Primer thiab putty. Cov chaw thov, cov kev thov, cov kev xaiv ntawm kev sib sau ua ke nyob ntawm seb hom saum npoo, sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev lag luam thiab nqi.
Cov no yog cov primty tiag tiag thiab putty nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus thiab pajtrative kev nkag siab, lub hauv paus ntawm txhua txoj kev sib koom ua ke thiab txhua yam ua haujlwm tiav. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem yuav ua dab tsi yog muab cov nplais, lo duab ntsa, plastering lossis pleev xim phab ntsa. Xa cov queue koj yuav tsum saib xyuas ntawm kev npaj xyuam xim ntawm cov chaw uas koj yuav ua haujlwm. Tom qab tag nrho, txheej ua ntawv thov rau lawv yuav tsum tuav hauv ntev xyoo.
Thawj ua lag luam - priming
| Tawv | Kos. | Lub npe | Lub hauv paus | Sijhawm kom qhuav | Kev noj | Daim Ntawv Thov Cheeb Tsam | Tus nqi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Knaufgips"(Russia) | Ob txhais qoob. | "Betokontakt" | Khoom ntawm av | Txog24ch. | 0.350kg / m2. | Kev npaj ua ntej ntawm monolithic qhob hauv qab daim plaster | 1297 tshiav. (20kg) |
| "Knauf Gypsum" | Ob txhais qoob. | "Putzgrund-ntxhia" | Khoom ntawm av | Txog 24 C. | 50-200 g / m2 (5kg los ntawm 25-30 m2) | Rau cov nplaum zoo dua ntawm cov plasters mineral nrog ib txheej tom ntej | 372 tshiav. (5kg) |
| "Knauf Gypsum" | Ob txhais qoob. | "Grinder" | Khoom ntawm av | Txog 24 C. | Thaum lub sij hawm dilution nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio ntawm 1: 3- txog 0.1kg / m2 | Kev ua cov hauv paus hniav hygroscopic zoo heev, txhawm rau tiv thaiv tsis pom kev ntawm kev daws thaum txuas nqa cov khoom siv plastering hauv cov tsev | 1421rub. (15kg) |
| Optiroc. (Finland) | "Qub" | "Vetonitt" | Khoom ntawm av | 14 hnub | Txog 1.2kg / m2 nrog ib txheej tuab 1mm | Txhawm rau ua kom haum rau cov chaw ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub teeb ua, pob zeb ua, pob zeb ua ke, cib; Kho cov qub, plastered xis hmoov xis nyob sab; Rau cov chav qhuav thiab ntub dej | $ 8 (25kg) |
| Tshaj tsib (Fab Kis) | Alpa. | "Alpa Primer" | Acrylic Copolymers | 1 C. | 1l los ntawm 15-20m2 | Primer kaw rau sab hauv thiab sab nraud ua haujlwm; Txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog thiab kev cais ntawm cov pob zeb ua, cov phaj ci, plasterboard, ntoo thiab nws cov derivatives, tsom iav | $ 22 (10l) |
| Tshaj tsib | Alpa. | "Alpa Primer 127" | Vinyl resins hloov los ntawm alkydes | 1 C. | 1l ntawm 8-10m2 | Universal; Cais raug rho tawm thiab nce cov nplaum ntawm cov ntxeem tau ntxig thiab xoob xoob, cov cement tshiab; Haum rau kev ua cov pob zeb ua, yav tas los pleev xim pleev xim, plaster thiab nws cov derivatives, tsom iav, pvc | $ 20 (10l) |
| Tshaj tsib | Alpa. | "Primer" (ntawm plasterboard) | Acrylic Copolymers | 1 C. | Txog 1l ntawm 8-10m2 (nyob ntawm qhov nyem) | Cais raug rho tawm thiab txhim kho cov duab los qhia chaw ntawm cov plasterboard; txhim kho cov nplaum ntawm lub hauv paus thiab cov coated (pleev xim, plaster, thiab lwm yam); Ntxiv dag zog thiab puag nrog kev tshem tawm tom ntej ntawm cov xim pleev xim lossis txheej txheej plaster | $ 20 (10 L) |
| "Consolit" (Russia) | Consolit. | Consolit300. | Khoom ntawm av | 1-2 h ntawm qhov kub ntawm + 20c | 80 ml / m2 | Los npaj gypsum, plaster, cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws; Kev txhawb nqa tsis muaj zog, ntxeem tau, hygroscopic chaw rau kev ua tiav; Muab cov adhesion siab nrog plastering, leveled thiab tiled compositions | 270 tshiav. (5L) |
