | 0.26. | 364. |
| Mo-150 Masonry Mix | 630 kg | 0.05 | 31.5 |
| Tag nrho | 395.5 |
Tus nqi hluav taws xob ua haujlwm
| Hom haujlwm | tus nab npawj | Them nyiaj, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Txhim kho cov xov hlau | 210 phaus M. | 3.5 | 735. |
| Txhim Kho Cov Hluav Taws Xob (Cov Khaub Ncaws, Hloov Chaw, Hloov Kho Cov Thawv) | 30 pcs. | 10 | 300. |
| Teeb Meem Hluav Taws Xob Vaj Huam Sib Luag | 1 teeb. | 160. | 160. |
| Kev teeb tsa ntawm cov cua sov pem teb | 1 teeb. | 170. | 170. |
| Tag nrho | 1365. |
Tus nqi hluav taws xob cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
| Lub npe | tus nab npawj | Nqe, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrocabel thiab Cheebtsam | 210 phaus M. | 0.9 | 189. |
| Hluav Taws Xob, Uzo, Tsis Siv Neeg Machine (Lub teb chaws Yelemees) | 1 teeb. | 140. | 140. |
| Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob | 30 pcs. | - | 320. |
| Celhit pem teb cua sov cev (Spain) | 1 teeb. | - | 650. |
| Tag nrho | 1299. |
Paul thiab qab nthab
Lub xeev ntawm parquet pem teb hauv chav nyob hauv thaj chaw zoo li yog qhov txaus siab, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab tsis hloov. Txawm li cas los xij, Parquet yuav tsum txhuam, uas tau qhia lub qub, uas tau tshaj tawm cov nplaim hluav taws, uas tau rov them nrog Kiilto (Finland) varnish hauv peb txheej. Hauv tib chav, qhov chaw hauv pem teb tau npaj los ntawm cov cuab yeej ceramic granite (chav nyob, chav dej, chav ua noj), txheej txheej qub thiab cov screed. Qhov no tau ua txhua vim tias cov xis mas txheej muab tawm kom tawg lossis tev tawm - qhov no tsis yog. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ceramic granite, lawv xav muab lub siab sov mats ntawm lub tsev sov, rau lwm "ncuav mog qab zib". Nws tau ua tiav li ntawd. Nyob rau ntawm lub lim cov qhob sib tshooj, ib qho screed tshiab nrog ib tuab ntawm txog 6 cm yog pw. Nws tshav kub kub-dov "npliag" ("Fundam", Russia). Tom ntej no, lawv muab cov khub cua sov (cov cable fortified rau ntawm daim phiaj) thiab nchuav nws nrog lub tshiab 2 cm nrog cov screed tshiab. Tom qab cov ripening ntawm no lub hauv paus, lub ceramic granite marazzi (Ltalis) vuas tau muab tso rau sab saum toj ntawm nws.Lub ceilings nyob rau hauv txhua chav, muaj kev zam ntawm chav dej thiab txoj kev hauv tsev, zoo li lawv hais ua tiav, ntuj. Qhov ntawd yog, plastered rau ntawm cov pob zeb ua ke, nti-tawv nqaij thiab pleev xim ("Qub TT" plaster "waterproof" poj niam vh ", ua tiav tsis tiav). Cov xim tau xaiv tib yam li rau cov phab ntsa - Tikkurila, tab sis dawb. Lub qab nthab txiav txim siab tsis txhob muab toned txhua, nws yuav pom kev txo qis cov qib qis (2.7 m). Lub qab nthab tau ua me ntsis txo qis, tshem tawm, yob. Tshav Xim Ntsuab Matle ntsuab (US nthab teeb, Tebchaws USA) yog mounted ntawm kaum sab xis ntawm 45 rau sab laug rau sab xis, raws li kev coj ntawm chav.
Cia peb tsim cov neeg tsim cov visor (HippSocarton), nyob rau hauv uas muaj me me square niche, raws nraim qhov sib txawv ntawm lub qhov rooj. Lub chaw ntawm Niche ntxiv dag zog rau lub teeb teeb pom kev zoo hauv cov xim av, thiab nyob hauv ib lub chaw nyob hauv ib qho, peb thaj chaw tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm daim iav thiab casanger. Yog tias chav da dej hlawv lub teeb, txoj kev hauv tsev yuav them nrog ib qho ntxiv - los ntawm lub qhov rais nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab chav dej, kaw nrog tsib matte iav fwj.
