Kev saib xyuas kev kho kom zoo: leej twg, leej twg, nws yuav ua li cas, nws yuav ua li cas kos duab ib daim ntawv cog lus, cov qauv kev tsim kho thiab muaj kab ke ntawm kev tsim kho thiab teeb tsa.
Txheeb xyuas cov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov screed siv siv ob-meter rail thiab hlau nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 2 hli
Txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj geometric ntawm qhov zoo ntawm plaster phab ntsa nrog ob-meter rail
Ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm uas siv tsis tau yuam kev
Lub hose dej qib yuav ua yuam kev yog tias huab cua npuas puas ntaus nws. Tab sis ntawv ceeb toom thiab tshem tawm qhov kev ua tsis zoo no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yooj yim dua li thaum siv npuas thiab cov roj ntsha thiab tshuab hluav taws xob. Indispensable thaum hloov cov nyiaj muas "los ntawm phab ntsa"
Tester, nws yog ntau 'mot-meter, nws yog lub universal voltermeter- ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis tseem ceeb
Hydraulic xovxwm rau kev sim pipelines ntawm cua sov thiab dej khoom siv tshuab
Piv txwv, tus tswv ntawm cov tsev apartment tsim kev nthuav dav thiab thev naus laus zis, pom qhov kev pom zoo nruj nrog lawv, ua rau cov lus nug raws li lawv cov neeg muab khoom. Puas yog nws ua tau kom tsis nco qab txog kev tsim kho thiab tshwm sim tsuas yog rau kev txiav lub pob liab liab? Yog tias tus neeg siv khoom muaj nuj nqis sijhawm, cov leeg thiab nyiaj, yuav tsum tsis txhob pheej hmoo. Tom qab tag nrho, kev kho tsis yog conveyor, tab sis muaj cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim. Qhov kev siv hluav taws xob kuv tau mus tam sim no tam sim ntawd ntawm cov txheej txheem theoretical teeb tsa hauv cov ntaub ntawv cov kev tswj hwm thiab cov neeg sib cog lus, thiab lwm yam, tiv thaiv lawv cov txiaj ntsig. Awsas tsis tshua muaj ntau zaus nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm tus tswv ntawm cov tsev ntawm cov chav tsev.
Cov neeg tsim vaj tse yuav yooj yim lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov classic: "Txoj kev xav tau tuag, kuv tus phooj ywg, tsuas yog ib tsob ntoo ntawm lub neej puas tau txais greins." Cov neeg nyiam nrog lawv lub sijhawm zoo siab yuav tsis nco qab txog txhua qhov lawv "cov ntawv" cov npe "yog tias lawv tsis nco qab txog nws.
Yog li, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qhua tuaj noj mov yog kom ua tiav kev ua tiav ntawm kev cog lus cog lus los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg tuaj koom kho. Txoj haujlwm yog qhov nyuaj, muaj coob leej coj lawv tus kheej rau nws txoj kev txiav txim siab zoo ntawm cov neeg pabcuam. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias kev ua lag luam ntawm cov kev pab cuam tsuas yog tsim, hauv Moscow muaj ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm: Kev ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov neeg ua haujlwm ib leeg, kev lag luam thiab kev sawv cev hauv Ntau yam, thiab lwm yam. Cov no "cov tuam txhab tswj hwm" txawv ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam dav dav lossis kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tuam txhab kev tsim kho lawv cov nyiaj hli, ywj siab ntawm kev kwv yees thiab cov neeg tsim khoom. Yog li cov tuam txhab no ua rau cov tub lag luam shortcomings thiab zais cia rau kev ua mus ib txhis ntxiv, txawm hais tias nws tau qhib txog nws, ntawm chav kawm, lawv tsis tau hais. Lwm qhov huab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm "Cov Chaw Tswj Xyuas" yog qhov tsis muaj cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm kev ua txhaum hauv lawv cov lus ceeb toom. Feem ntau cov yuav, lawv tsuas tsis tshua pom ntawm cov khoom lossis tsis thab lawv tus kheej cov txheej txheem tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Thiab thaum kawg, qhov kev txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm cov "controllers" nrog cov neeg ua vaj. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no yuav tsum tau yug hauv lub siab thaum xaiv cov neeg pab. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los coj kom zoo dua cov neeg uas koj ntseeg siab.
Hauv qab no peb nthuav tawm ib qho kev tawm dag zog ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas nrog ib tus thawj saib xyuas ntawm cov tuam txhab, qhov twg nws lub luag haujlwm thiab cov kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg siv tau teev npe.
Cov npe ntawm lub luag haujlwm, daim ntawv tshaj tawm thiab kev lav ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev saib xyuas kev lag luam hauv kev tsim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm nruabib tug. Lub koom haum Knitness ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev saib xyuas kev lag luam (ntawm no xa mus ua haujlwm ua haujlwm (CMR) suav nrog:
- Ua kev sib tw (ntawm kev thov ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom) ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm (tsis ntau tshaj peb tus neeg koom nrog kev ua haujlwm thiab cov ntawv cog lus. Raws li cov ntsiab ntawm cov kev sib tw, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Technudsor qhia rau tus neeg muas zaub txog qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo ob tog ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm txhua ua huaj lwm, nws lub tswv yim rau cov kev muaj tiag ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, raws li cov neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam tus nqi ntawm cov Lub sij hawm ntawm kev kuaj cov kev kwv yees, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom zoo thiab cov thev naus laus zis nce qib.
