Txhua tus paub txog Cerebrostride. Tab sis txawm tias muag tau qee zaum tsis paub los ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ntau hom tsiaj, tso cov txheej txheem thiab kev ua haujlwm txoj cai.
Ntau cov khoom siv sau txog yuav ua li cas zoo ntawm porcelainin-fining khoom siv, zoo dua thiab cov vuas ntuj, thiab ceramic vuas luaj. Kaum yim ntawm cov nqe lus zoo li kev ntseeg siab tias tus yuav yuav tsis ntsib teeb meem hauv kev yuav khoom thiab tswj nws. Txawm li cas los xij, xyaum qhia lwm tus. Tus neeg tau txais kev pab, thiab qee zaum tus muag khoom tsis paub txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov ceramic granite, ntau hom tsiaj, cov hau kev ntawm kev tso thiab ntxiv ...
-Well, koj puas muaj glazed plooj (veneers) pob zeb pob zeb?
-Please, ntawm no yog polished! "
(Kev sib tham hauv kev ua lag luam)
Peb yuav tsis rov qab mus rau lo lus nug ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub npe thiab daim phiaj pob zeb pob zeb, vim tias qhov no tsis tseem ceeb. Peb tsuas yog nco ntsoov tias cov pobzeb ntawm lub pob zeb dag tau yug thaum 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem hauv Ltalis. Niaj hnub no, cov khoom siv no tsim ob qho kev lag luam tshwj xeeb thiab cov tuam txhab tsim cov vuas luaj ceramic ceramic. Ntawm cov neeg tshwj xeeb "cov ntawv" cov teeb tsa, Casala Dolce Casa, Casalegrande, Lanceram, Soj, Estalis), Russia) ID. "Ceramic" cov neeg ua haujlwm tau hais txog hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov vuas tsis yog lag luam nyob tom qab, thiab cov series ywj pheej, uas lawv muab cov ceramics rau phab ntsa thiab pob zeb pem teb. Peb hu qee cov tuam txhab no: ASCOT, LEIS, ATLAS Conforde, renin cororde, recavisa, vives corona, apavisa, vives corona, aparisa, vives, partma (spain ), Cerabati (Fabkis), Novages (Portugal) IDR.
Yog tias koj txiav txim siab kom muab cov nplais plooj pob zeb, vim nws cov vuas luaj (txog cov vuas luaj (vim yog cov khoom siv sib txawv ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab tus nqi qis), koj tuaj yeem ib txwm xaiv ib qho -Piece sau los ntawm ib lub chaw tsim khoom, tsis tas yuav "Stagging", uas yog, kev tshawb nrhiav ywj siab rau kev sib txuas haum.
Cov koob meej ntawm GRCellanato (lub npe Italian ntawm phau ntawv cov neeg siv khoom) hauv cov khoom siv uas muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev tsim khoom lag luam thiab ua tiav. Raws li cov khoom siv sib xyaw, cov khoom siv cuam tshuam los ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev tsim khoom, cov kws tshaj lij nrog rau cov nplais ntawm ib leeg thiab qhov kawg thiab kev zoo nkauj nws yog qhov sib piv rau lub pob zeb ntuj.
Nyob rau hauv thawj zaug sib xyaw ntawm cov pob zeb plooj cartware suav nrog ob peb ntau yam teeb, thiaj li hu dawb, av nplaum nplua nuj hauv Kaolinite; Quartz xuab zeb; Feldspar; nrag pigments - hlau oxides; Selenium; Cadmium thiab lwm yam ntsiab. Txhua cov khoom sib xyaw muaj cov keeb kwm ntuj thiab, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov cheebtsam ntawm ntuj granite, tsis txhob ua raws li qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Kev sib tsoo cov khoom sib tsoo tau nias hauv qab siab (45Mpa, lossis 450atm) hauv cov pob zeb uas muaj peev xwm muab cov pob zeb ntawm pob zeb, parquet board thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Qhov kev npaj ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg (1515, 2030, 3000, 60 xyoo, 6060ss thiab lwm yam., Nrog 15 hli) tau xa mus rau qhov kub ntawm 1250-1300C. Qhov no tau cov homogeneous porcelein nplais, yam ntxwv los ntawm homogeneous xim hauv txhua qhov tuab tuab. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov pob zeb zoo li ib txwm muaj ceramic ceramic, uas muaj kev deuterine (lub cev) yog xim liab lossis dawb nrog cov xim sib txawv.
Yog tias cov chaw tsim khoom nrhiav tsim kom meej ntawm marble, travertine pob zeb, ntoo, yam tsis muaj chaw tsim nyog los ntawm staining, me me). Daim duab dov lossis tshuaj tsuag kom txog thaum tua hluav taws. Qhov tshwm sim yog ob hom saum npoo: txawm yog iav tawv-zoo li crust, zoo li lub ntsej muag ntawm cov nplais, lossis txheej matte. Txog cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej, cov nplais yog qhov zoo heev rau cov khaub thuas, hauv cov xim thib ob nkag mus rau hauv lub chaw muag khoom. Svidoy xws li cov pobzeb tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm homogeneous, tab sis sab nraum qab ntawm nws lwm yam xim.