Tus nqi ntawm cov lej ua haujlwm
| Hom haujlwm | tus nab npawj | Them nyiaj, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zoo Tshaj Plaws Plaster Chaw | 170 M 2. | 10 | 1700. |
| Cov xim zoo xim ntawm cov chaw | 78m2. | 12 | 936. |
| Casting Ntsa Los Ntawm Phab Ntsa | 43,5M2 | plaub | 174. |
| Fem phab ntsa nrog cov vuas luaj ceramic | 20M2 | kaum yim | 360. |
| Txhim kho ntawm maj qab nthab | 3,5m2 | kaum rau | 56. |
| Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab | 2 pcs. | 60. | 120. |
| Tag nrho | 3346. |
Tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tsim cov khoom ua haujlwm tiav
| Lub npe | tus nab npawj | Nqe, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Av "Betokontakt" ("Ob txhais lus") | 28Kg | 2.5 | 70. |
| Stucco "Laus TT" | 1020kg | 0,3. | 306. |
| Ntxuav "laus" | 610kg | 0.5. | 305. |
| Xim V / d Tikkurila | 36l. | 4.8. | 172.8 |
| Hniav plaster (Fabkis) | 30kg | 4.3 | 129. |
| Mosaic Bisazza (Ltalis) | 12m2. | 29. | 348. |
| Nplaum nplais bisazza. | 92kg | 0,7. | 64,4. |
| Tag nrho | 1395,2 |
Chav nyob, txee thiab chav ua noj
Qhov loj ntawm phab ntsa ntawm chav nyob tom qab ua tiav putty yog primed thiab sib cais los ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj - lub npe hu ua Venetian plaster (suprim 100 av thiab veneto pumentures s.a., Fabkis). Thawj cov txheej nyias nyias ntawm Veneto tau thov covyees thoob plaws hauv qab npoo - yog li tsim lub hauv paus-keeb kwm yav dhau los. Peb txheej hauv qab no tau dhau mus rau cov khoom siv hlau ua ke nrog cov npoo sib npaug, viav vias cov paste chaotically, hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv. Txhua txhua txheej sim ua kom ua tau li nyias thiab pob tshab, txhais tau me ntsis (ntxiv lawm, ib txheej tuab yuav tawg). Ua tsaug rau cov txheej uas tsis nyiam thiab lawv qhov kev sib kis los ntawm txhua lwm, kos duab kos duab ntawm qhov muag plooj tau muab, zoo li ntuj ci ntsa iab marble. Txhawm rau tsim cov nyhuv zoo nkauj thiab kev tiv thaiv zoo dua hauv ib lub lim tiam tom qab siv cov ntaub mos muag muag (los ntawm cov ntaub mos muag muag (los ntawm cov ntaub mos muag kom tau txais ib qho me ntsis pom, lub teeb ci. Cov khoom tsim tau ntxuav tau.Cov khoom noj khoom me me ntawm lub chaw txee - tej zaum, lub ntsiab ua tiav ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab. Raws nraim li qhov loj me thiab kev npaj ntawm rooj tog, cheeb tsam no nrog cov neeg txhawb siab thiab kho siab ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm no. Zaum ntawm lub rooj computer, koj ua tau, yam tsis tau tawm ntawm lub rooj zaum tawm, mus txog cov phau ntawv ntawm txee. Lub rhawv lawv tau ua txoj cai no nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, los ntawm cov rooj tog gltingic mangasive, qhov loj me ntawm kev sib tshuam npaj rau cov khoom uas cov khoom siv.
Lub desktop ntawm lub desktop hloov tshiab (los ntawm MDF) laminated nyob rau hauv tsob ntoo tsaus nti, thiab kos rau hauv nws tshiab stainless hlau, los ntawm Reginox, Holland). Veu, The Countertop Mounted Cov Khoom Siv Roj Ua Noj (Bosch, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees), thiab tib lub tuam txhab nyob hauv tib lub tuam txhab. Muab thiab qhov chaw yooj yim rau cov tub yees loj los ntawm Vestlamprost (Denmark). Rau nws, Septum me me tau tsa, vim tias Niche tau tsim, nyob rau hauv qhov loj me raws nraim rau qhov ntev ntawm cov cuab yeej.
