Myths thiab cov stereotypes uas yog cov neeg yuav khoom tsis raug ntawm Ceramic Vuas. Cov txheej txheem zoo, cov chaw tsim khoom, cov thaub qab, tsim thiab tus nqi.
Peb yuav tham txog cov keeb kwm tshiab ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws cladding cov khoom siv, ceramic vuas. Peb yuav qhia txog cov tuam ntxhab, cov qauv ntawm qhov zoo, fortification, tsim thiab tus nqi. Kuv ua plaub caug xyoo lossis, yog tias koj nyiam, stereotypes uas tsis muab so rau cov neeg siv khoom thiab muag khoom
Nqe lus ntawm kev ua lag luam
Lavxias teb sab ceramic kev ua lag luam pib ua tiav daim ntawv hauv xyoo 1996-1997. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg yuav khoom tuaj yeem faib cov vuas tsuas yog nyeg, Italian, Spanish lossis Czech, tsis tas yuav mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim qauv, zoo thiab nqi. Cov neeg muag khoom tau txaus los nqa cov khoom hauv cov khoom ntim zoo nrog cov ua hauv Ltalis Dail, thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev muag khoom tau muab. Niaj hnub no, lwm yam: tus neeg yuav khoom los muaj peev xwm thiab folding.Raws li cov ntaub ntawv nyiaj xyoo 2002 thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub xeev sib xyaw ua ke hauv Lavxias teb sab hauv Lavxias teb chaws lag luam - 66%, thiab seem 20% Faib cov npoj yub ntawm kev deb zuj zus tuaj deb. Tso rau tom kawg hauv kev nqis tes ua: 29.2% ntawm kev xa tawm los ntawm Spain, 25.4% los ntawm Ltalis, 13.7% los ntawm Poland. Tuam Tshoj, Slovakia, Qaib ntxhw nyiaj rau 5% thiab, thaum kawg, ntawm Lithuania, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Czech, tsawg dua 2%. Cov teb chaws xws li Fabkis, loj hlob teb chaws, Iran, thiab lwm yam., Ces tsis txhob sib koom ua ke: Txhua yam sib koom ua ke, 5.5% ntawm cov kev sib koom ua ke.
Ltalis, Zam nom tswv rau cov vuas pib ntev 100 xyoo, nruab nrog cov cuab yeej 95% ntawm txhua lub ntiaj teb chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom no. Ntau tshaj 350 ntaub thiab kaum tawm ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm tsim qauv ua haujlwm rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb hauv thaj chaw hu ua Modena. Txhua txhua xyoo nyob rau lub Kaum Hlis thaum ntxov, lawv tau sib tw ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj tshaj plaws hauv kev ua yeeb yam loj tshaj plaws Cersaide hauv Bologna. Cov khoom tshiab poob rau cov txee ntawm cov khw muag khoom Lavxias thiab khw muag khoom thaum Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo tom ntej. Raws li nyob rau hauv daim teb ntawm cov khaub ncaws tiav, koj yuav tsis nco qab lub tsho yuav ntawm cov muag khoom, tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab cov voj voog uas tsis tshua muaj, thiab tus yuav khoom lag luam uas muaj cov npe Italian, tab sis dawb huv Favorites: Cerama di Iba, Marazzi, Atlas Concorde, Fajina, Gardenia, Corchanetti, Corchanetti, Ricchetti, Campani, thiab lwm yam.
Spain - Lub ntiaj teb nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam ntawm cov pobzeb - pib ua raws li Ltalis 50-60 xyoo dhau los thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau ua tiav ntawm Italian thev naus laus zis thiab khoom siv. Txhua yam yog qhov zoo heev: Tus 350 npuag nyob hauv lub Castellon struts nthuav qhia txog kev nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb, tuav hauv Valencia thaum lub Ob Hlis Ntuj thiab Lub Peb Hlis thaum ntxov. Kev ploj ntawm cov vuas muab ntau cov chaw ua haujlwm. Ntawm lawv, aparici, vives, Metropol, Brengo, TU, Venus, PER HYWEA, Navarti, thiab lwm yam.
Lub tsev khw muag khoom muaj zoo txij li lub neej ntawd 1998, thaum nws tau mus rau kev sib cais los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom. Tab sis hauv ob xyoos dhau los, tom qab kev hloov pauv hauv kev yuav khoom ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom, nws yuav tsum tsim kev tsim khoom, Rhin Italian, SNAP, daim phiaj thiab nyiam cov cuab yeej cuab tam Italian. Piv txwv li, peb muab cov "sokol" (Kindovsk, thaj av Moscow "(Hom" Lira), "Lira Ceramics" (tseem thaj av Moscow). Ntxiv mus, peb txoj kab Italian tau raug tsim tawm ntawm Ojsc "STYFORFOR" (G. Shechta, Rostov cheeb tsam) ntawm 2001. Peb txoj kab Italian tau raug launched. Tsis ntev los no LLC "Bashkerama" (tus equanka ntawm Okynylit Nroj Tsuag ntawm cov khoom lag luam muajeric) thiab cov kab ke ntawm cov khoom lag luam rau kev muab cov vuas. "Cia nws, comrades !!!" Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov neeg siv khoom uas tau mus txog cov khoom lag luam predefate xyoo 2002.