Kev siv thev naus laus zis zoo sib xws hauv kev tsim khoom Satin porcelain. Ua ntej kev kho cua sov, lub semi-tiav cov khoom lag luam yog them nrog pob tshab ntxhib muaj kua muaj muaj, muaju nrog kev sib txawv melting. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws hloov tawm kev ci ntsa iab me ntsis, raws li nws tau, "muag" mos.
Cov homogeneous lossis glazed plooj (cov nplaim hluav taws xob los ntawm cov cub hluav taws, raws li txoj cai, muaj matte nto. Kom tau txais ntau yam ntawm cov textures, cov nplais du yog polished rau lub brilliance, thiab "tsis sib xws los tsim kev ntxhib los mos uas ua ke thaj chaw ci ntsa iab thiab matte. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim plooj (veneacain stoneware yog ratified los ntawm cov npoo (npoo) kom tau txais qhov ntev thiab tau tshem ntawm cov microcols tom qab polishing. Qhov no ua rau nws tau nteg nws ua pob zeb, yuav luag tsis muaj nqaws.
Yog li, muaj ntau hom Caum Corcellanato hauv ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm ib zaug: Matte, polished, satin-rectified. Thiab lawv txawv ob qho tib si hauv tsos thiab rau qee yam khoom.
Hauv cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws hauv lub cev nias, cov vuas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rov kho dua (kev loj hlob ntawm cov muaju hauv sintereded loj). Vitoga yog ntom heev, ua tau monolithic cov khoom siv nrog cov porosity tsawg. Nws yog nws uas txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov pob zeb plooj (veneinain) pob zeb tsis kam (tsawg dua 0.05%), Frostistion, tsis kam mus rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov khoom kawg yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ruaj khov ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg, ruaj, hnav tsis kam thiab khaws cia hluav taws xob. Tag nrho cov khoom yog kwv yees ntawm cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab raug qhia hauv cov khoom lag luam khoom thiab ntim.
Nicch DIN 51130.
| Rau cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv pem teb hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm nrog nplua sawv | ||
| Pab | Qaij kaum, | Cov tau txais daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|
| R 9. | Tsawg dua 10. | Chav rau hnav khaub ncaws hnav, thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg liab qab neeg, thiab lwm yam. |
| R 10. | Txij 10 txog 19 | Chav dej, txoj kev muaj kev muaj tsev, chav ua noj, thiab lwm yam. |
| R 11. | Txij li 20 txog 27 | Khaub Ncaws, Qhib Verandas, Terraces, thiab lwm yam. |
| R 12. | Los ntawm 28 txog 35 | Nqaij ua cov nroj tsuag, chav ua noj, cov piam thaj, thiab lwm yam. |
| R 13. | Tshaj 35. | Cov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam lag luam. |
Nicch DIN 51097.
| Rau pem teb npog hauv thaj chaw ntub qhov chaw uas bosy ob txhais ceg mus | ||
| Pab pawg | Qaij kaum, | Cov tau txais daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|
| A. | Ntau tshaj 12. | Chav rau hnav khaub ncaws hnav, thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg liab qab neeg, thiab lwm yam. |
| B. | Ntau tshaj 18. | Da dej chav, sab pas dej, thiab lwm yam. |
| C. | Ntau tshaj 24. | Sab ntawm cov pas dej nrog txoj kab nqes, hauv qab dej, thiab lwm yam. |
Cov Khoom Siv thiab Lub Hom Phiaj
Dej ragentit (En 99) thiab Frost Kuj (Rau 202). Plooj me me, raws li tau hais ua ntej lawm, muaj 0.01 qis tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom noj (tsuas yog ib khob mosaic tsuas yog tsis nqus noo noo hauv txoj ntsiab cai). Rau kev sib piv: tus nqi yam tsawg kawg nkaus rau cov vuas luaj ceramic yog 1%, rau granite 0.46%, rau marble - 0.11%. Cov pobzeb ntawm cov pob zeb dag tau tuaj yeem tso txhua qhov chaw: ntawm txoj kev, hauv tsev, hauv tsev, hauv tsev, hauv tsev, hauv tsev, hauv tsev, nyob hauv tsev da dej, nyob rau hauv lub tsev da dej tsis muaj kev ntshai tias nws yuav poob rau tom qab nag lossis ntsuj plig, feem. Tab sis nws tsis txhais tau txhua yam uas nws tsim nyog sib cav ua pas dej lossis lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev. Vim li cas? - Koj nug. Vim hais tias thaum lub sij hawm cov tuam ntxhab tsis ua kom dawb lossis xiav pas dej cortards. Nws yuav tig tawm ntau dhau lawm (pheej yig dua los yuav ib qho kev sib xyaw mosaic), thiab cov pobzeb-kua txob "lossis hauv qab pob zeb nrog cov dej ua tuab. Ib yam li ntawd, txiv neej Porcellalanato tsis muaj peev xwm los hloov cov vuas rau ntawm lub ru tsev sloping, tab sis rau kev ntsib ntawm lub ru tsev tiaj tus lossis lub platform ntawm lub ru tsev. Tau kawg, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los muab cov npoo nqaim txhua 2-3m, dej ntws tawm (nrog tsawg kawg lawb tawm 2), muaj kev lim dej zoo kawg nkaus thiab cov dej khov kho.Cov dej nqus dej qis yog pom nyob rau hauv Frost Kuj. Txij li noo noo tsis txeem rau hauv cov khoom, thaum qhov ntsuas kub tsawg dua rau cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo, lub muaju ntawm kev tsim cov dej khov tsis tsoo cov nplais. Cov pob zeb plooj (raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv xeem) thiab muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv ntau tshaj 50 khov thiab yaj thiab yaj thiab yaj thiab yaj.