- Tom qab xaiv los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, tus kws cog lus yog kev txheeb xyuas ntawm daim foos (ntawv) thiab yog tias tsim nyog, ua rau cov kev hloov pauv nrog cov qhua tuaj noj mov.
- Thaum siv cov kev tswj hwm tam sim no hla kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, suav nrog:
- saib xyuas kev saib xyuas ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ua ntu zus ntawm SMR;
- Saib xyuas kev ua raws cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv kev kwv yees;
- Kev tswj hwm zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm raws li cov cai ntawm snipos;
- Kev lees txais ntawm kev ua haujlwm zais (zais cov cog lus chaws nkag yuav tsum ceeb toom cov kev saib xyuas kev saib xyuas cov tshuaj no, ua raws li tus kws cog lus. Tus neeg yuav khoom Hauv qhov no yuav xav tau kev ua tiav kev ua tiav kev kaw ua ke thiab cov teeb tsa tshiab ntawm lawv ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm tus neeg cog lus);
- Saib xyuas kev saib xyuas ntawm snips nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm;
- saib xyuas kev saib xyuas phau ntawv sau cia;
- Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm rau kev sib txuas lus (hluav taws xob, kav dej, "tsis muaj zog", cua sov).
- Qhov kev lees txais ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm hluav taws xob ntawm hluav taws xob, cov kav dej, cua txias, qhov cua txias nrog kev lees paub los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog lossis txhim kho cov kws tshaj lij.
- Txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus tswv lag luam them feem pua ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev.
- Qhov kev lees txais kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kos duab cov npe ntawm shortcomings nrog kev ntsuas ntawm tus nqi ua lag luam ntawm lawv cov kev tshem tawm.
2. Daim ntawv ntawm kev saib xyuas kev saib xyuas rau cov neeg siv khoom nkag hauv phau ntawv sau ntawm kev qhia txog cov qhua tuaj noj mov.
3. Cov kev saib xyuas kev khwv nyiaj txiag rau qhov zoo ntawm SMR thiab cov lus ntawm lawv los ntawm cov haujlwm txhua hli ntawm cov neeg siv khoom los ntawm cov qhua tuaj noj mov. Tehenadzor tsis yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov hnub kawg rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm tus neeg cog lus.
plaub. Kev lees txais ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev saib xyuas kev saib xyuas tsis zam tus neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov haujlwm no (SNIPTE 1.065-85).
tsib. Kev them nyiaj ntawm kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm yog nqa los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom txhua hli nrog cov nyiaj them ua ntej. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev saib xyuas kev txaj muag yog kev txaj muag lawv lub luag haujlwm tom qab them cov neeg siv khoom ntawm 50% ntawm tus nqi ib hlis ib zaug ntawm tus saib xyuas kev tswj hwm txhua hli. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm txhua hli, cov neeg yuav khoom them nqi ntxiv 50% ntawm tus nqi los ntawm kev saib xyuas kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm, yog tias tsis muaj kev tsis txaus siab txog lawv kev ua tiav.
Tom ntej no, peb yuav sim "decipher" cov ntawv sau ntawm cov kws kos duab, thiab tseem tsom rau cov neeg siv khoom muaj peev xwm nrog kev kho vaj tse.
Cia peb pib nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze (tshwj xeeb hauv av hauv qab), uas yuav pom tseeb tau zoo siab nrog cov chaw tsim khoom tom ntej. Cov neeg tseem ceeb tiam niaj hnub ua rau cov neeg nyob sib haum xeeb thiab yog li ntawd, hnub uas tsis tau raug them thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm raug tso cai ua haujlwm. Feem ntau nws yog los ntawm 10 txog 18 teev rau hnub ua hauj lwm, thiab hnub so thiab hnub so - tsis muaj suab nrov, yog li kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog kev ntxhov siab.
Cov txheej txheem no ua rau muaj kev nkag siab hloov mus rau txhua lwm lub tsev kom zam cov teeb meem uas tau teem tau yooj yim rau cov neeg siv khoom nyiaj laus txawm nyob hauv nws chav tsev. Nws tsuas yog yooj yim hu rau lub cev, thiab nws yuav tsis nco lub sijhawm rau kev ua tiav, ua haujlwm tsis muaj daim ntawv tso cai, tsis ua raws li kev nyab xeeb kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau pom, kev kawm txog qhov khoom ntawm nws thaj chaw, rov qab mus ua haujlwm. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias xav tau nyiaj. Kwv yees, los ntawm nws pocket cov nyiaj no? Yog tias txoj kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg nyob ze tsis txaus, lawv tuaj yeem yws yws rau DEZ, tub ceev xwm se, kom hnab looj tes rau hauv xov xwm. Koj yuav raug teeb meem ntau ntawm cov koom haum no. Nws yog qhov zoo dua rau kev sib tham tam sim ntawd rau cov kev tsim nyog rau txhua qhov xwm txheej thiab tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo.