| "Kev nplij siab" | Consolit. | Consolit301 | Khoom ntawm av | 3-4 h ntawm qhov kub ntawm + 20c | 0.2-0.3kg / m2 | Rau kev ua cov ntom ntom, tsis-nqus cov chaw ntawm phab ntsa thiab ceilings (ntoo yooj yim, plasterboard) | 390 rubles. (5L) |
| "Kev nplij siab" | Consolit. | Consolit303. | Khoom ntawm av | 1-2 h ntawm qhov kub ntawm + 20c | 80 ml / m2 | Rau txhua yam ntawm cov chaw npaj tau rau qhov kawg tiav (Phab ntsa, pleev xim, zoo nkauj lauj kaub raws li polystyrene ua npuas ncauj, cov khoom siv, ua ntej av) | 210 tshiav. (5L) |
| "Kev nplij siab" | Consolit. | Consolit340. | Khoom ntawm av | 3-4 h ntawm qhov kub ntawm + 20 ° C; Cov txheej tom ntej no tau thov hauv 24 teev | 0.22-0.35kg / m2 (ib txheej) | Seamless sealant muab cov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv dej tsis muaj dej; Haum rau ntub thaj chaw; Tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm phab ntsa, cov plag tsev thiab qab nthab thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm tsoos tsib, compositions ntawm plaster, polymers rau ntawm plaster, polymers thiab cementic thiab ua kom zoo nkauj) | 672 tshiav. (5L) |
| UCP xim (Canada) | Elegant. | Elegant14. | Vinillacryl latesx. | 8 | 0.22-0.35kg / m2 (ib txheej) | Latex Pillofilling av-putty dawb xim; rau kev npaj ntawm pob zeb ua, xis mas, pob zeb thiab cib sab hauv thiab sab nraud; Rau cov tha xim tshiab thiab kho cov xim pleev xim rau thiab cov chaw tsis tau muaj (du, du, du, ntxhib, ntxhib, nyem, nyem, nyem); tuaj yeem sib tshooj nyob rau hauv cov xim av thiab alkyd | $ 3 (1l) |
| "Mefefer om Fabverka" (Lub teb chaws Yelemees) | DUFA. | Dufad13 Putzgrand, Dufad14 TieGrund | Tus kws ntxawv | Txog 24 C. | Txog 0.1 l / m2 | Rau kev npaj ua ntej ntawm plastered, cib, pob zeb ua thiab aerated qhob chaw, gypsum cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev, fiber ntau panels, poob ntawm cov txheej qub | $ 17-22 (10l) |
| Tikkurila. (Finland) | Tikkurila | "OTEC" | Tus nas | Txog24ch. | 8-10M2 / L. | Adhesive Primer rau tshiab thiab yav dhau los pleev xim ntoo, ntoo-fibrous thiab tsob ntoo-puab cov chaw | $ 15 (Bank2,7L) |
| Tikkurila. | Tikkurila | "Luy" | Muaj acrylate | Txog 2 C. | 5-8M2 / L (nqus qhov chaw), 7-10M2 / l (qhov chaw tsis muaj zog) | Universal; rau cov cim thiab xim ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom, plastered, npog, av ci thiab cov duab los qhia chaw; Nws muaj cov nplaum zoo rau cov yas, alkyd thiab Epoxy Txheej Txheem | 1362 tshiav. (10L) |
| "Yaroslavl Xim" (Russia) | "Aqualine" | "Sib tsoo tob-perky" | Paib Raug Nyob Hauv Zaj Duab Xis Emulsion Kev kawm | 1 C. | 18-22 g / m2 | Txhawm rau npaj rau kev pleev xim tshiab thiab kho cib, plastered, qhob thiab ntoo ua haujlwm sab nraud thiab sab hauv | 139 Rub. (7kg) |
Txawm hais tias lub hauv paus pib (substrate) yog pob zeb ua vaj tse lossis hlau, plaster lossis ntoo, tag nrho cov txheej ci yuav tsum muaj nyob ntawm nws. Rau qhov no, cov ntawv tso cai siv, uas tob tob nkag rau hauv lub hauv paus thiab txhim kho nws cov nplaum (tuav) ua raws ib txheej. Muaj cov khoom siv khi thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov khoom, cov ntawv qhia feem ntau tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau lub hauv paus dos (piv txwv li, thaum tshem tawm cov phab ntsa). Ib qho ntxiv, cov txheej txheej tam sim no pab txhawb kom ntau cov kev sib txuam sib txawv thiab nqus (nqus (nqus cov khoom lag luam xws li cov xim av, plaster, thiab lwm yam. Qhov tshwm sim yog pom tseeb: qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov tiav ntawm thaj chaw nce.