Lub zog flexural (En 100). Raws li qhov ntsuas no, plooj catalware pob zeb yog 3 zaug muaj cov pob zeb ruaj khov nyob ruaj khov, 2 zaug thiab hauv 1.5 zaug-pem teb cov vuas luaj. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv muab rau cov tuam txhab tuam txhab khoom lag luam, tus nqi muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm 35 txog 63n / mm2, uas yog 50 n / mm2, uas yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus theem teeb tsa rau hauv av vuas - 27 N / MM2. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov nplaim dej, xim thiab kev ntxhib los mos me me cuam tshuam rau cov muaj zog. Yog tias cov khoom thauj khoom yuav tsum muaj loj, lawv nqa cov pobzeb tuab (10-12mm) me dua rau lub xub pwg kom tsawg.
Lub Zog Siab Hlwb Hlwb Pob Quav Pob Qoob Lag Luam Tsis Yog Qhov laj thawj rau kev tso cov vuas rau ntawm thaj chaw npaj ua ntej. Yuav tsum ua kom huv si ua kom huv si (hauv qab cov npoo ntawm cov nplais uas yuav tsum tsis txhob muab cov nplais) thiab cov nplaum muaj zog yuav tsum tau muab tso ua keyees, tsis muaj pawg. Txwv tsis pub, nias rau ntawm cov nplais, koj nce nws ntug. Qee zaum qee zaum tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaiv, qhov twg cov kauj ruam tsis sib xws yog tig.
Hmoov tsis zoo, cov vuas luaj ceramic, suav nrog cov pob zeb plooj pob zeb, tsis txhob hnov lub zog cuam tshuam. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias muaj cov khoom siv zoo nkauj thiab tsis yooj yim cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau gentlement thaum lub sijhawm kev thauj mus los thiab pw. Lub tsheb kauj vab muaj ib qho uas lub pob zeb plooj (veneerain yuav tiv taus qhov poob hauv cov pas dej, da dej thiab yuav tsis raug kev txom nyem. Qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Txawm hais tias muaj lub zog loj dua li cov pob zeb pob zeb ceramic, uas yuav tig los ntawm cov kev sib tsoo ntawd mus rau hauv lub crumb, lub pob zeb cuav yog puas. Nws tsis tshua tau ntsib cov khoom tseem ceeb, yog li tsis txhob txhawj xeeb txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm txheej, yog tias nws yog tso kom zoo).
Kuj yog tej zaum yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ntsib cov khoom rau hauv pem teb, thiab cov kws tshaj lij ib txwm ua tib zoo mloog nws. Mloog cov pobzeb glazs, txawm tias nws yog cov qauv yooj yim ntawm en 154. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv abrasive los ntawm cov khoom siv abrasive - corundum. Yog hais tias, tom qab 150 sawv ntawm saum npoo nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm lub teeb tshwj xeeb, cov pobzeb tau muab cov kab ke, tom qab 600 lem, PEI II, 1500 lem, Pei III. Pei IVes tsim nyog cov khoom uas tsis ua kev puas tsuaj ntau dua 1,500 mus ncig. Thiab thaum kawg, qhov kev kwv yees siab tshaj plaws yog PEI v- muab cov vuas uas txhawb nqa ntau dua 12000 chais. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov sib txawv ntawm IV thiab V cov chav kawm yog qhov zoo. Qee cov tuam ntxhab taw qhia qhov tseeb dua ntawm cov kev hloov kho uas cov chav kawm plaub-chav kawm (3000) yog suav, tab sis nws yog qhov kev zam tshwj xeeb. Rau cov neeg siv khoom, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev thov ntawm glazed vuas yog ib yam uas tau hais txog ntawm cov coj kam pab pawg:
Pab Pawg 1 (Pei i) - Hauv thaj chaw, qhov chaw me me yog kwv yees, thiab txawm tias tom qab cov khau khiab (piv txwv li, hauv chav dej, chav pw).
Pab Pawg 2 (PEI II) - Tib yam, tab sis zoo me ntsis. Pobzeb tseem tsis tuaj yeem tso pw hauv chav ua noj thiab hauv txoj kev hauv tsev, ntawm ntaiv thiab av.
Pab Pawg 3 (Pei III) - Cov kev pab no tsim nyog rau tag nrho cov tsev nyob, tsev me, chaw ua haujlwm me, uas muaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv chaw tos qhua, ntawm cov ntaiv hauv cov tsev vaj tse, thiab lwm yam.
Pab Pawg 4 (PEI IV) - Nws raug nquahu kom siv sab hauv tsev nrog kev siv ntawm cov lus tsa suab los ntawm qhov nruab nrab rau siab. Cov no yuav luag txhua lub tsev nyob hauv cov tsev nyob hauv vaj tsev, chaw ntiav pw, chaw ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov ntaiv thiab chav tsev thiab av.