Feem ntau zoo nkaus li insurmountable kev tsis sib haum daws tau daws los ntawm kev pab cuam yooj yim txhais tau tias. Piv txwv li, hauv cov tsev laus nrog cov ntoo hauv tsev thiab stucco, kev txhawj xeeb loj txog cov neeg nyob ze, liam tias nce ntais zeeg hauv qab nthab ua rau. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub ntsiab lus ntseeg tias txoj haujlwm sib tshooj tsis raug thiab tias, nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav ntawm lub qab nthab tsim, lawv yuav twv yuav raug sling. Cov kev sib tw ntawm tus engineer nrog cov lus piav qhia, kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov cuab yeej muaj tiag, raws nkaus li ntawm cov kabmob cov kabmob, feem ntau tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam. Avot glued rau cov kab nrib pleb ntawm lawv chav tsev ib daim ntawv (beapons) tam sim ntawd ua rau lub sijhawm ua xyem xyav, tshwj tsis yog, tsis tawg nrog lub sijhawm tawg. Thaum lub beacons so, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog rau kev ceev tseg txhua txoj haujlwm, tshawb xyuas cov kev suav thiab kev ua raws li cov thev naus laus zis.
Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ntau hom kev ua haujlwm thiab kev teeb tsa kev teeb tsa tau txiav txim siab los ntawm ntau tus yam ntxwv, lub ntsiab ntawm uas yog:
- Lub ntim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm SMR;
- Khi rau cov khoom xa tuaj thiab cov khoom siv;
- Qhov muaj ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tam sim no;
- Kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov nqi nyiaj txiag thiab kho kom ntev.
Yog li, zoo siab, los ntawm peb qhov kev xav, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv ntawm CMR rau cov tsev apartment:
ib tug. Dismantling ntawm tag nrho superfluous: partitions: dispitions, discive screed, plaster, etc. Koj tuaj yeem xaj tam sim ntawd lub qhov rais yog tias lawv raug hloov. Thaum xaj khoom, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account cov tuab ntawm lub rwb thaiv tsev ntawm lub qab nthab, phab ntsa thiab poj niam txiv neej. Feem ntau, qhov ntau ntawm cov qauv ua kom sov nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais qhib muab cov khoom siv zoo (hauv qhov chaw zoo) - hlau-yas hollow thawv, uas tau txuas rau lub qhov rais thaiv lawv tus kheej. CATIM cov dev tom qab ntawd ua rau lub profile rau cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws, lossis phab ntsa ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm muaj nyob ib sab.
2. Kev cim ntawm chav tsev ua raws li txoj haujlwm thiab ua kev hloov pauv mus rau kawg yog tias tsim nyog. Yog tias lub markup, tsim tawm nrog tus kws kes duab vajtse thaum pib ntawm kev tsim kho thiab cov neeg tuaj yeem txuag tau cov qhua tuaj noj mov) los ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau cov ntaub ntawv. Yog li ntawd, raws li cov neeg xa mus rau lub nroog, hlau thauj tog rau sab nrauv nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 10 hli thiab ntev ntawm 130-150mm yog yooj yim siv. Los ntawm cov slab sib tshooj, xws li "beacon" yuav tsum ua ntawm cov tuab ntawm cov kev iab liam ntawm Screed Plus 10-20mm los khaws cia thiab tom qab sau cov tom kawg. Txhawm rau txhais ib txoj kab ncaj nraim, plaub yam qauv tsim tawm nws cov qauv sau tseg (tom qab kho kom zoo nkauj), ob "ntug hiav txwv" yog xav tau rau plastering phab ntsa uas twb muaj lawm. Kev ntsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov axes ntawm anchors. Thaum drilling qhov nyob rau hauv slab sib tshooj nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua kom lub boring ntsug kom txo qis markup yuam kev.
Feem ntau hais lus, lub qhov rau kev teeb tsa anchors yog lit yog tias lub cim ua ntej (tawv nqaij ntawm daim nyias nyias) tau pom tias muaj peev xwm siv tau. Hauv qhov tsis sib xws yog tias koj yuav tsum sim coj lwm qhov chaw (lossis nws) rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab rov ua cov cim. Feem ntau muaj txaus ob lossis peb sim (iterations). Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau qhov ua raws "qhov ntau thiab tsawg (cov khoom siv ncaj ncees yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov chav nyob ntawm 90. Thaj chaw ncaj ncees, thaj chaw nrog cov khoom noj, parquet thiab nyaum Cov plag tsev (nyeem ntxiv txog nws tuaj yeem pom hauv tsab xov xwm "Memo rau cov neeg siv khoom loj. Peb ua haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm"). Txij li thaum koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas cov ces kaum ntawm cov thee, txawm tias yog ib nrab-'meter' meter, nws yog qhov ua tau tsuas yog muaj qhov ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov cathets hauv chav no. Pom zoo, nws yog qhov zoo dua rau Tinker nrog cim dua li rov ua dua cov phab ntsa ua tiav. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm khij cov kws kes duab kos duab, raws li txoj cai, pab txhawb qhov tsim qhov ntev ntawm ntau qhov kev kho.
3. Khi txoj kev xav ua theoretical ntawm pem teb ntshiab rau lub cev lub cev ntawm phab ntsa, piv txwv li lub qhov ntawm of the elevator. Los ntawm cov kev ua rov qab no, ib tus neeg nyiam kev txaus siab tuaj yeem rov qab tsim "xoos kab" hauv cov tsev thiab phab ntsa feem ntau tsis tau ua haujlwm ze ntawm of the elevator. "Lub cev xoom" ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm chav tsev tsis txaus, vim lawv qhov chaw nyob tas li, muab tso cia, muab tso rau, thiab cov xo kab yog erased. Cov cim siv siv tau yooj yim ntsia ntawm qhov chaw siab kawg ntawm 1500mm los ntawm kev ua kom huv si, yog li kom tsis txhob tawm tsam thaum ua haujlwm nrog ib qib dej thiab rov muab dua los ntawm tus lej. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm tus tub los ntxhais ntawm lub cev ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm of the elevator, yuav tig mus ua txawv, yuav tsum tau sib txawv, yuav ua rau cov lus qhia sib piv rau hauv phau ntawv teev kev saib xyuas. Lub "lub cev xoom" yuav tsum muab ib qho kws tsim duab, muab lub xeev tiag tiag ntawm cov chaw ntawm cov tsev apartment, "pies" ntawm cov plag tsev, qhov siab ntawm cov rooj tog zaum, niches nyob rau hauv cov rooj tog, thiab lwm yam.