Tus neeg sib tw tseem ceeb hauv niche ntawm cov khoom ntawm hloov tshiab Lavxias kev lag luam yog pobzeb los ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, Tebchaws Poland thiab Czech koom pheej. Ncej tsib lub xyoos dhau los ua tiav theem ntawm kev tsim khoom me me thiab tam sim no nquag muag cov nqi hauv qab ($ 10-15 rau 1m 2 tom qab vuas). Unas muaj npe nrov rau tsib lub factories: Opoczno thiab tubadzin, ua raws li los ntawm Ceramika-konskie, paradyz thiab polcolorit.
Cov kev thaiv loj rau kev faib tawm dav hauv Russia hauv Russia (Hoba Steel, thiab lwm yam) thiab $ stereotypes ntawm cov neeg muab khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom. Cov nplais Fab Kis nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm cerabati Hoobkas, uas yog ib feem ntawm Gruppo Marazzi (760MLNere), tau pib nws tus kheej hauv tus nqi muag khoom niche $ 20-25 rau 1m2. Txawm hais tias qhov zoo tsim nyog, tsim qauv zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov nrov npe ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas Turkish, vim yog cov khoom lag luam uas Turkish, cov khoom no tsis tau thoob plaws los ntawm peb. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia, cov khoom siv hauv Suav tau tawm ntev dhau los, tam sim no nws maj mam nkag mus rau sab hnub poob. Cov khoom no yog tus cwj pwm zoo (thev naus laus zis), tus nqi thauj tau qis dua (txawm tias ntawm cov neeg thauj tau nyiaj siab nws nqi $ 10 rau 1 hli ") thiab ntau yam ntawm kev sau cov qauv tsim qauv. Nws tseem tsis tau muaj rau Veserine ib feem ntawm nws, tab sis muaj kev nyiam ua kom muaj kev xa khoom vim kev zam rau txhua hnub tuaj.
Zaj dab neeg txog kev ua tau zoo
Ua ntej, tej hub tab tom cov vuas rau sab hauv phab ntsa tsis tuaj yeem piv nrog cov nplais nplais hauv pem teb thiab cov plooj. Raws li European Eniso thiab Gost 27180-2001 Tus Qauv "ceramic pobzeb. Kuaj txoj kev", nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, Lavxias GOST tau ua raws li cov qauv European. Raws li cov cai ntawm gost thiab en ceramic tig cov pobzeb rau cov phab ntsa, tab sis tsis yog kev sim rau hnav thiab khov rau sab nraum zoov thiab sab nraum zoov thiab Street " ).
Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Muab ISO rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov vuas luaj
| Kev Ua Tshwj Xeeb | Txheem Cen thiab Gost | Cov teeb meem cia |
|---|---|---|
| Ntev thiab dav | EN98. | Tshaj0.8% |
| Qhov tuab | En 98. | Ntau tshaj 8% |
| Ncaj | En 98. | Ntau tshaj 0.8% |
| Qhov chaw | En 98. | Ntau tshaj 0.6%(Gost tsis txhais) |
| Dej ragentit | En 99. | Tsawg dua 16% (tsawg dua li24% rau cov pa roj carbonate thiab polymineral clay) |
| Lub zog flexural | Thiab 100. | Ntau 15mpa |
| Kuj mus rau kev puas tsuaj | En 101. | Ntau tshaj 6balls ntawm lub mooo nplai |
Txheeb xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov vuas luaj ceramic yog nqa tawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov zauv uas tsis muaj ntau. Kev sib txawv hauv qhov ntev thiab dav tsis zoo tshaj 0.5% sib haum rau cov vuas luaj sab saum toj. Cov pos yog hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ces kaum los ntawm qhov ncaj qha tsis ntau tshaj 0.3%. Linear Qhov ntev yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tseeb ntawm Masonry, ncaj thiab kev sib txawv ntawm cov tuab ntawm intercuttric seams. Lub tiaj tiaj ntawm cov nplaim uas muaj cov vuas muaj cov vuas yog qhov ntau vim qhov zoo ntawm txhua tus neeg. Cov khoom lag luam nrog txawm tias tsis tseem ceeb convexity ntawm nruab nrab ntawm nruab nrab ntawm nruab nrab ntawm nruab nrab ntawm nruab nrab lossis cov npoo ua ib lub dav hlau tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Ntxiv nrog rau cov qauv qhia tawm linear, nws cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm physico-kev sib cais ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuas cov nplais. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov ntaub ntawv yuav deformed, uas qhia nws cov khoom tsis zoo. Lwm cov cuab yeej tsis tau txais cov cuab yeej ceramics yog lub peev xwm nqus dej. Feem ntau cov pobzeb feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv chav ntub, thiab ib qho uas nquag nquag nqus tau, rhuav tshem nws cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg, thiab tom qab ntawd poob tawm. Tus qauv xav tau hais tias qhov nce nyob rau hauv qhov ntev ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas thaum lub sijhawm noo noo tsis tshaj 0.1%. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pobzeb yog tshuaj xyuas rau thermal sprosposess thiab tsis kam mus rau kev txhoj puab heev, xws li cov kua roj hydrochloric acid, poov tshuaj alkali alkali, cov tshuaj siv khoom siv hauv tsev.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pobzeb yog tshuaj xyuas rau kev tawm tsam mus khawb ntawm cov pas nrig los ntawm cov zaub mov, lub hardness ntawm uas paub. Qhov zoo yog txiav txim raws li cov mooo nplai (nws suav nrog 10 qhov kev txawj-ottilka rau pob zeb diamond). Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus uas yuav tsum tau rau saum npoo ruaj khov ntawm cov pobzeb glazed - MoHS6, uas sib haum rau Fielpap.