Tus nqi ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej ntawm cov plag tsev
| Hom haujlwm | Thaj chaw, m2 | Them nyiaj, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| CEMENT CRANE khi | kaum tsib | 10 | 150. |
| Ntaus ntawv ntawm txheej waterproofing | 3.5 | plaub | kaum plaub |
| Kho cov parquet plag tsev | 31,4. | 12 | 376.8. |
| Flooring ntawm cov tsev vuas luaj | 15.92 | kaum rau | 254.7 |
| Tag nrho | 795.5 |
Tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau cov cuab yeej flooring
| Lub npe | tus nab npawj | Nqe, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peskobeton (Russia) | 850kg | 0.05 | 42.5 |
| Kev ua kom tsis muaj dej | 6L | 37. | 222. |
| Av "Betokontakt" | 28Kg | 2.5 | 70. |
| Kua roj vanish parquet Kiilto | 26KG | 13 | 338. |
| Ceramic granite marazzi. | 15.92M2 | 27. | 430. |
| Pobzeb Adhesive (Russia) | 120kg | 0.4. | 48. |
| Tag nrho | 1150.5 |
Lub tsev viv
Cov phab ntsa ntawm chav dej tau muaj ntau yam muaj ntau yam: Dhau li ntawm Venetian plaster, muaj ib khob mosaic bisazza, nrog rau cov dav hlau uas npog nrog acrylate pleev xim. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav kom dhau los ua tau, phab ntsa (thiab cib, thiab pob zeb ua kom zoo ib yam nkaus thiab kho mob thiab kho mob acrylate primer kf (pufas werk, lub teb chaws yees). Cov xim sib tw tawm ntawm qhov chaw tiaj tiaj no, lawv tau siv "Venetian", txuas rau Mosaic siv ib qho kua nplaum adex los ntawm bisazza. (Ib qho iav zoo sib xws Mosaic nteg tawm rau "apron" hauv qhov chaw no lawv tau nkag mus ua ke nrog lub teeb ci.) Ib phab ntsa ntawm chav dej tau pleev xim rau hauv tib lub coral xim. Rau cov cuab yeej ntawm chav, cov kav dej tau raug xaiv kom yooj yim li sai tau thiab nruj, me ntsis strayhed geometric Sharmes. Raws li qhov no, yuav lub cam-hlau da dej ntawm cov duab plaub fab tsis tu ncua (loj-18085cm, nrog cov pob tawb chork) thiab chav dej nrog lub tank los ntawm gustavsberg (Sweden). Ntawm qhov txawv txawv, tapered wasbasin (galassia, ltalis) thiab cov khoom siv da dej los ntawm Grohe (Yelemees).Nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm huv
| Hom haujlwm | tus nab npawj | Them nyiaj, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Txhim Kho Cov Kav Dej | 23 POG. M. | tsib | 115. |
| Txhim Kho Cov Taps | 12 pig M. | plaub | 48. |
| Txhim kho qhov faib tawm | 2 pcs. | yim | kaum rau |
| Teeb tsa chav dej | 1 PC. | 45. | 45. |
| Txhim kho ntawm cov phuam ciav hlau | 1 PC. | 23. | 23. |
| Txhim kho cov tov khoom | 2 pcs. | 19.8. | 39.6 |
| Cov tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws | 1 PC. | 60. | 60. |
| Da Dej Installation | 1 PC. | 90. | 90. |
| Tag nrho | 436.6 |
Tus nqi ntawm cov kav dej ntws thiab cov khoom siv
| Lub npe | tus nab npawj | Nqe, $ | Nqi, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kav hlau ntawm hlau-polymer | 23 POG. M. | 6. | 138. |
| Cov PIPES SERRER PVC | 12 pig M. | tsib | 60. |
| Chav da dej gustavsavsberg | 1 PC. | 260. | 260. |
| Da dej Roca. | 1 PC. | 370. | 370. |
| Washbasin gallassia. | 1 PC. | 290. | 290. |
| Tag nrho | 1118. |
Chav pw
Tib chav sib cais tsuas yog qhov dav hauv qab hauv chav pw. Tsim ntawm no, thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho ntawm lub tsev, Niche 130 cm dav dav tig mus ua qhov haum rau cov cuab yeej wardrobe. Lub txaj tau raug xaiv hauv qhov loj me 180200CM thiab muab cov headboard rau ntawm phab ntsa ntev. Phab ntsa hauv chav pw tsuas yog dai kom zoo, tab sis kos duab. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, yuav du, tsis muaj qauv, yas cov phab ntsa ntawm ob xim-bluish-grey thiab cog lus. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov yooj yim, tab sis qhia tawm geometric qauv. Xiav-txhuas-coj lawv cov keeb kwm yav dhau los sib raug rau lub qhov rooj ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm cov xim av-daj ua ke, thiab cov txheej txheem ntoo lub teeb thiab cov txiv ntseej txaj thiab hauv ncoo. Lub niche rau lub txee rau hauv txee rau khoom tau txwv rau lub sijhawm mus xyuas ntawm phab ntsa. Ntev daws cov daws, hauv cov xim dab tsi pleev xim rau nws. Yog tias tus visor yuav toned nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov txee dai khaub ncaws lossis phab ntsa, nws yuav zoo li nws tau ua los ntawm dawb, nws yuav dhau los ua visually. Yog li ntawd, cov xim tau pom nyob rau hauv uas lub duab plaub prism yog pleev xim rau thaum kawg, lub ntsej muag daj, me me ntawm lub qhov rooj txee. Ibbagodararor zoo li kev daws teeb meem, cov ntsiab lus no haum yooj yim rau hauv ob peb lub tsim sab hauv.
Cov kws kho cov lus ceeb toom uas ua raws li txoj kev koom ua ke ntawm Lavxias tsev hais plaub, kev sib koom tes ntawm kev ua kom zoo dua thiab rov ua dua tshiab.
Kws Tsim Qauv: Igor Gorodetsky
Thawj tus choj: Vladimir Gorodetsky
Saib Qhov Loj