plaub. Tom qab teeb tsa tus xoom kab, qhib tau ua rau ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab sib tshooj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los them sai sai rau cov kev ua raws li cov haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab cov lus pom zoo thev naus laus zis. Nyob rau theem tib, lub qhov rais thiab ib qho inlet hlau qhov rooj tuaj yeem txaus siab.
tsib. Tom ntej yog lub cuab yeej ntawm cib, thaiv thiab lwm yam kev faib tawm tsis muaj plasterboard faib, uas tau ntsib tsuas yog ntawm ib sab tes. Nws yuav tsum tau los ntawm lub siab tias "npog ntawm cov txheej txheem gyps qhuav, nrog kev pom me ntsis me ntsis, tsis muaj ntau tshaj 1 hli hauv pob qij txha (SNIP 3.04. 01-87 "insulating thiab xaus txheej txheem"). Nws muaj peev xwm nqa tawm qhov kev sim ntawd tsuas yog tom qab cov duab kos, tab sis nws yog qhov tsim nyog los saib xyuas nws cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no. Kev ntxuav thiab cov kev sib txuas lus tsawg zaus feem ntau yog nyob hauv qab plaster, thiab hauv cov thav ntawv, ntxiv rau, koj tuaj yeem zais cov kav dej ntawm cov dej mov, cua sov thiab dej phwj. Embossed nyob rau hauv kev tso kawm ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm ob lub laces, ncab raws cov cim thauj tog rau nkoj, yog qhov nyuaj txawm tias muaj kev muaj siab zoo. Lub sijhawm ntawm feem ntau npaj rau lub qhov rais tshiab, tom qab kev txhim kho balconies thiab loggias, yog tias tsim nyog.
6. Cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob ntawm kev sib txuas lus - hluav taws xob, cov xov tooj cua, dej pheeb suab, cua, cua txias pipelines Cov. Nyob rau theem no, yuav tsum tau them rau nruj me ntsis cov ntaub ntawv - snips, thiab lwm yam zais ntawm hluav taws xob yog tso cai rau cov hlau hauv ob chav rwb thaiv tsev, thiab hauv Cov qauv ntawm cov partitions thiab tshem tawm hauv qab nthab "ntawm cov khoom siv sib zog, cov kav dej sib txawv ntawm cov thawv, thawv, hlau, nrog xaim hluav taws xob, tiv thaiv cov xov hlau muaj shells los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm "(Pue2000G, Tshooj" hluav taws xob ntawm thaj chaw nyob thiab cov tsev pej xeem ", pp .7.1.29, 7.1.32).
"Kab ntawm pawg tau txais kev pab cuam los ntawm pab pawg neeg kom plug cov nyo taw yuav tsum yog los ntawm peb-hlau (theem ua haujlwm thiab xoom 7.1.33.3. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hlau loops nrog cov xov hlau hauv cov screed nyob rau hauv cov pob tawb nyob rau hauv cov pob tawb nyob hauv tsev yuav tsum nyob ntawm qee qhov deb ntawm phab ntsa kom koj tuaj yeem kho ntug ntug. Feem ntau, tso cov kev sib txuas lus zoo dua hauv cov laj thawj ntawm cov laj thawj no tsuas yog siv cov xaim hluav taws xob, qhib lub phab ntsa lossis yooj yim dua li cov plag tsev, tshwj xeeb yog cov khoom siv.
Nws kuj tseem tsis tau lees paub tias txij xyoo 1999. "Pawg neeg tes hauj lwm muab cov ntsaws rooj yuav tsum tau siv nrog nominal trigger tam sim no tsis muaj ntau dua 30mA" (P.7.1.79). Ua ntej txoj cai no thov tsuas yog mus rau qhov chaw tawm hauv chav dej. Tsev Kho Mob, cov ntim ntawm tsab xov xwm tsis tso cai rau koj kom qhia txog txhua qhov kev lom zem ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv (UZO) thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Cia peb hais sai: ib lub log zoo tshem tawm kev tshem tawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws kub vim tias muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov saw hlau uas lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv. Peb tsuas yog xav tsis txhob hnov qab xyuas nws "kev sib tham nrog cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus." Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim nws tsis yog txhua qhov nyuaj: tsuas yog nyem qhov "Test" khawm thiab tom qab ua tiav tau tso "keyboard" mus rau txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm. Peb Pue qhia kev kuaj ib hlis ib zaug. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, lub RCO tau dav dav nyob rau hauv 60-70 xyoo ntawm XXVEK.