Qhov thib ob, cov tswvyimyawg uas qeb ob thiab qeb thib peb yog ris rau peb ntawm txawv teb chaws, tsis muaj chaw nkaum kiag li. Cov khoom yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab kev ua haujlwm. Raws li cov txheej txheem Aesthetic, ua raws li E98 tus qauv, cov npoo ntawm cov nplais yuav tsum saib kom zoo. Rau thawj qib, lub xub ntiag ntawm 5% ntawm cov vuas uas muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv tog neeg. Raws li cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, kev ua yeeb yam raug, Kuj yog cov tshuaj lom neeg raug rau hauv cov pob zeb no yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv qab rooj hauv qab no. Cov qeb thib ob tso cai me me ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nplais los ntawm cov nqi uas muaj cai nyob rau hauv lub pob. Nyob rau qib peb, lawv nkag siab tag nrho cov pobzeb, uas tsis tau sau thawj thiab qib thib ob.
Txhua tus tsim nws tus kheej txiav txim siab txog cov hom ntawm nws cov khoom. Cov chaw loj tsis fim lub tswv yim ntawm kom muaj nuj nqis, vim tias nyob rau hauv cov nqi ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom lag luam tsuas yog thawj thawj zaug. Ntxiv rau cov khoom no, qib thib ob tawm los, yog txoj cai, tsis muaj ntau tshaj 10%. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom twv cov tog neeg ua ntej, txij li kev sib yuav yog random. Yog li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag tsis tuaj yeem lav qhov chaw txuas ntxiv ntawm cov pobzeb thib ob, uas yuav tsis npaj ib tus neeg xa khoom loj. Qhov qeb thib ob yog nyob rau kev tsim kho cov khoom loj, tsoomfwv cov chaw lis haujlwm, chaw qhia kev tsheb ciav hlau uas tus cog lus uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem ntawm qhov ntev. Qee zaum cov tsev kawm ntawv qib ob tseem poob rau hauv cov tuam txhab me uas tau ua lag luam los ntawm cov khoom me me. Txawm li cas los xij, cov muag tus nqi ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm cov pobzeb ntawm qib thib ob tsis yog li ntawd piv rau cov kev nyuaj uas yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm cov khoom no. Vitoga lub khw muag khoom muag khoom ntawm cov khoom ntawm qib thib ob yog qis dua tus nqi ntawm thawj tag nrho los ntawm 5-10%. Npav, ntim thiab cov tsos ntawm cov nplais ntawm ob ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov nplais niaj hnub, thiab tus kws tshaj lij yuav txiav txim siab hom. Txawm li cas los xij, puas muaj tus kws tshaj lij ntawm koj cov phooj ywg, leej twg yuav ua rau tus neeg muag khoom tsis ncaj ncees thiab yuav rov qab ua haujlwm? ..
Thib peb, nyob rau tebchaws Europe tau raug daws cov teeb meem ntawm cov pobzeb zoo li xws li. Muaj cov peev nyiaj txiag, tsuas yog yuav ib txoj kab Italian thiab cov neeg siv, ntiav tus kws kho txuj. Qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov zoo yog daws maj mam, raws li cov khoom siv tau ntsib nrog thawj cov khoom yoj yuav yuav hauv GDR (cov no yog cov kab txuas ntxiv thiab cov kab glazing). Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, nws hloov tshiab ib (txawm hais tias nws ua tau, thiab tsis yog tshiab - muaj kev lag luam theem nrab) Italian. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv cov vuas nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov kab niaj hnub no yog ua raws li cov thev naus laus zis ntawm txhua theem thiab tswj hwm kev tswj hwm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov nroj tsuag Ceramic, uas ua haujlwm Italian Techologist thiab qhov twg cov tswj hwm tau pov thawj raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb ISO9001 lossis ISO9002, koj tsis tuaj yeem ua xyem xyav. Tab sis txhua yam no kim, thiab thaum tsis muaj ib qho kev lag luam hauv Lavxias, txawm hais tias muaj qee cov technologists los ntawm Neteremmer Hnub no (rau cov pib lub Hoobkas "," Velor "). Cia siab tias nyob ze yav tom ntej ib tug qauv hloov chaw yuav yog Lavxias "kws tshaj lij", uas tau dhau los ua tub sab tub rog txawv tebchaws.
Dab neeg ntawm kev tsim
Cov lus qhia kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nplais yog qauv thiab txiav txim siab tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm nws tus nqi. Qhov thib ob ib nrab yog qhov zoo ntawm kev tsim qauv - lub parameter yog kev tshaj lij. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog nws leej twg ua tiav kev ua tiav ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm kev sib sau (series), vim tias vim li ntawd, cov nplais yog xaiv raws li cov kev quav ntxiv. Cov khoom no tau yuav khoom thiab yuav cov khoom no nrog kev sib sau (series), uas txiav txim siab sab hauv ntawm chav tsev (neo-dawb Sanfineyans). Qhov kev khaws cia ntawm txhua qhov kev sau tau suav nrog cov nplais tom qab 80% ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov phab ntsa, thiab cov khoom hniav zoo nkauj. Sab hauv, txhua yam ntawm cov zoo kos duab yog ua ke: duab, pleev xim, duab puab, khoom siv tes ua.