Yog lawm, koj tsis tuaj yeem ua ntej txheej thaum hais txog, hais tias, phab ntsa qhob phab ntsa. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm kev kho zoo yog qhov nce zuj zus: tom qab ntawd cov plaster tuaj yeem poob, nuv hluav taws xob; Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus yam ntxwv ntawm noo noo, kev manifestation ntawm txheej txheej ntawm txhua hom kev tsis xws luag (me ntsis, sib nrauj, tawg) yog tsis tau cais tawm. Yog li, thov primer ua ntej overlaying ib qhuav qhuav lossis plastering yog ib qho kev lees paub ntxiv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej nto. Cov nqi kho mob primer qhov nruab nrab ntawm $ 0.5 rau ntawm txhua lub plastering ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv tom ntej nrog rau cov duab kos thiab sau npe rau $ 20 lossis ntau dua rau 1m2. IC Qhov no yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Kev pab tsis yog qhov kev ua haujlwm kim tshaj plaws ntawm cov haujlwm ua tiav yuav hla dhau txhua txoj kev siv zog, tsis txhob hais txog cov nyiaj txiag ua ke thiab qab nthab.
Lub sijhawm thaum tib primer tau siv rau txhua hom haujlwm, nws tau ntev dhau. Yog, thiab kev tsim kho thiab kho cov thev naus laus zis hauv peb lub tebchaws tau hloov pauv ntau yam, nce yam uas siv hauv tag nrho cov neeg ntiaj teb. Niaj hnub no, Lavxias kev lag luam nthuav qhia nthuav dav ob qho tib si qhuav thiab npaj rau kev siv cov khoom lag luam niaj hnub, los ntawm uas koj tuaj yeem xaiv qhov koj xav tau. Thaum lub sij hawm ntau lawm cov khoom sib xyaw, hom npoo npoo (av cib, ua vaj tse lossis av nplaum, plaster, cov khoom siv), nta ntawm cov primer yog siv (ntub lossis qhuav), nrog rau txoj kev ntawm kev ua tiav ntxiv (tha xim, pw cov vuas, plastering). Raws li txoj cai, cov lus sib xyaw siv rau thawj lub hauv paus npaj (qhov thiaj li hu ua Primer-primer) thiab txhawm rau txhim kho cov nplaum ntawm cov txheej txheem tiav yog qhov txawv.
Primers suav cov yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yaj kiab (resins, roj, sib txawv ntau cov roj nplaum thiab ntau yam ntxiv ntxiv rau cov khoom sib ntxiv ntawm cov khoom. Ua rau ntawm ntxhia, acrylic, alkyd thiab lwm lub hauv paus.
Hauv cov av ntawm cov ntxhia, xis mas yog siv ua phau ntawv. Cov qauv zoo li no tau siv rau kev ua kom nrawm dua thiab cov khoom siv ua ntej, ua vaj tse, ua pob zeb ua pob zeb, pob zeb ua pob zeb, roj av, roj av-qhob thaiv.