GROUP 5 (PEI V) - ISO 10545- Pobzeb ntawm chav kawm no tuaj yeem siv nyob txhua qhov chaw, hauv cov chaw nrog kev siv ntawm kev txav, txawm tias turstiles ntawm chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau. Cov khoom siv rau hauv pawg tsib, ntau dua hnav tsis muaj piv rau Peyi IV. Ntau tus neeg muag khoom tshaj tawm lawv cov khoom-rhiab plooj catalwares, suav nws rau Pii V. Qhov no yog ib nrab-tus txiv neej. Nyob rau nplais yam tsis muaj glazes, tsis yog kev sim, tab sis ntawm cov tau ntawm daim ntawv thov nws tau sib raug zoo rau qib siab.
Hnav Tsis kam Cerambulits muaj kev kwv yees ntawm peb cov txheej txheem: Hardness (en 101), rooj coj tawm tsam (EN 154) thiab kev hnav khaub ncaws tsis kam (EN 102). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias tsis yog txhua daim porceles muaj cov hnav zoo tshaj plaws, zoo li cov tuam ntxhab thiab cov neeg muag khoom tshaj tawm.
Ntawm no, muaj tiag ib tug qauv, tshwj tsis yog rau "saum npoo hardness" (taw qhia txaus, lub hardness tsis qhia). Muaj cov chav kawm ntawm kev coj tawm tsam ntawm Pei cov npoo raws li EN 154, uas tau qhia tsuas yog rau cov nplais uas muaj ntsej muag sib sib zog nqus los ntawm en 102 rau cov pob zeb tsis zoo siab. Qhov no ua rau lub buysotion nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom (thiab cov muag khoom), ntseeg tias txhua tus txiv neej Porcellanato belongs rau chav siab tshaj plaws ntawm Phoi V (huab cua huab, uas yog tsis muaj tseeb.
Piav qhia kom muaj kev txiav txim. Lub saum npoo hardness qhia hais txog kev tsim cov khawb thiab txiav. Rau qhov kev xeem nws tsis muaj teeb meem, muaj lossis tsis pom. Raws li cov cai en 101, chav kawm ntawm Hardness raug muab rau ntawm Mohs nplai ntawm 1 txog 10 (1-FACE SCHPA, 7- SOADAZ, 9- COLUNDOS, 10- Pob zeb diamond) tom qab khawb cov lossis lwm yam ntxhia. Ntsib cov pobzeb yuav tsum phim cov chav kawm 5 thiab siab dua. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias rau hauv pem teb npog lub loj abrasive yog xuab zeb, uas suav nrog quartz. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo dua yog tias cov nplais nplais hauv pem teb yuav muaj lub hardness ntau dua 7 los ntawm MoHS. Ib matte "pob zeb" muaj lub hardness ntawm 8-9, ci ntsa iab-5-7, polished - 5-6. Hauv ib lo lus, ib nqe lus uas tsis muaj porridge yog ntshai ntawm khawb, tsis raug cai kiag li. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tsis so cov av hauv txoj kev hauv tsev hauv txoj kev hauv tsev, qhov twg cov plag tsev yog txoj hlua khi uas muaj sia nyob. Nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem hloov lawv tom qab ntawd. Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov xuab zeb, txoj kev "ntsev", raws li ib tug txoj cai, nyob twj ywm rau hauv lub nkag mats los yog nyob rau hauv lub tsaws, polished iav yog tsis puas.
Kuj yuav ua rau cov teeb meem abasive txiav txim siab txog lub peev xwm ntawm tus txha hniav laus los tiv thaiv cov kev hnav muaj ntau yam tsis muaj kev pom tsis meej. Glazed Plooj Cartware Feem ntau yog muab rau ib pawg los ntawm PEi III rau Pii V. Ntau zaus koj tuaj yeem ua tau zoo rau kev tso cov chaw nrog kev siv tsheb siab. Tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nplais ntawm Pei IV thiab Pii V kawm yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Hauv cov catalog ntawm cov pob zeb tsis zoo siab ntawm cov pob zeb tsis zoo siab rau cov kev hnav kom sib xyaw ua ke, uas tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm cov khoom siv, wiped los ntawm cov nplais thaum cov txheej txheem ntsuas. Qhov ntsuas tau sib txawv yuav sib txawv rau kev sib txawv ntawm 110 rau 140mm3, uas yog qhov qis dua li qhov kev tso cai hauv qab (250mm3). Qhov qis dua tus nqi ntawm cov ntsuas no, qhov zoo dua.
Cov lus pom zoo dav dav rau cov kws tshaj lij kev ua haujlwm raug txo qis rau cov hauv qab no:
Mattte homogeneous plooj (pob zeb pob zeb ua ke tuaj yeem tso nyob txhua qhov chaw, muab nws cov kev coj ua tau zoo thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv.