Thaum cov dej tso dej thiab cua sov, "branded" pob li qub yuav nyob rau hauv cov khw tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau siv. Nyiaj ntsuab kos yog qhov zoo dua li khaws cia kom muaj kev thov nyiaj thaum ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Nws yuav tsum tau nyob hauv siab tias txhua qhov qub ntawm cov dej thiab cua sov yuav tsum muaj (shells, cov vuas tshem tawm ntawm cov hlau nplaum, thiab lwm yam); Ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm cov dej phwj tuaj, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim "allits" kom koj tuaj yeem tau txais rau lawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev quab yuam majeure tsis muaj kev rhuav tshem ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv chav dej. Yog tias tso cai, koj tuaj yeem nruab cov dej lim dej, cia li txiav tsis tau siv cov dej hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob valve nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob sib tw nyob hauv chav dej thiab chav ua noj. Ua tiav teeb tsa (teeb tsa) ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov dej kub thiab cov dej txias txog $ 450.
Tom qab tso cov kev sib txuas lus zais, tab sis ua ntej lawv lub foob, cov tuam tsev yuav tsum tau ua lawv cov ntawv xeem ua kom raws li cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no, nrog rau kev ua tiav thiab hloov chaw ua haujlwm rau cov neeg siv khoom. Cov ntaub ntawv Executive muaj nuj nqi yog ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj tus neeg txaus siab, suav nrog cov qhua tuaj noj mov, tom qab seeling kev sib txuas lus, tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lawv qhov chaw nyob (kos nthab, hauv qab, hauv qab hauv av). Qhov no cuam tshuam rau Parquetrs Fastening Phaneur mus rau screed, installers Txhim kho cov khoom siv hauv chav dej thiab cov phab ntsa hauv chav, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ua haujlwm tshaj plaws ntawm cov tswv ntawm cov tsev apartment, tom qab txawm tias dai cov phab ntsa dhau ntawm sab hauv yav tom ntej. Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm feem ntau ua cov kws tshwj xeeb uas tau sib txuas lus, thiab tshawb xyuas tus kuaj xyuas ntawm kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm lossis cov qhua tuaj noj tshuaj. Schemes tseem tuaj yeem kos tau los ntawm tes, qhov tseem ceeb yog tias lawv muaj qhov cheb ntawm txhua lub xov hlau, lawv tau txheeb xyuas cov npe thiab tawg qhov ntev. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntau thiab tsawg txuas rau yav tom ntej cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau txaus rau kev txiav txim siab tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev sib txuas lus.
Cov lus hais ntawm cov tuam tsev uas lawv ua txhua yam ntawm txoj haujlwm, tsis muaj kev thuam, thiab tsuas yog muaj kev sib tw, thiab tsuas yog tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv mus rau qhov chaw ntawm chav tsev.
Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov raj xa dej yog nqa tawm raws Snip thiab yog cov tshuab kev kuaj hniav hauv tsev ", yog li 10 feeb ntawm kev nrhiav hauv qab ntsuas siab (B1.5rea ntawm kev ua haujlwm) ntawm hydrostatic txoj kev xeem tsis tau pom ntawm ntau dua 0.5kgs / cmes thiab dej xau los ntawm cov dej ntws. " Rau cov cua sov, "lub siab poob yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.2kgs / cm2 rau 5 feeb" (ibid., Nqe 4.6). Kev ntsuas ntau dhau yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hydraulic nrog cov cuab yeej zoo (Diam duab), muaj cov chaw nyob uas yuav tsum muaj cov tswv yim ntawm lawv tus kheej cov nqi. Muab "nias cov kav dej ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab" yog qhov zoo dua rau kev xyeej, vim tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas lub siab hauv lub system tuaj yeem nkag siab. Ib qho ntxiv, raws li kev xyaum qhia, nrog kev nce siab hauv 1.5rd ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv 80% ntawm cov neeg mob, uas tsis yog nyob rau ntawm lub xeev ntawm lub system.
Cov dej phwj dej yog soj ntsuam "los ntawm cov dej straitly nrhiav 75% ntawm cov khoom siv huv si thaum lub sijhawm kuaj xyuas yog tias nws tsis tshawb xyuas qhov xau los ntawm cov Cov phab ntsa ntawm cov kav dej thiab qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov kev sib txuas. "(Snip3. 05.01-85, 633). Hauv qab cov scenes rau yooj yim, nws muaj peev xwm muab cov ntawv huv los, ntawm cov tee twg yuav pom tam sim ntawd thaum muaj xau.
Ua ntej kev sib khi, nws yuav zoo los xyuas cov megommeter ntawm cov rwb thaiv tsev tsis kam ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob lossis tsawg kawg "tes taw (phother). Nws yuav tsim nyog los rov hais dua cov tshev thiab tom qab kawm tiav ntawm tag nrho cov fasteners: installation ntawm plasterboard, plywood, eaves, plinths, etc. Nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias "tag nrho cov kev sib txuas thiab cov ceg ntoo ntawm cov installation nyob ntawm tej yuav tsum tau ua vuam, crimping Hauv lub tes tsho lossis los ntawm clamps (cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tag) nyob rau hauv ceg ceg "(SNIP 3.06-85, P.3.34). Qhov ntawd yog, tsis muaj twists tso cai. Nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov, lub sijhawm feem ntau txias txhua yam uas tsis muaj ceg (txim taws) thawv. Tus neeg siv khoom rau txhua tus neeg tau txais kev pab cuam ncaj qha los ntawm pawg faib hluav taws xob, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias kev noj cov hlau loj heev.
7. Tom qab kev xaim thiab tshuaj xyuas kev sib txuas lus, cov thav ntawv sib txuas lus yog kaw nrog lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws, ua kom dej hauv chav ua noj los ntawm kev teeb tsa lub qhov rooj ua ntej ntawd.