Muaj cov classic thiab niaj hnub sau ntawm cov vuas luaj ceramic rau cov phab ntsa sab hauv tsev.
Keeb kwm keeb kwm. Qhov kev sau tau zoo tshaj plaws yog tsim los ntawm txhua cov tuam ntxhab sib npaug. Qhov no feem ntau yog ob tons ntawm cov vuas tom qab nrog cov vias (qog ntawm qee pob zeb). Nco ntsoov tias lub suab tsaus nti, raws li txoj cai, yog nyob rau hauv qab ntawm phab ntsa, ntau lub teeb saum toj no. Ntxiv rau, dai kom zoo nkauj ntxig rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov vuas uas muaj tus qauv, cais cov ciam teb nrog cov khoom kom zoo nkauj thiab ntau daim nyias nyias, plinths. Tus qauv tsim yog raws cov neeg hauv tebchaws ntawm cov kos duab kos duab.
Hauv cov Italian sau hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm tus muaj cov ntsiab lus qub (rustic cuam tshuam, marble floral ornament ntawm lub ntug dej). Xim xim thiab muaj xim zoo nkauj. Tus neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Russia lub neej beige, brownish, lub teeb terracotta, lub suab xiav lub teeb. Ntxiv mus, cov classic yog nyob rau hauv lub assortment ntawm yuav luag txhua italian tuam ntxhab. Qhov kev xaiv dav tshaj plaws yog muab los ntawm Ariana, Marazzi, Tsib Hlis, thiab lwm yam yuav tau txais kev sib sau ua ke nrog tag nrho cov neeg xav, yog tias koj nyiam cov nplais Los ntawm filosofi series los ntawm Gardia Orshadea. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yuav xav tau kev nqis peev - los ntawm $ 1,000 rau $ 5,000 rau ob sab hauv chav dej loj 20m2. Tsawg cov neeg tsis paub meej tau npaj siab nyob rau hauv lub domus sau los ntawm Ariana ($ 22 rau 1m2 "tom qab"). Ntawm no cov pobzeb tsis mimic lub pob zeb ntuj, thiab nws tus nqi tso cai rau koj kom txuag tau nyiaj ntawm kav dej. Feem ntau, kev xaiv ntawm cov kev sib sau ntawm classic yog qhov dav heev (Postpoint thiab tsos). Tib yam, cov lus dab neeg Italian yog cov khoom lag luam tshaj plaws, yog li nws ua rau txhua yam tsis dhau kev tub nkeeg, suav nrog hauv Spain, Poland thiab Russia.
Spaniards muaj cov vuas luaj uas muaj cov vuas ci ntsa iab uas siv cov txiaj ntsig ci ntsa iab, kub, metallization. Daim duab ciam teb, saturation ntawm cov vuas tom qab ntawm Mayanavas sau los ntawm APARICIC ($ 20), colonial los ntawm cov laj thawj ($ 20) nqa peb thaum lub sijhawm kov yeej kev kov yeej. Cov lus qhia tshiab nruab nrab mediab yog tus thawj coj hauv lub Hoobkas Palmoma series, thiab Mediterranean motifs yuav nyeem hauv TOSCANA sau los ntawm PERCTA. Hauv ib lo lus, hauv manifold ntawm denf ntawm cov nplais, koj tuaj yeem taug txoj kev evolution ntawm kev Spanish classical kos duab.
Hauv Menthon Hollins series los ntawm Johnson (United Kingdom) siv A Victorian style. Lub British yuav tsis muab khaws cia rau cov xim muaj kuab thiab cov qauv tsim muaj kuab heev. Muaj nyob rau hauv peb kev ua lag luam thiab cov vuas nrog cov npe neeg Lavxias lawm. Piv txwv li, raws li cov tsev lag luam Lavxias tsim tau tsim cov khoom sib sau "xim kub" ntawm cov hom "Kerama". Ntawm no yog qauv hais tias phab ntsa ntawm cov xim ntawm xvi-xvi centuries tau dai kom zoo nkauj.
Nyob rau hauv cov keeb kwm keeb kwm muaj nqis ntau dua $ 15 rau 1m 2 keeb kwm yav dhau los ua piv cov duab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntuj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntuj, feem ntau pob zeb. Ntxiv mus, ntau cov "kev ua tiav" kev sau ua ke sau cov npoo thiab Chamfer tau ua kom thaum lub leeg leeg hle lub npoo yog qhov tsis sib luag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, sab ntxhib yog qhov zoo tagnrho hauv qhov zoo, cov nyhuv yog tsim tsuas yog vim yog qhov pom. Qhov xwm txheej no nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem thaum ub ntawm cov khw kev pom zoo yog sib zog nrog cov nqaws tuab (nce txog 100cm) thiab tsis sib xws masonry. Uas yog ntau inhomogeneous, curvilinear thiab pobzeb, qhov ze dua yog rau thawj qhov (pob zeb), qhov kim dua. Tib yam nrog kev sib sau, kom ze li sai tau, rau polished mramor nrog nws cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm Imarmidi los ntawm impronta ntawm impronta, spain). Nws raug nqi 1M2 ntawm cov khoom siv xws li $ 35.