Thaum xaiv ib hom glazed hom cov khoom siv dag zog, koj yuav tsum them sai sai rau cov chav pei. Yog tias nws yog hauv qab IV, cov nplais yuav tsum tsis txhob tso rau hauv cov chav nrog siab patency (xws li lub qhov rooj nkag, ntaiv). Yog hais tias PEi yog sib npaug rau IV lossis V, tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm tus kheej sab hauv (thiab feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem) yuav tsum tsis txhob txhawj txog kev tso nws rau hauv chav nres tsheb lossis chav tsev Yog tsis zoo li kom txaus siab rau cov ntaub ntawv sab nraud zoo. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua rau cov homogeneous tsawg dua homogeneous vile ntawm hom "ntsev-kua txob".
Nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab tam sim ntawd txiav txim siab seb nws puas tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, txoj kab nrog polished plooj catalainone, kom tau txais cov xuab zeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau nws puas (ib qho chaw tom qab tsib xyoos). Cov cuab yeej rov qab ua lag luam hauv kev ua lag luam tsis muaj nyob! Thiab lwm yam kev ntseeg siab siv hom txheej no rau txhua qhov chaw, uas lawv yuav tsis raug rau cov av xuab zeb.
Xim thiab Purity Cov. Cov pob zeb plooj cartware yuav tsis yoog raws lub hnub ci, ntau cov acids thiab alkali tsis ntshai. Qhov no ua pov thawj cov kev ntsuam xyuas uas tau ua raws li cov qauv DIN 50094 thiab EN 106 (lossis 122), feem. Raws li cov cai en 122, tom qab sim, cov pobzeb tau muab ib chav kawm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kom txhoj puab ntau, raws li qhov kev puas tsuaj:
Chav Kawm AA: Tsis muaj cov tsos hloov.
Chav Kawm A: Kev hloov pauv me me hauv qhov tsos.
Chav Kawm B: Cov kev hloov pauv nruab nrab hauv qhov tsos.
Chav C: Ib nrab poob ntawm thawj hom.
Chav Kawm D: Tas nrho cov khoom poob ntawm thawj hom.
Nyob ntawm cov hom, cov ceramic granite tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov chav kawm ib lossis AA. Yog li khav theeb siv nws ntawm txoj kev, hauv chav ua noj, hauv chav nres tsheb lossis chaw cia khoom. Feem ntau cov nyiaj txiag hauv tsev neeg yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau nws.
Tsuas yog qee yam kev tshaj tawm. Ib qho koj yuav tsis nyeem nyob rau hauv Booklets: Muaj ib txwm muaj cov zas uas tuaj yeem lwj txheej, tsis muaj teeb meem li cas. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij kom peb nqa koj cov ntaub ntawv uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tawm ntawm cov nqig rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm lub pob zeb plooj pob zeb. Tom qab ib lub lim tiam nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los ntxuav nws, txawm siv nyiaj tshwj xeeb txuas los ntawm lub hoobkas. Thiab cov ntaub npuag ntau, qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo. Nws yog qhov zoo dua rau yuam cov neeg ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd tom qab pw ntawm plooj (veneers) pob zeb ntov.
Tsis txhob sim nrog cov cim cim txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom, kom ntau cov ntawv qhia nws. Ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias koj yuav lwj cov nplais, tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim. Ib tug neeg muag khoom tau qhia peb cov dab neeg kov txog yuav ua li cas tus neeg yuav khoom, rov qab cov dej cawv uas tsis pom zoo Nws yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg. Tsis txhob rov qab ua cov kev paub zoo!
Kev ntxhib Cov. Ib qho cuab yeej uas feem ntau ua yeeb yam thaum cov flooring raug xaiv. Muaj cov lus dab neeg ntawm cov ncauj lus no. Tais ua kev kho vaj kho. Tus hostess taug kev ntawm tus dev uas nyuam qhuav ntxuav, tom qab ntawd nthuav tawm thiab tawm, qw: "Txhua yam! Muag!" Nws tau nug tias: "Dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem?" "Yog, kuv musi paws mus ncig rau hauv av no," cov lus teb ua raws.
Cov khoom lag luam polishing plooj (plooj hlwb yog suav tias yog qhov sib tw tshaj plaws. Nws tsis pom zoo kom pw hauv thaj chaw, qhov twg dej tuaj yeem poob rau saum npoo av, piv txwv li ntawm lub lawj lossis hauv ib lub hnab pallet. Txwv tsis pub, qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm kev cog qoob loo.
Rau cov vuas hauv tsev, cov kev ntsuam xyuas tshwj xeeb yog nqa tawm, raws li cov chav kawm sau tau txiav txim siab tau raug txiav txim siab hauv nkawm khau (DIN 51130 txuj ci), thiab rau cov roob liab vog (DIN 51097). Raws li thawj qhov qub, tus kav pob, ua txoj cai, muab tso rau hauv qis-R12, tab sis ntau dua R3-11, uas lees paub siv cov khoom hauv txhua thaj chaw nyob hauv thaj chaw. Rau cov chaw ua si ntawm thaj chaw sab nraud (cov kauj ruam ntawm cov chaw ua si, lwm yam) thiab lwm yam tsim cov ceramic granite ntawm cov nplais ntawm lub 12- 13 Kev tso tawm nrog cov lus tshaj tawm hauv teb uas tiv thaiv kev zuaj txawm tias yog huab cua tsis zoo.