Txij no mus, xov xwm ua tiav uas "yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ntawm qhov chaw muaj cua sov uas tsis qis dua 60%. Xws li qhov kub nyob ib puag ncig Moos, tsis pub dhau 2 hnub ua ntej pib thiab 12 hnub tom qab ua haujlwm nrawm, ua ntej dhau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm daim duab hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau ua ntawm huab cua huab cua thiab Kev tiv thaiv cov chaw tiv thaiv tsis qis dua + 15c (snip 3.04-87).
Loj siab rau waterproofing yuav tsum tsis txhob yuam, nws yuav tsis cawm txhua yam los ntawm kev nyab xeeb loj. Nws yuav pab tsuas yog los ntawm cov dej xau hauv zos, piv txwv li, yog tias nws rub tawm ntawm lub qhov dej ntawm lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab txhua yam dej ntawm lub tank nyob hauv av. Yog lawm, thiab cov dej no yuav tsis tshwm sim ntawm lub qab nthab hauv qab ntawm cov neeg nyob ze xwb yog tias hauv chav dej "trough", ntawm phab ntsa uas tsis muaj dej tseem tau them. Yog tias cov plag tsev ntawm chav dej thiab lwm chav tsev yog tsim, raws li zam, nyob rau tib theem, hauv tib theem kev ywg dej tsuas yog xav tau zuam. Nws zoo nkaus li tias kuv tau pom tus qauv, tab sis qhov tseeb nws tau tawg.
Qhov xav tau, xws li cov lus hais yuav luag txhua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm tsev thiab txawm tias "kim" cov hnab looj hnab looj plab. Lawv tau tuaj sai sai rau cov neeg ua txhaum, thiab kev ua txhaum loj heev yog yooj yim "qhib" los ntawm cov neeg tsim vaj tsev. Nws tshwm sim, feem ntau yuav, mechanically, lawv kuj pom cov txheej waterproofing tiag tiag rau hauv av thiab tsis txhob them rau qhov "kev sib tsoo ntawm lub qhov rooj" los ntawm qhov rooj. Feem ntau, nws tseem tuaj yeem pom tau hais tias qee tus kws tshaj lij ua tib zoo ua kom tsis muaj dej thiab nchuav ib qho kev sib cav sib ceg. Tom qab ntawd lwm tus masters ntawm tib lub tuam txhab tuaj thiab muab cov hluav taws xob hewb pem teb, kho cov kab xev mounting nrog kev coj tus kheej nrog cov screed thiab waterproofing. Lub styling ntawm cov pobzeb pw kuj mus rau hauv pem teb mus rau hauv pem teb yuav raug ntsia hlau nrog cov ntsia hlau ntev, uas yuav txawm tuaj hauv cov slab sib tshooj. Nws yuav muaj tseeb dua kom tsis txhob yuav ib daim kab xev mounting txhua, thiab cable "kom qhuav" rau qhov screed ntawm alabaster. Cov khoom plig rau cov pa dej kom nrawm rau cov dej ua ntej nrog ua ntej nrog silicone sealant lossis poob hauv bitumen mastic; Tib yam kom ua nrog cov ntsia hlau.
Cov cwj pwm ib txwm ntawm cov screed thiab plaster raws li ib yam lus theem ob, ntxhib-txaus ntshai misleading. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov hauv paus hauv qab cov txheej txheem kawg tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov xim txheej uas tshwm sim tsuas yog vim yog txoj kev sib yuav ntawm cov "kev sib yuav ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg". Ntau rau qee qhov laj thawj tau npaj them $ 20 rau ib lub square meter ntawm kev tso, thiab $ 8 yog sparing rau ntawm screed. Tseeb, xav ua kom muaj kev lag luam pheej yig yuav pom ib txwm pom, tab sis nws puas yuav yog screed? Tom qab tag nrho, qhov zoo ntawm cov screed, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau qhov ntsib ntawm cov chaw noj mov, kos ntau dua nyuaj. Muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm mob (tsuas yog rau kev saib xyuas kev saib xyuas), vim tias thaum xub thawj siab ib txwm, cov screed thiab plaster yeej ib txwm zoo li du. Nws tshwm sim vim tias lawv cov xim grey maub tsaus nti, uas xyaum tsis muaj teeb meem lub teeb ntog thiab, raws li, nkaum tsis xwm yeem. Tab sis yog tias koj thov ob-meter txoj cai mus rau saum npoo (feem ntau aluminium rake - photceptable lumens tuaj yeem pom.
Raws li Snip 3.04.01- 87 "Retulating thiab Tiav linoleum lossis PVC cov nplais ntawm ob-Meter yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 2 hli," nyob rau hauv cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov phiaj ntawm lwm hom, Kawg checkers thiab cov thwv cib, muaj cov nplaum me me los ntawm cov txheej txheem kub thiab xis mas-ua kom zoo nkauj - 4mm, screeds nyob rau lwm hom - 6 hli. Hauv lwm lo lus, yog tias cov hlau ntawm txoj kab uas sib txig sib luag tsis ua txhaum ntawm txoj cai thiab cov screed nrog kev txaus siab (hauv kev sib yuav 1 kev sib yuav yog qhia). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nplaim hluav taws xob yuav tsum tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov kab rov tav "ntau dua0.2% ntawm qhov loj me ntawm chav" (Thamer). Tab sis qhov no tsis yog txhua txhua, tom qab ob peb lub lis piam tom qab sau ntawv, txiav tawm nrog cov chaw sib cais, "hlawv" (lossis " Qhov ntxa "), thiab tseem yuav nce" tsis xwm yeem ntawm tus qauv du. " Cov laj thawj rau qhov no tuaj yeem yog qhov sib txawv tshaj plaws: cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo yog siv, thev naus laus zis "ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab lwm yam. Cov lus tsis zoo, tsis sib hais zoo ntawm screed Yuav tau kwv yees li ib hlis tom qab nws sau. Raws li, nws raug nquahu kom them rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws lub cuab yeej rau tib lub sijhawm.