Niaj hnub sau. Lawv cov tsos yog kiag li subordinated rau tus tsim qauv kev xav, thiab tsis muaj kev txwv rau kev npau suav. Ib qho kev txiav txim siab ntau yam yog sib piv, tshwj tsis yog nrog tus lej ntawm cov duab trabyakov lossis cov duab dhos ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov duab ntawm cov duab zoo.
Neoclassic yog ua rau tib cov canons uas cov keeb kwm keeb kwm: Cov nplais me ntsis, tib ciam teb. Tab sis ib qho chaw dav dav yog cov yam ntxwv zoo heev, raws li kev pleev xim ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo-pib ntawm cov xxvek los ntawm cov fresk thaum ub. Cov khoom ua paj ntoo uas tau hloov mus rau hauv cov duab schematic ntawm cov xim (Mirance ntawm Cerabati, Fabkis ($ 10), "Eldorado" los ntawm "Carama "($ 10), txhua yam - Russia). Lub stingy Medieval decor hloov mus rau hauv geometric cov qauv, es zoo li soboroids, matiseed los ntawm Tau-$ 20), Riflessi Sul Mare los ntawm FAP- $ 35 rau 1m2). Thaum tsim cov pobzeb zoo li no, kiag li tag nrho cov duab kos duab tau siv, feem ntau ntxiv nrog cov qauv sab nraud. Nws tuaj yeem qog lub teeb ripple ntawm cov dej (maghhic los ntawm atlas concorde- $ 29), yuav tsum tau ntxhib (Habana los ntawm ib tsob ntoo ntawm ib tsob ntoo (Kora los ntawm Tubadzin- $ 15 ) lossis "pupadzin" (sity-Kubik los ntawm Peronda- $ 22).
High tech style qhia txog minimalist thiab postmodern ze rau cov pob zeb tsim, uas yog qhia hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, laconic, feem ntau yog mountochrome. Modest "Nordic" paj thiab nyom quaj qw ntawm cov nplais Lilly German cov neeg tsim qauv los ntawm cov nqaij mos. Hauv ntau kev sib sau, tus ciam teb ntsug tshwm sim, muaj peev xwm pom kev ua kom qhov siab ntawm chav (piv txwv li, hauv GriCamo sau npe los ntawm Sant'agostino- $ rau 1m2). Metallization tau siv dav. Ntau zaus tshaj li ntawm neoclassic, ntau hom khoom nyob hauv ib qho txuas nrog. Nco ntsoov tias thaum tsis muaj xim zoo nkauj los yog ntim ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb (Bravo los ntawm Vives heev (Bravo los ntawm Vives-$ 22).
Kev siv ntawm ntau hom qauv monophonic vuas (Marocco los ntawm Bardelli) pab kom visually nce qhov chaw. Rau tib lub hom phiaj, koj tuaj yeem siv cov thiaj li hu ua vajtsej (tsim qauv) vuas luaj. Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim tom qab vuas luaj ntawm cov xim sib txawv thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg (1010, 1515, 2020cm). Nws tso cai rau tus neeg tsim qauv sab hauv kom nteg tawm ib qho chaw zoo heev.
Cov haiv neeg style yog tau txais lub zog nrog txhua qhov kev nthuav dav tshiab. Cov ntsiab lus African zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshiab hauv lub super-niaj hnub ntawm IRIS cov ntawv sau tsis muaj. Lub tshuab dai cov ntsiab lus ntawm Katanga series los ntawm steuler ($ 22) tau ua raws li Totem lub ntsej muag thiab cov khoom ua si ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas. Yooj yim geometric cov duab thiab meej xim sib piv muab rau qhov kev xav ntawm lub suab thiab tsis muaj kev qhia txog cov tsiaj qus.
Lub npe ntawm Savanna sau (Cerabati) hais tias rau nws tus kheej. Zoo li yog cov tsiaj me ntawm cov kaus mom me me, ntawm cov nplais hniav zoo nkauj, leaned tiv thaiv txoj kev teeb tsa thiab sab laug ib qho frumaction ntawm daim tawv. Avot nyob rau hauv lub cim universal "Yin-Yan" muaj qhov tsis sib thooj ntawm Japanese thiab Asmeskas pawg neeg (Yin-Yang series los ntawm Marazzi).
Tiam sis thiab khoom tshiab. Niaj hnub no, cov qauv loj yog ua nrov: 3040, 3060cm. Tus neeg yuav khoom zoo li sim hnov qab tias 15-20 xyoos dhau los, tag nrho cov pobzeb muaj qhov ntev ntawm 1010 thiab 1515 cm. Ntxiv mus, cov proportions siv zog rau qhov sib piv ntawm qhov ntev mus rau Dav 3: 1.