Raws li "tus qauv" tus qauv ", cov pobzeb ntawm pab pawg A. yog qhov tsim nyog rau qhov chaw qhuav. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tus da dej, peb qhia koj cov chav kawm ntawm chav kawm B, thiab zoo dua s Cov.
Calibras
Tom qab tua hluav taws, cov nplais plooj (cov vuas luaj tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv qhov loj me. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov ntsuas, uas yog, nteg tawm hauv cov pab pawg loj, cov npawg hauv uas tsis ntau tshaj 1 hli. Hu nkauj ib lub Hoobkas tshwj xeeb muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm cov calibers, uas txawv ntawm lwm tus. Piv txwv li, xoom caliber - 299.5-300.5mm- yuav luag sib raug rau qhov loj me ntawm 300300mm, thawj zaug yog 301.5-302.5- nws yuav txawv ntau dua. Raws li txoj cai, cov nqi sib ceg nyob ib sab tuaj yeem ua ke, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus yuav yuav luag tsis muaj zog.
Recification txo kev thev taus, uas yog, nce qhov tseeb ntawm cov caliber. Delta txo los ntawm 1 txog 0.5 hli. Nws yooj yim yooj yim rau kev tso cov nplais ntawm cov hom sib txawv. Nws tseem yooj yim dua los ua ke matte thiab polished plooj (veneers) series nrog minimal seams, uas yog qhov yooj yim tsis yooj yim sua rau cov khoom tsis muaj. Kev ua yog xaiv 3 rau 1m2 cov khoom siv.
Nqe ntawm kev zoo nkauj
Ib qho ntawm feem ntau thiab tej zaum qhov ntau ntau haiv neeg yog homogeneous yog homogeneous porcelain cartware (txhais tau tias "nyob rau hauv qhov loj", Tutta massa, ua Italians hais). Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov tuam ntxhab tau tsom mus rau qhov kev lag luam muaj kev lag luam, cov chaw haujlwm loj, cov khoom siv tsheb ciav hlau uas muaj lub neej ntev. Txog tam sim no, muaj cov sau khoom ntawm cov pob zeb yooj yim tshaj plaws pob zeb "ntsev kua txob", muaj npe sib thooj nrog cov khoom sib xyaw sab nraud ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub teeb. Nws tsim ntau cov tuam ntxhab los ntawm Italian Casalgranda- Padana rau Lavxias Kev kwv yees. Rau ntau yam ntawm "ntsev-kua txob" tinted hauv kev sib txawv, los ntawm lub teeb ntsuab rau xim dub. Matte cov nqi vais los ntawm 12 (Calabria, 3030cm, los ntawm cersanit, Poland) rau 26 (Coral Granit, 3030cm, los ntawm mirage).Ntau "Advanced" yog suav hais tias yog monotonic porcelainin pob zeb, qhov thiaj li hu ua "monocolor" (tinte sib sau ua ke-.). Nws raug nqi yuav luag ib thiab ib nrab lub sij hawm ntau dua "ntsev-kua txob", uas muaj nqi kim heev, thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj ua haujlwm kom tau txais lub suab huv. Tab sis tib tus qauv tsim nyog rau ua tiav cov chaw loj, xws li chav nyob hauv tsev hauv tsev me, uas koj tuaj yeem ua ke cov vuas uas polede. Tom qab ntawd nws yuav saib yeej. Pheej yig dua ntsuab pobzeb, kim kim kim. Piv txwv li, ib tug series shotoamarina, 3030cm, los ntawm italgraniti raug nqi 23, thiab Blu-27 rau 1m2.
Qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws rau kev siv ntawm kev ua tiav kev ua tiav hauv txhua chav uas muab lub pob zeb plooj (pob zeb ntawm cov kab hlau. Qhov no yog qhov kim tshaj plaws homogeneous gles porcellalanato, vim nws tau siv los ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais homogeneous nrog "tsis rov ua dua" xim sib nrauj. Cov laus dav dav yuav tsum nyob ruaj khov, txwv tsis pub sab pem teb yuav zoo li pom rov qab ntawm lub mev. FOILDIORIORESORIES UPENNUCUM ZOO NKAUJ ZOO TSHAJ PLAWS TXOG yuav luag tej pob zeb ntuj - los ntawm marble thiab granite jasper. Thiab qhov zoo dua ntxiv, ntau dua cov pobzeb muaj nuj nqis, thiab tus nqi yog nce cov thawj (cov khoom siv ntuj) - los ntawm 35 ib 1m2. Yog li, tseem ceeb zoo ib yam li tus liab granite rectified mattie vwg liab ntawm Marmi Eran Eraniti Graniti LEATS 56 rau 1M2 rau muag khoom.
Imitation ntawm kev ntxhib los mos (qauv) ntawm tej qhov chaw nruab ntug, seb nws yog pob zeb, ntoo lossis tawv nqaij, ua rau tawv nqaij granite los ntawm kev pom ntawm cov khoom. Wasserin Hnyias, Peronda, Marazzi, Vives, Sib Txawv thiab Rov Ua Dua Cov tsos ntawm Parquet Board los ntawm cov tsiaj sib txawv. Cov qauv ntawm cov ntoo yog qhov sib kis tau yooj yim heev, cov pob caus - txhua yam, nce mus txog qhov kev txav ntawm cov kab ntoo-ntoo. "Parquet" los ntawm cov pob zeb plooj pob zeb tsis tas yuav tu thiab, tsis zoo li ntuj, yuav pab koj tsis yog ib xyoo caum txawm tias nyob hauv chav ua noj. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav sov koj, yog tias koj ua ntej nruab hluav taws xob sov.