Thaum xaiv cov ntaub ntawv rau cov cuab yeej, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tsis yog txhua yam qhuav yog qhov zoo. Ntxiv rau cov xuab zeb thiab xis mas, yas yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv kev daws teeb meem, uas yog ib qho ntxiv rau kev npaj, lossis twb muaj sib tov. Tam sim no cov chaw tsim khoom sib txawv yog tsim cov ntawv tshwj xeeb nrog txhua qhov kev ntxiv tsim nyog, sib cais rau cov screed thiab cais rau plaster. Muaj tseeb, lub hnab ntawm xws li cov khoom lag luam ob zaug ntau dua cov sib xyaw ua ke, vim tias "neeg ua haujlwm tau zoo dua, tab sis ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke -
Yog tias koj nyob hauv kev sib hais haum, uas tseem tsis tau muaj cov sib xyaw tshwj xeeb thiab cov tshuab yas ": nyob rau ntawm lub xuab zeb uas koj xav tau ntxiv ib liter ntawm PVA Cov kua nplaum thaum kneading ib txoj kev daws teeb meem uas yuav ua cov yas ntawm qhov no, thiab cov tshuaj txhuam - muaj zog.
Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov muaj pes tsawg tshaj li kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj, qhov zoo tshaj ntawm screed yog qhov kev ua raws li thev naus laus zis ntawm nws lub cuab yeej. "Ua ntej tso kev daws teeb meem, lub hauv paus yuav tsum yog hmoov av thiab tsim los ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg" (SNIP 3.01-87). Cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsim kho, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev ua tiav qhov kev daws teeb meem no, vim nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem rau qhov chaw ntawm kev teeb tsa, lub hauv paus tseem muaj paug. Peb "Txoj Kev" raws li lub hlis yuav raug taug qab ("Hlawv" thaum nce toj). Tsim kom haum yog qhov tseem ceeb: kev daws teeb meem tuab dhau yuav ua rau muaj kev ua yeeb yaj kiab thiab ua haujlwm dhau los ua kom qhuav "saum toj ntawm ib lub dav hlau.
Txhawm rau cov screed nyob rau hauv cov chaw ntawm cov lignhouse kav, lub qhov rooj kawg ntawm kev sib xyaw kom haum thiab noo noo. "(SNIP 3.01-87).
Thiab thaum kawg, nws yog ib qho tsis tsim nyog tsis tsuas yog kho cov ntaub ntawv thiab saib cov txheej txheem sib xyaw, "qhov pib ua kom raug:" Qhov kev saib xyuas cov txheej txheem monolithic rau ntawm cov ceg xis Nyob rau hauv 7-10 hnub tom qab tso nyob rau hauv cov txheej tas li ntub dej kav cov khoom siv "(SNIP 3.01-87). Zoo, leej twg yuav tam sim no hais tias nws yooj yim dua los ua qhov screed zoo tshaj li nteg cov nplais?
Yog tias koj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis saib xyuas qee yam thiab ib hlis tom qab, cov screed los ua "humpback tau ua rau hauv av, thiab qhov no yog kho (nyiam dua vim yog tus neeg ua txhaum). Rau lub xeev ntawm lub dav hlau, qhov chaw tau hloov kho siv tus kheej-ntsuas kev sib xyaw ua ke, thiab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tev tawm hauv lub thauj tog rau nkoj ntev.
Thiab ntxiv. Coupled - qhov chaw nyiam qhov chaw uas unscrupulous masters nkaum unfounded overestimation ntawm kev kwv yees. Yog xav paub ntxiv: 1M2 screed 2cm yog ib lub hnab (50kg) ntawm ib lub sib tov qhuav. Paub txog qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov screed (ntawm kev ntsuas cov duab kos thiab xoom kos), koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas cov kev suav ntawm cov tuam tsev.
Ntawm chav tsev kub thiab av noo, tsis pub ntau tshaj 60% ntawm cov screed hauv peb hnub tau txais 70% ntawm lub zog, tom qab uas nws muaj peev xwm pib pib plastering thiab tiled ua haujlwm.
yim. Plastering thiab tiled ua haujlwm. "Cov av noo ntawm cib, pob zeb thiab qhob plasters tej chaw yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 8%" (SNIP 3.01-87).