Tam sim no Universal av nrog cov av uas muaj cov av zoo raws li Acrylic CopolyCers tau dav dav dav. Cov ntawv no muab cov nplaum sib chhesive nrog finite txheej, suav nrog cov yas, acrylic thiab alkyd xim. Feem ntau, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev npaj ntawm cov chaw ntawm cov pob zeb ua thiab cov pob zeb ua kom zoo nkauj, ntoo lossis cov plav qhuav thiab cov fiberglass phab ntsa.
Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ziab cov tshuab ua ke ntawm tus thawj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshiab thiab yav dhau los cov ntoo, ntoo-fibrous thiab chipboard. Muaj cov nplaum zoo rau qhov chaw nyuaj ua cov fiberglass, PVC yas, cov hlau galvanized, iav, pobzeb. Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog qhov tsis yooj yim nqaim, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nco ntsoov cov av noo (ntawm cov kev tsis sib xws, haus luam yeeb, cov pa luam yeeb, primer qhuav) rau Qab nthab thiab thaum kawg primer formulations rau kev npaj ntawm plag tsev.
Tam sim no, kev ua lag luam qhia cov dav dav ntawm cov khoom lag luam txawv teb chaws thiab hom hauv tsev. Ntau cov tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb tau tsim tsim lawv ntau lawm hauv Russia thiab tsim cov av hauv av. Cov tuam txhab Lavxias uas siv cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis tsis lagging tom qab. Txhua yam khoom muaj cov sib txawv txawv teb chaws thiab cov ntxiv. Tus nqi muag khoom ntawm cov primers ntawm Lavxias teb tsim yog qee qhov qis dua li txawv teb, thiab qhov zoo yog qhov sib piv. Raws li txoj cai, primey yog tsim los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab loj ntawm lub tsev qhuav los yog xim thiab cov varnishes. Russia cov nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia xws li cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws xws li Alpa (Polauf, DuFa (Polialand), iCipaintions (ICBAt), UCP xim (Canada ), Semin (Fabkis). Ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tsev hauv tsev yuav tsum tau sau tseg "ci ntsa iab", "svitas", "svitas", "svitex trademark), nrog rau cov koom haum" yaroslavl xim ".
Los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm "tus nqi-zoo", txhua qhov primer-putty muaj nyob hauv kev ua lag luam tuaj yeem faib ua plaub pawg:
- Cov ntaub ntawv pheej yig tshaj plaws. Siv tau nyob rau hauv cov rooj plaub uas lub txiav txim siab ua tau zoo yog tus nqi, thiab tsis yog qhov zoo (ondar nws yog qhov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm pej xeem pej xeem, cov koomhaum hauv xeev, thiab lwm yam). Ntawm no, raws li txoj cai, ib hom primer tsis tau pom rau txhua hom haujlwm sab hauv.
- Cov khoom lag luam zoo hauv tuam tsev tsim lossis ua ke nrog cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws, lossis ntawm cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws (Tva--karaatozar "," svanlavl xim "," Eurolux "thiab lwm tus).
- Cov pab pawg thib peb muaj cov putty thiab cov ntawv tso cai ntawm lub tuam txhab txawv teb chaws muaj nyob hauv Russia (Atlas, DUFA, JOBI, DETIRORC, Tikkurila).
- Elite European (Askiv, German thiab Fabkis cov ntaub ntawv uas siv rau hauv qab kev txiav txim. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom lag luam no tuaj yeem ua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm German lub tuam txhab Lugato Chemie. Lawv muaj txhua hom kev sib ntxiv tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb, tso cai rau koj kom kho tus nqi kom qhuav ntawm cov sib tov.
Cov npe muaj pes tsawg leeg sib txawv hauv nqe: tus qauv 10-liter Canister ntawm tus thawj pab pawg tau nce txog 90 rubles, thib peb yog li 10000-600 rubles. Raws li rau plaub pab pawg plaub, lawv tuaj yeem raug nqi 3-4 zaug kim dua cov sib tov ntawm qib peb.
Yog tias muaj txoj hauv kev xaiv nyiaj txiag, nws ua rau kev nkag siab los ua ke cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ob pawg thiab peb pab pawg. Cov kev sib sau ua tau zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv chav dej thiab cov chav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, chaw nres tsheb, cov khoom lag luam sab nraud, sab nraud ntawm chav nyob, chav ua noj, txee.