Ntsib "Tsiaj qus", cov nqeg ntxiab pob zeb nrog cov nqeg dej uas muaj cov tsiaj txhu loj los ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj, uas yog ua raws cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Centuries-qub ntaub ntawv. Txawm nyob rau hauv sab hauv ntawm lub tsev apartment, koj tuaj yeem rov qab kho cov huab cua ntawm lub tshav puam Roman, yog tias peb muab tso rau hauv lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, zoo ib yam li sandstone lossis travertine. Cov kev sau cov pob zeb muaj impronta, caesar, casa dolce Casa thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Rau qhov tseeb lossis ua kom zoo nkauj lub tuam txhab Tuam Txhab, ATLAS Concorde, thiab lwm yam Lawv raug coj mus rau hauv homogeneous array ntawm ntuj marble thiab smali pieces, lub plhaub me me. Nco ntsoov tias cov ntsiab lus rau lub zog thiab hnav tsis kam yog qis dua thiab tuaj yeem xaiv nyob hauv qab kev cuam tshuam lossis hnav. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob muab cov pobzeb zoo li no, piv txwv li, hauv txoj kev hauv tsev. Ib qho ntxiv, nws yuav tsum tau yug hauv lub siab tias lub Hoobkas plooj cartware yog cov khoom tsis huv sai dua li ib txwm.
Lub spectrum ntawm cov txheej txheem valcelain cartware tsis txwv los theej pob zeb lossis ntoo. Muaj ntau qhov chaw - los ntawm ib tug banal tiv thaiv plam (suav nrog ntawm cov kauj ruam) rau cov duab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub hnub qub lossis maple nplooj thiab tag nrho muaj pes tsawg leeg.
GLAZED GRES PORCELATO tuaj yeem muaj xim thiab kev ntxhib los mos. Txoj kev xav ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tsis txwv tsis muaj dab tsi. Txawm tias ib qho kev kos duab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm zaub lossis cov lus qhia txog duab geometric tau thov rau saum npoo. Ntub dej seem ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov plooj (censionain sib tw nrog cov dej tsoos kev sib tw vim cov dej nqus dej tsawg thiab siab frost tiv thaiv. Tus nqi pheej yig (15-35 rau 1m2) thiab ib qho kev tsim qauv tsim ua pob zeb ua pob zeb ua rau muaj tus nrog sib ntaus ua ke.
Raws li peb tau hais, rau kev siv cov nyhuv ntawm homogeneous thiab glazed plooj (veneers) polish. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov nplais txawm muaj xim nplua nuj, hloov cov qauv, cov qoob loo tau loj dua thiab muaj qee qhov sib nrauj tshwm sim, uas tsis pom hauv lub matte version. Cov txheej txheem ci ntsa iab zoo li tsuas yog cov gorgeous thiab cov nqi 1.5-2 lub sij hawm ntau dua matte. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub ci ci ntsaes los tiv thaiv tag nrho cov sab hauv hauv ib qho style. Lub semi-polished thiab satin vuas tsis zoo heev, tab sis muaj qee yam ntxim nyiam, tab sis pom qhov txawv ntawm cov neeg ntse ntawm tus neeg nplua nuj los ntawm cov nplua nuj aristocrat. Lub caij no, qhov "iav" ci ntsa iab yog nrog cov kev nqus dej tsawg thiab muaj cov txheej txheem loj tshaj plaws thiab kev cuam tshuam txog kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov micropores. Yog li ntawd, raws li lub pob zeb polished, lub pob zeb plooj pob zeb yog them nrog tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg, ntxiv tiv thaiv cov npoo av thiab khawb. Cov txheej txheem thaum tav su yuav xav tau kev saib xyuas, tu nrog cov txhais tau tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum thawj zaug tom qab tso.
Cov pobzeb polished tuaj yeem ua ke nrog matte, yog tias koj xaiv qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem tsawg dua 1 hli. Qhov loj me yog qhia rau hauv phau ntawv teev npe, lossis ncaj qha rau ntawm pob. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los sib xyaw ua ke cov nplais matte pobzeb nrog recectified polished, raws li lawv caliber yuav sib txuam. Lub thickness ntawm polished plooj (vene) me me, tab sis nws yooj yim los kho los ntawm kev ntxiv me ntsis ntxiv cov nplaum sib xyaw.
Hniav ntsiab Cov. Kev faib tawm mus vuas tom qab ntau cov tuam ntxhab tsim cov khoom dai thiab ua haujlwm. Txhua yam Hoobkas muaj cov kauj ruam, lub angular thiab pem frontal rau ntaiv, cov lus saum, thiab lwm yam.