Xyoo 2001, ntawm Italian exhibition Cersaide, qee qhov chaw tshaj tawm cov kev sau ntawm pseudo-carriage. Nws yog cov pobzeb ceramic ntawm 2020cm nrog pseudo-qauv rau cov plaub fab nrog ib sab ntawm 1 lossis 2 cm. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov mosaic qog, txhua qhov yog ua me ntsis sib txawv ntawm lwm tus hauv cov xim. Lub Kaum Hlis 2002, yuav luag txhua lub tuam txhab tau pib tsim cov pseudomosis ua keeb kwm yav dhau los lossis dai kom zoo nkauj. Nws yog piav qhia yooj yim yooj yim yog: hnub no cov mosaic yog nrov heev, uas, tau kawg, tsis tuaj yeem siv cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov vuas qub. Ntxiv nrog rau cov vuas nyob tiaj tiaj, muaj ntau thiab txheej ntawm cov kab ntsug ntawm substrate substrate yog li ntawd cov curly chaw yuav raug ntsib. Xuas nrig ntaus tag nrho (qhov thiaj li hu xim gamut nteg los ntawm ib tug tiag tiag mosaic) peb muaj lub hnub qub teeb ntawm tag nrho. Qee cov tshuab tsim khoom muaj cov khoom tsim txom mosaic (piv txwv li, kev sau tawm tshiab los ntawm FAP).
Xyoo 2002, nyob rau hauv SOLDADO series los ntawm impronta (Ltalis), Perle), Cerama Bardelli (Ltalis) thiab ntau lwm yam khoom siv muaj cov nplais, uas yog tau koob meej. Cov duab thaij duab ntawm cov xim thiab txawm tias kev luam tawm ntawm cov duab kos tau siv rau nws cov qauv ua si silk-tshuaj ntsuam. Piv txwv tias txoj kev vam meej yuav tsim tau thiab xyoo 2003 hauv kev sib sau ntawm txhua lub tuam txhab tsim khoom yuav tshwm sim duab rau tib neeg lossis cov kws tshaj lij ntawm cov nplais.
Tsuas yog ib hlis thiab ib nrab dhau los, nyob rau lub Ib Hlis 2003, ob daim ntawv sau tau nthuav tawm ntawm kev nthuav tawm hauv Munich, uas ua ke rau kev tsim cov pob zeb tsim. Thawj qhov kev taw qhia twb tau embodied hauv qee cov kev sib sau, cov no yog cov slots lossis txiav ua los ntawm hydrophic txiav. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov embodiment ntawm txoj kev no tuaj yeem yog Metropol lub Hoobkas Pobzeb (Spain), uas muaj qhib cov pobzeb, uas koj tuaj yeem ntxig cov khoom zoo nkauj. Tis thiab txaus los ntawm cov hnab ntawv steuler yog cov nyom txiav laim ib ncig ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov nplais tom qab. Tshem tawm ntawm ntug, koj tuaj yeem tsim cov leeg Sinusoidal, uas yog txawv ntawm cov kab sib tw ib txwm muaj. Qhov thib ob taw qhia tau siv hauv ib lub vias loj heev ciam teb, rov ua cov contour ntawm cov nplais hauv cov nplais. Lub Backlight yog nqa tawm siv LEDs embedded nyob rau hauv ib tug tuab ntawm cov khoom siv pob tshab. Plaub metres tsis sib xws sib txuas tau txuas nrog ib lub network voltage adapter.
Kev lag luam Lavxias yog tseem nyob rau hauv nws tus menyuam mos. Yog hais tias tus txheej txheem kev sau cia suav nrog kev xaiv ntawm 4-5 xim ntxoov ntxoo, cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tsev nyuam qhuav nats3. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm domestic "Hnub no yog kev txhim kho qauv tsim muaj txiaj ntsig uas tso cai rau koj kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab txuas ntxiv kev lag luam. Cov zis tuaj yeem pom hauv kev sim tsa koj cov neeg tsim qauv, raws li lawv ua nyob rau hauv "chokol", raws li lawv nkag mus rau "Lira Ceramics" thiab "Velor" (Hom "Kerama"). Ito thiab lwm tus twb coj lawv cov txiv ntoo, kom cov neeg tau txais kev pab tsis tas tos rau xyoo lawm.
Nqe lus ntawm nqe
Ua ntej, kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom uas tus nqi ntawm cov chav dej yuav tau txais los ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm cov pobzeb ntawm phab ntsa, yog kiag li tsis yog. Akak tib tus nqi ntawm decor, tsis muaj dab tsi uas koj chav da dej zoo li pej xeem tso zis tso quav? Txhawb kho kho kom zoo nkauj tus nqi ntawm ib lub square meter yuav nce tsawg kawg los ntawm 30% nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lavxias cov vuas, thiab ob zaug raws li siv imported. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov nplais hniav zoo nkauj hauv feem ntau muaj nqis nyob rau hauv 10 zaug ntau dua li keeb kwm yav dhau los thaum suav 1M2. Piv txwv li, ib lub ntsiab lus zoo nkauj ntawm Lavxias kev tsim khoom ntawm qhov loj ntawm 620CM nqe ntawm txog $ 1.2 thaum suav 1M2 yuav raug nqi $ 96. ITO ntawm tus nqi ntawm "keeb kwm yav dhau los" $ 8. Rau cov ntawv sau txawv teb chaws, koj tuaj yeem tsim cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nqi khw muag khoom hauv nruab nrab ntawm nruab nrab tus nqi "keeb kwm yav dhau los" (1m2) />) $ 11 / 3.5; $ 15/5; $ 20/8; $ 35/13. Ntawm chav kawm, cov chaw dai kom zoo dua, qhov qis dua nws tus nqi rau ib qho chaw thiab siab dua nws tus nqi.Koj hais tias qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov neeg muaj qee tus thiab tus nqi kawg ntawm kev xa khoom tsis yog. Cia peb muab ib qho piv txwv: Vuas: 24cm muaj nqis $ 20 ib qho 1m2 sib cais los ntawm kev teeb meem ntawm tsib vuas luaj li 520cm, ntawm tus nqi ntawm $ 8. Tom qab nqa tawm cov kev xam yooj yim, peb tau txais ob npaug ntxiv rau hauv tus nqi ntawm kev xa khoom raws li tag nrho.