Rau cov plaster cement-saldy tov, yuav luag txhua tus ntawm txoj hlua hais. Tab sis, tsis zoo li cov screed, qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau nruj nreem kab rov tav, hauv kev kwv yees tuab teev ntuj tam sim ntawd (SNIP ntawm cov plaster yuav tsum yog nruj me ntsis ntsug, thiab yog li ntawd "cov txheej txheej ntawm ib leeg-txheej daws teeb meem, muaj txog li 15 hli. Thaum ib txheej sib xyaw ua ke, txhua txheej tom qab Yuav tsum tau siv tom qab teeb tsa yav dhau los ib. "(Thamer). Tsev Kho Mob, qhov tseeb, tus txheej txheem no feem ntau ntxhov siab, cov plasterers tau sim "muab" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg "
Kuaj thiab txais cov plaster, ntxiv rau cov screed, nws raug pom zoo rau ib lub lim tiam tom qab 3-4 tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov txheej tuaj yeem sib cais "rub tawm", kom muaj tsev cais tawm ("tawg" thaum nce nrog nyias zigzag cracks ("lub web"), uas tau qhia meej thaum cov phab ntsa. Yog tias koj pib pleev xim ua haujlwm ib lub lim tiam tom qab plaster, "Web no kawg, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kab nrib pleb loj dua tuaj yeem sib dhos rau ntawm cov xim pleev xim rau sab nraud. Yog li ntawd, plaster yuav "sawv tawm" tsawg kawg peb lub lis piam. Azatat, rau kev ncua, nws tseem tau piv txwv los ntawm kev txhawb zog tshwj xeeb thiab tsuas yog muab xuab zeb.
Yog tias muaj peev xwm siv nyiaj txiag ua rau kev sib dhos hauv thaj chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ua ke, nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis siv cov cement, thiab gypsum sib xyaw zoo li rotband. Lawv tsis tshua muaj peev xwm ua txhaum ntawm thev naus laus zis, muaj cov nplaum zoo dua rau cov chaw, siv tsis tawg-yog tias tsuas yog nrog phab ntsa xwb. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog tus nqi: 5-8 lub sij hawm siab tshaj concention cement-sand mixtures thiab 3-4 zaug tshwj xeeb, zoo li "birs".
Cov txheej txheem ntsuas geometric rau qhov zoo ntawm plaster ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no: "Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov plaster (vmm rau 1m): nrog rau ib qho yooj yim plaster- 3, txhim kho - 2, zoo siab, 1 Cov. Irregularities ntawm cov qauv du (N4M2): Tsis pub dhau 3, qhov tob) txog 3 hli; siab dua - tsis ntau, qhov tob ) Txog li 2 hli "(Snip 3.01-87). Cov teeb tsa no tseem ceeb tsis yog vim yog qhov tseeb tias tom qab kev kho xim zoo nkauj yuav tsis pom zoo "dents", tab sis kuj los ntawm kev pom kev ntsuas. Ib lub dav hlau tuab txheej uas ntau txoj kev nkhaus yuav tawg thiab diav rawg.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm lub qhov rai thiab qhov rooj sluts, cov ncej, lukas, thiab lwm yam. Lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj li: 2 hli ntawm 1m thiab siab zoo 1 hli rau 1m. Qhov kev sib txawv ntawm lub vojvoog (sim los ntawm kev piav qhia) ntawm cov txheej txheem nkhaus - nrog rau tag nrho cov khoom siv - 10 hli, zoo siab - 5 hli. sib txawv ntawm lub Dav ntawm kev faib ua feem ntawm qhov project yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj: nrog cov plaster loj tshaj plaws: 5mm, txhim kho - 3 hli, zoo siab - 2 hli "(Snip" (Snip 3.01-87). Txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv ntsuas duab geometric ntawm qhov zoo ntawm plaster ua haujlwm yog ua siv tus kav dej (photd3), kev tsheb nqaj hlau thiab ob-meter-cov cai (Diam duab Rail-cov cai (Diam duab Rail-cov cai (Diam duab Rail-cov cai (Diam duab Rail-cov cai (Diam duab Rail-cov cai (Diam duab Rail-cov cai (Diam duab Rail-RAIR -ION (Diam duab Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom tshuaj xyuas cov chaw uas pluashlas, cov platands, rooj tog zaum, kom tshem tawm cov koob tso tawm ntawm lawv thiab phab ntsa yav tom ntej.
Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tso cov vuas ntawm plasterboard muab faib thiab lub neej nyob rau hauv chav dej tuaj yeem ua nyob rau hauv parallel ua haujlwm hauv lwm chav tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, yog cov pobzeb yog muab tso rau ntawm cov plastered nto, nws yuav tsum xub muab qhuav.
Cov phab ntsa rau hauv cov vuas yuav tsum sib phim tsawg kawg yog cov qeb uas yooj yim ", vim tias lawv cov kev ua tsis tau zoo, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov veeping vuas. "Cov tuab tuab ntawm cov txheej txheem nplaum ntawm kev daws yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 7 hli, los ntawm mastic-1mm" (Snip "(Snip 3.01-87). Yog tias vim li cas koj tsis muaj lub sijhawm los yuav cov kua nplaum niaj hnub, koj tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntxiv ntawm "Rethist txoj kev daws, 1 liter ntawm kua nplaum-tawv nqaij yog pheej yig thiab khov kho.
Cov txheej txheem ntsuas geometric rau qhov zoo ntawm kev pom muaj raws li hauv qab no: "Cov khoom lag luam sib txawv ntawm cov kab ke sib xyaw (VMM rau kev hloov pauv Ceramic (VMM) Tib yam - kev sib txawv ntawm cov nqaws ntawm qhov ntsug thiab kab rov tav; ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm lub dav hlau (thaum tswj kev sib tw - txog li 2 hli. kev sib tw ntawm cov leeg yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.5mm (Snip 04 / 04/57). Txhawm rau txhuam cov nplais nqaws yuav tsum muaj kwv yees li ib lub lim tiam tom qab nws tau muab lub zog tsim nyog.
Yuav tsum tau txuas ntxiv.