Universal cov lag luam uas tau siv txhua hom kev txais tos ntawm ceramics, ntxiv ntau yam duab pobzeb, kos duab nplais, ornamental ntxig rau hauv tus ntsuj plig classic. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev xam kev txiav laser laser tau sai, hauv cov decors uas tau tsim, yav dhau los ua hauv pob zeb. Nrov hmoov mosaic, Roses, Panels los ntawm plooj (porcelain) pob zeb. Hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv, peb tau sau txog txhua qhov no hauv lub Xya hli ntuj qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm rau xyoo 2003. Tus nqi ntawm lub décor yog ntau dua li cov nplais tom qab. Piv txwv li, cov vaj huam sib luag hauv pem teb ntawm 800800mm los ntawm Mirage yuav raug nqi 400-600, thiab 1 ciam teb ntawm lub tuam txhab qub - hauv 160-200.
Tso
Thaum tso cov nplais plooj (vuas luaj uas tau siv. Nws muab zoo clutch nrog lub hauv paus. Cov kws tshaj lij tsis pom zoo tso cai thev naus laus zis nrog cov nplai cell) rau cov pob zeb zeb pob zeb, txij li nws muaj qhov porosity tsawg thiab nyob rau hauv qhov no nws tsuas yuav tsis lo.
Puag. Kev npaj ntawm lub hauv paus rau nteg cov vuas uas siv nplaum sib xyaw - tsis yog kev ua haujlwm yooj yim. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ntseeg tau tias rigidity, raws li tsis yooj yim. Nws, tau kawg, tuaj yeem ua rau lub pob zeb sib tshooj ncaj qha, tab sis tsis tau ntxov tshaj li 6 lub hlis tom qab tsim nyog rau lub ntuj shrinkage.
Txhawm rau sib npaug ntawm lub hauv paus, koj yuav tsum tsim kev caij nkoj lossis sib txuas nrog khi qab nthab qhob. Ntab puag hauv paus yuav tsum muaj tuab ntawm tsawg kawg 5-10 cm, nyob ntawm seb lub nra. Yog tias koj ntxiv rau hauv tshav kub lossis suab rwb thaiv tsev, uas yog cov lus yooj yim yooj yim, cov screed yuav tsum tau txhawb nqa. Thiab ntawm no, dhau lawm, nws yuav tsum tau nyob rau tsawg kawg 28 hnub (nyob rau hauv lub ripening huab cua zoo) rau qhov ua tau zoo huab cua, ua ntej nws muaj peev xwm muab tso porcelain pob zeb.
Cov screed sib khi nrog lub hauv paus tau nchuav rau saum npoo, ua ntej npaj los ntawm cov txhais tau tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias ua kom muaj adhesion ntxiv, tsis txhob hu rau ntawm phab ntsa. Cov nplais kuj tseem tuaj yeem tso rau tom qab lub sijhawm shrinkage ntawm tus nqi ntawm ib lub lim tiam ib centimimes ntawm cov screed. Lub sij hawm ntawm kev tos yuav raug txo qis yog txo yog tias kev siv ceev-hardening tsis tau hloov cov quav. Tab sis lo lus nug no yog tus kheej thiab xav tau cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj kev tsim nyog.
Kev teeb tsa. Cov chaw no thiab lwm qhov chaw nrog kev txav nrawm yog qhov siv ntau dua li ob qho kua nplaum uas muaj ob qho ntxiv nrog cov kua txiv hmab ntxiv nrog cov kua txiv hmab. Hauv chav ua noj, da dej, da dej, ntawm txoj kev thiab nyob rau lwm thaj chaw uas kub sab nraud yuav tsum tsis txhob raug muab tso. Tib yam thaum tso cov pob zeb ua kom zoo nkauj, raug rau kev co thiab kev txiav. Txheej lo kua nplaum yuav tsum tau ua kom tsawg kawg 3-5mm thiab siv rau lub hauv paus thiab ntawm cov nplais uas muaj niaj hnub sib npaug.
Nqaws. Plooj (veneers) cartware tau tsoo nrog 0-12 hli sib txawv kom them nyiaj rau qhov kub ntawm kev tiv thaiv cua. Cov vuas rectified tuaj yeem raug ntsuas nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus (txog 1 hli), tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv chav tsev sov xyoo. Cov nqaws tau muaj cov grouts raws li cov cement lossis epoxy composite thiab elastic polyurethane-raws li cov compositions. Thawj thiab thib ob txoj kev xaiv tau haum rau tau txais kev tshwj xeeb cov plag tsev, tus thib peb - rau cov chaw uas muaj tsheb ntau. Niaj hnub nimno grouts ntawm txoj kev nkag siab tseeb, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau polyurethane, tsis txhob ploj mus. Adalsha, raws li cov lus hais, yog tias txhua yam ua tiav, ntawm cov nplais uas koj tuaj yeem caij ntawm lub tank!
Nyob ib ncig
Yog tias koj tseem tsis tau paub tseeb tias lub pob zeb plooj (veneacy cartware yog ib qho khoom siv zoo nkauj, tiv taus txhua yam txiaj ntsig, yog tias, kev tu siab. Cov khoom tshiab los ntawm kev nthuav qhia Cersaili'2003 yuav tshwm sim sai sai, lawv yuav tua koj.
Tus kws kho ntawv kho ua tsaug ua tsaug rau kev pab ntawm kev npaj ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub tuam txhab ua tsaug rau lub tuam txhab "Jiel" server "," Mirage "," Granitogres ".