Qhov siab dua tus nqi ntawm cov primers, ntau nruj dua lawv txawv lawv txawv lawv txawv: cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim cais rau cov pob zeb, rau cov chaw ntxeem tau. Txhua txheej kis tau ib txheej meej (ib txheej ntawm phab ntsa thiab plaster, ntawm plaster thiab putty, ntawm cov putty thiab pleev xim, nyob hauv qab daim duab).
Txhua saum npoo yog koj cov av
Them sai sai rau cov degree ntawm ib tug tsim (cib, qhob, plaster thiab lwm yam), uas yog, kom nqus noo noo rau nws lub peev xwm. Tus yam ntxwv no txiav txim siab lub zog tensile ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tiav tsis yog nrog lub hauv paus, tab sis kuj ntawm lawv tus kheej. Ntawm qhov sib luag, cov hauv paus me yog qhov zoo dua rau kev thov primer nrog cov khoom lag luam siab. Saib, ib qho chaw sib tw heev yog qhov zoo dua rau ntxiv dag zog rau cov av ntawm tob nkag. Universal Primer muaj pes tsawg leeg tau thov rau ntawm qhov nruab nrab degree ntawm porosity (ib tee dej yuav qhuav ntawm xws li ib qho chaw ntawm ib qho chaw ntawm 1 mus rau 20 feeb).
Feem ntau cov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws preners yog npaj rau ib hom ntawm lub hauv paus, uas ua rau nws ua tau kom ua tiav qhov kev cuam tshuam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv siv. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv. Qhob monolithic Phab Ntsa Yog Qhov nyuaj rau kev thov thawj txheej ntawm plaster. Yog li ntawd, cov chaw zoo li no yog cov ua tiav los ntawm cov primers. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov ntxhia pob zeb compositions (binder), tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov hom phiaj no thiab lav tau cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Cia peb hais, tus Betokontakt primer tigi-knauf tuam tsev yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv ntom ntom ntom ntom, cov pob zeb loj heev, ua pob zeb loj, thiab lwm yam) thaum ua haujlwm sab hauv. Nyob ntawm cov hom ntawm "Betokontakt" nto, nws yog thov unciluted lossis sib xyaw nrog dej hauv 2: 1 piv txwv.
Lavxias teb chaws khov kho "Consolit" tsim tawm nws cov pib tshwj xeeb. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm kev consolit301 ua cov txheej nrog cov kiav txhab siab nrog cov kev daws teeb meem cement-saldy, plaster thiab sib tov ntawm cov polymer. Primer Consolit301 Nws yog qhov zoo rau cov txheej txheem tsis tsuas yog cov hauv paus ntawm monolithic qhob, tab sis kuj yog cov chaw ntoo, qab zib thiab txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag. Cov hom no tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab rau cov kev ua tsis muaj zog, nws tsis txuas ntxiv cov chaw tsis muaj zog thiab tsis txuas lub hauv paus ntawm cov dej tsis kam (tag nrho cov khoom sib txawv los ntawm nws cov Cololit340). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg consolit301- Txhawb cov khoom nplaum txuas ntxiv.
Lwm Primer hauv Russia rau kev ua tiav: ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov khoom siv ntxhia (ua kom zoo nkauj thiab ceramzite-pob zeb cug, yog "webonitt" ntawm cov tuam txhab finnish Optiroc. Qhov no muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov cement yog npaj rau qhuav, cov chav ntub thiab ntub thiab cov vuas ntub dej.
Cov chav tsev ntub qab (chav dej, nqaim, da dej, da dej) kuj yuav tsum siv cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshwj xeeb. Lawv yuav tsum tsim cov txheej dej tsis muaj dej ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub hauv paus, uas tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm noo noo hauv cov qauv. Waterproof Primer94 tsim los ntawm Fab Kis tuam txhab Semin rau sab nrauv thiab sab hauv cov tsos tiv thaiv cov tsos ntawm cov hws, dej noo, cov capillary noo thiab pwm. Nws tau thov nyob rau hauv ob txheej: thawj cov ntaub qhwv dej-soluble ntim thiab nres qhov kev nkag ntawm ya raws, tus thib ob tsim ib qho kev sib sau ua ke thiab ywj siab ywj ploog. Tus thawj coj tuaj yeem siv thaum npaj lub hauv paus rau kev tha xim, putty, putty, vuas luaj, yog tias peb tab tom tham txog kev khi pem teb, hauv qab khi.
Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb-tshiab ntawm Lavxias kev ua lag luam, nws yog qhov ua tau kom nco ntsoov cov av hauv av-putty ntawm vinyl acrylic latex latex elotion144 (ocpppain). Cov khoom tso cai rau koj los ua ke ob txoj haujlwm - priming thiab muab, thiab, yog li ntawd, txo qis lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Yog tias peb sib piv cov ntsiab lus elegant144 nrog cov ntawv sib piv li qub, ces nws yog tuab ntawm tus thawj, tab sis lub caij. Thaum ua ntawv thov, txhua qhov kev nyuaj siab me me sau thiab kab npoo. Nws tuaj yeem raug siv los ua txheej txheej ua tiav ua ntej tha xim. Cov cuab yeej siv elegant144 tau faib ua pawg tom qab ziab ua cov zaub mov tsis tu ncua. Koj tuaj yeem siv av-putty rau sab nraud thiab rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov tha xim tshiab thiab kho cov xim pleev xim rau (nrog rau cov txheej ntawm cov roj pleev xim) thiab cov chaw, du, embossed, ntxhib thiab ntxhib). Muab cov adhesion zoo rau kev sib cuag zoo nrog cov txheej.
Raws li rau kev npaj ntawm cov chaw nyob hauv kev pleev xim, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib cov chaw tsim khoom. Qhov no yuav muab qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm. Txhua lub tuam txhab hnyav tsim nws cov khoom kab, ua kom muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv hauv nws cov kev txwv. Inesl koj xav ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig zoo, thaum kawg cov tuab tuab ntawm cov infamous txheej yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis nws hom thiab hom ntawm cov khw.
Nws yog tus nqi hais txog ib zaug ntxiv: Kev kho deg nrog cov av yog xav tau los ntawm thev naus laus zis. Yog tias koj yuav tsum tau nrog phab ntsa qub thiab ntau zaus, feem ntau nws yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm ib txheej feltified uas muaj falter txheej. Yog tias cov phab ntsa tseem ceeb thiab muab tais zoo, raws li txoj cai, tus thawj txheej ua rau muaj kev hloov maj mam ntxiv. Hauv qhov no, ua haujlwm nrog cov primess zoo ntawm cov pab pawg thib peb, koj tuaj yeem txo lawv cov kev xav rau txuag cov khoom kim. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi ntawm cov tuab ntawm cov ntawv thov ntawm av yog 0.2 hli. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab tias cov nplaim taws muaj qhov nqus tau zoo dua. Raws li, kev noj ntawm cov khoom siv nce. Ntau Primer yuav mus rau qhov kev ua dua tshiab ntawm phab ntsa qub nrog cov chaw sib tw.
Ib qho kev paub txog foreman, kwv yees cov xwm txheej ntawm cov phab ntsa, tuaj yeem ua qee qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm txheej thiab cov qib priming. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv vinyl lossis fiberglass wallpapers, nrog cov kev pleev xim tom ntej, nws qee zaum siv cov ntawv tso dag, tab sis tsuas yog ua kom tsis txhob muaj plaub hau lossis tsis txaus ntseeg. Qhov tseeb yog tias Wallpapers lawv tus kheej ua si qee yam kev khi lus (qhov tseeb, cov nplaum muaj txiaj ntsig yog ua haujlwm ntawm no. Nyob rau hauv cov nplais, txheej txheej txheej no yuav tsis tau siv yog tias cov kab npoo hauv qhov chaw zoo (yog tias tsim nyog, cov phab ntsa yog tsau nrog tiled kua nplaum). Kev sib pauv plasolite ua ntej imposing cov nplais yuav tsum tau siv: cov av tsis muaj noo noo (yog tias cov kua nplaum tsis tso cai rau cov chaw tsim khoom, nws poob hauv lub zog, thiab cov nplais tuaj yeem ya mus nrog lub sijhawm).