Nco ntsoov tias cov nqi siab tshwj xeeb nyob hauv cov kev sib sau ua ke thiab neoclassical sib sau (teeb tsa ciam teb, kev ntxig kev ntxig).
Thib ob, muaj lub tswv yim muaj kev ruaj khov uas cov kev tsim qauv classical tsim ntawm kev lag luam me me yog ib txwm kim dua pawg sau. Qee zaum nws tsis yog. Cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws feem ntau ua rau "keeb kwm yav dhau los", thiab txhua qhov zoo nkauj cov ntsiab lus tau xaj los ntawm cov khoom lag luam, yog li tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv tau nce ntxiv. Aschen thiab me me ua pov thawj khaws tus nqi ntawm lub tshuab dai siab kom nce cov txiaj ntsig. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsis muaj kev sib piv yooj yim. Txhawm rau ua kom zoo xaiv, xav txog qhov kwv yees nyob rau hauv dav dav. Piv txwv li, ntawm tus nqi qis "keeb kwm yav dhau" ntawm Marazzi Hoobkas décor yuav kim dua li xuas tes ua dai kom zoo ntawm tagina.
Tus nqi ntsuas tus qauv rau cov vuas luaj ceramic
| Feem tiv thaiv cov qauv nqi | Qhia tawm,% |
|---|---|
| Kev tshawb fawb Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Nqe | 100 |
| Cov Haujlwm Customts | kaum tsib |
| Tus nqi se ntxiv (rau cov lej 100 + 15 = 115%) | nees kaum |
| Tus nqi | 10-15 |
| Tag nrho tus nqi, kev coj mus rau hauv tus nqi account thiab kev lis kev cai them | 148-153 |
| Lag Luam Wholesale Markup | 25-35 |
| Muag wholesale nqe | 175-188. |
| Kev lag luam | 10-25 |
| Letail nqe | 185-213 |
Tale txog cov khoom
Ntau tus neeg muag khoom, qhuas lawv cov khoom, hais cov av nplaum dawb, muab ob npaug hluav taws, sib npaug cov khoom lag luam zoo. Cia peb sim kom paub meej tias lawv ua txhaum dab tsi.Pobzeb yog tsim los ntawm liab loj thiab dawb loj feem ntau yog los ntawm nias. Qhov loj ntawm cov pawg suav nrog cov av nplaum liab lossis dawb, ib qho, quartz xuab zeb thiab cov tshuaj nplaum ntawm cov calcium thiab magnesium (thaj chaw) thiab / lossis cov carbonates. Los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov pawg masses nws yuav pom tseeb tias lub ntsiab sib txawv yuav tsum yog nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov vuas uas muaj ceramic lub cev. Tom ntej, nws hloov tawm reddish-brownish, hauv thib ob-dawb lossis lub teeb beige. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj txheem ceramic yog porosity, uas tau npaj tseg cov tshuab muaj zog thiab dej nqus ntawm cov khoom. Qhov siab dua porosity, qhov ntau dua cov dej nqus thiab tsawg zog. Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv vuas tuaj yeem muab piv los ntawm kev ntsuas cov dej nqus.
Cov vuas tua hluav taws tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub ntawm 900-1250c rau 40-70 feeb. Nws yog los ntawm qhov kub thiab ntev thiab ntev ntawm lub ci nyob ntawm lub porosity ntawm cov pobzeb seem, thiab tsis yog los ntawm thawj zaug lossis tus naj npawb ntawm kev ci ntsa iab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov loj yog sintered ib txhij nrog lub icing (raws li nrog ib rab phom (raws li muaj ob qho sib cais) - raws li ntawm ob) - nws tsis muaj teeb meem. Qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev thov ntawm cov thev naus laus zis sib txawv kom ua tiav ib qho tshwm sim. Tsuas yog tus nqi tau loj hlob: Ntau Frying muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua - ntau dua li cov nplais.
Yog li, cov vuas rau sab hauv ntawm cov phab ntsa raws li cov xim liab lossis dawb, tsuas yog rau cov xim sib txawv lossis cov nqi, thiab suav nrog cov pab pawg ntawm biii kom muaj kev pab kom thev taus Cov. Txawm li cas los xij, av nplaum dawb (kaolin) yog cov yas ntxiv thiab tso cai kom tau txais qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee kis, thaum siv pob tshab gazes lossis cov vuas tsis raug cai, cov xim ntawm lub hauv paus yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kaolina tso nyiaj nyob hauv Fab Kis, Great Britain thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, yog li nws yog muaj tias av nplaum dawb yog ntau dua los tsim cov vuas luaj dawb.
Thib peb, lub siab zoo vuas luaj uas Spanish cov vuas yog qhov tseeb uas feem ntau ntawm cov lag luam Spanish yog cov khoom ntawm ib nrab-theem thiab classical. Hauv nws cov kev tsim khoom, cov thev naus laus zis uas tsis xav tau cov nqi tshwj xeeb siv. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj piv cov qauv tsim thiab theem ntawm cov khoom lag luam, lawv yuav muaj tus nqi sib npaug. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Cai, txhua txhua xyoo cov kis ntawm daim ntawv cog lus daim ntawv cog lus yog txo. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 2002, nws yog 3.5%, yog li nws yuav tsum tsis txhob tham txog tus nqi sib txawv.
Plaub, hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam, cov nplais tsis yog ib txwm pheej yig dua hauv khw. Qhov no muaj tseeb tsuas yog rau cov khoom lag luam hauv tsev uas tuaj yeem muas me ntsis thiab ncaj qha. Raws li txoj cai, cov neeg muag khoom me coj cov vuas uas loj dua los ntawm cov neeg xa khoom ncaj qha rau cov nqi hauv cov khw muag khoom lawv tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv kev ua lag luam, koj tuaj yeem ntsib ib qho xwm txheej uas koj tsis tuaj yeem khaws cov vuas ntxiv rau qhov ploj lossis tawg.
Cia siab tias peb zaj dab neeg luv luv yuav pab koj sai sai hauv cov ceramic pobzeb lag luam thiab tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv lub txee rau ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom.
Cov npe ntawm ua cov neeg lag luam Lavxias ntawm cov pob zeb ceramic
| Lub Npe Lub Npe | Cheeb tsam | Kev txheeb ze ntau lawm,% |
|---|---|---|
| CJSC "Velor" | Cheeb Tsam Oryol | 17.7 |
| Ojsc Volgograd Ceramic Cog | Cheeb Tsam Volgograd | cuaj |
| CJSC PKF "VORONEZH CERAMIC COG" | Voronezh cheeb tsam | 7.6 |
| Ojsc Oscco Electrompetallical ua ke | Belgorod cheeb tsam | 6.6. |
| Doao "sim tej yam nroj tsuag" | Moscow cheeb tsam | 6.8. |
| Ojsc "NETRIT-CERAMICS" | Thaj av Leningrad | 6,1 |
| Ojsc "tsob nroj ntawm cov khoom lag luam sib xyaw ua ke" | Sverdlovsk cheeb tsam | 6,1 |
| Aoot "Falcon" | Moscow cheeb tsam | 5,7 |
| Ojsc "Stroyfarfor" | Thaj Tsam Rostov | 6.9 |
| LLC "Kuchinsky Ceramico Hom Pobzeb" | Moscow cheeb tsam | 4.8. |
| CJSC "Hu Rau" | Thaj av Leningrad | 4,2 |
| CJSC "Quartz" | Thaj av Leningrad | 2.6 |
| CJSC PSKOVKISOUPSOOTOUPOR | Pskov cheeb tsam | 2,1 |
| CJSC "Cheboksarskaya ceramics" | Chuvash koom pheej | 1,2 |
| CJSC Glebichevsky Ceramic Cog | Thaj av Leningrad | 1.5 |
| LLC "Cov Khoom Loj" | Moscow cheeb tsam | 1,6 |
| Ojsc rau zus tau tej cov ntaub ntawv tsev "zessovo" | Smolensk Cheeb Tsam | 1.5 |
| Cjsc piastrla | Sverdlovsk cheeb tsam | 1,7 |
| Ojsc "Belkovsky cog ntawm Ceramic Khoom" | Moscow cheeb tsam | 2,3. |
| CJSC "Anargarsk Ceramic Nroj Tsuag" | Irkutsk Cheeb Tsam | 0.9 |
| Osoo "Taz-Ceramics" | Samara Thaj Av | 0.9 |
| Lub Kaum Hli Ceric Pobzeb thiab Cov Npe Plawv | Koom pheej ntawm Bashkortostan | 0,6 |
| Ojsc TVSteklo | Ter Cheeb Tsam | 0.8. |
| CJSC "Tomsk Tsob Nroj Ntawm Ceramic Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab Khoom" | Tomsk oblast | 0,3. |
| CJSC "Kirov Stroyfarfor" | Kaluga cheeb tsam | 0.4. |
| Liptsk Hoobkas | Liptsk cheeb tsam. | 0 |
| LLC Op "KrasnoyarsktroySchas" | Krasnoyarsk cheeb tsam | 0.1. |
| LLC "Makhalinskoe" | Tus kab ntxwv penza | 0.1. |
| Ojsc "Bez" | Moscow cheeb tsam | 0.1. |
| Tag nrho | 100 |
Ua tsaug rau koj cov kev pab hauv kev npaj cov khoom ntawm lub tuam txhab "tus yawg", "Kerama", "Fintama", TD "Giel", "server" Cov. Nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm cov khoom siv, ntsuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog theem thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov qauv kev ua lag luam "ITCOR".