Putty rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv
| Tawv | Kos. | Lub npe | Tus yam ntxwv | Kev noj | Daim Ntawv Thov Cheeb Tsam | Tus nqi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Glims ntau lawm"(Russia) | "Glims" | "Glims-100" | Superfine noo noo tiv taus, nteg dej | 0.5-0.7 kg / m2 nrog ib txheej tuab 1mm | Rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm ntub thiab qhuav thaj chaw, ntawm cov pob zeb ua thiab plastered surfaces | 233 Rub. (15kg) |
| "Glims ntau lawm" | "Glims" | "Gypsum ci ntsa iab" | Superfinic, lays dej | 0.5-0.7 kg / m2 nrog ib txheej tuab 1mm | Rau kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom, plastered, ntoo thiab plywood nto | 239 RUB. (15kg) |
| "Glims ntau lawm" | "Glims" | "Glims-300" | Xaus, tso nrog dej | 0.5-0.7 kg / m2 nrog ib txheej tuab 1mm | Rau cov haujlwm sab hauv cov chav ntub | 560TRUB. (25kg) |
| Optiroc. (Finland) | "Qub" | "Lonitt" | Ntawm cov organic binder, nws yog indulging hauv dej | Txog 1,4kg / m2 nrog ib txheej txheej ntawm 1 hli | Rau phab ntsa thiab ceilings hauv cov chav qhuav | $ 8.95 (25kg) |
| Optiroc. | "Qub" | "Langithlrelus" | Qhov ua tiav, ntawm cov phau ntawv polymer, tau tshaj tawm los ntawm dej | Txog 1.2kg / m2 nrog ib txheej tuab 1mm | Rau cov phab ntsa ua tiav thiab qab nthab hauv cov chav qhuav | $ 10.25 (25kg) |
| Optiroc. | "Qub" | "Qub Siberian | Tshwj xeeb sib xyaw qhuav xyaw nrog dej | 0.1-0.2kg / m2 Thaum sau cov nqaws, 1.2kg / m2 thaum ua raws li kev sib dhos | Txhawm rau sau thiab sib luag ntawm cov nqaws ntawm glk, mus kho qhov chaw tha xim yav dhau los hauv cov chav qhuav | $ 17,30 (25kg) |
| Optiroc. | "Qub" | "Weeting" | Waterproof, ntawm cov cement, yog indulging hauv dej | Txog 1.2kg / m2 nrog ib txheej tuab 1mm | Rau phab ntsa thiab qab ntawm dawb lossis grey hauv chav ntub | $ 13,40 (25 kg - dawb); $ 10.20 (25 kg - Grey) |
| "Stroykomplekt" (Russia) | "Stroykomplekt" | "Polyvinila acetate putty" | Ntawm cov polymer hauv paus, npaj siv | 1.5-3kg / m2 | Rau txhaws cov kab nrib pleb, shells, pores thiab lwm yam tsis xws luag, politignment ntawm phab ntsa thiab ceilings nyob rau hauv tha xim thiab wallpaper sticker; Haum rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pob zeb ua, cib, plastered thiab ntoo ntoo | $ 105 (10kg) |
| "Stroykomplekt" | "Stroykomplekt" | "Putty roj-nplaum" | Roj-nplaum raws li, cov roj khov-resistant, npaj rau kev siv | 1.5-3kg / m2 | Txhawm rau npaj ua vaj tse, asbetic, flowboard, plasterboard thiab cov xim ntoo hauv qab, roj thiab dej-dispersive cov xim av, nrog rau hauv cov ntawv ntsa | 88 RUB. (12kg) |
| "Knauf Gypsum" (Russia) | Ob txhais qoob. | "Xaus-muab tshuaj txhuam" | Ua tiav, npaj siv | - | Txhawm rau sau thiab ua kom haum rau cov nqaws ntawm GLC thiab GBR hauv cov chav qhuav | 725rub. (20kg) |
| "Knauf Gypsum" | Ob txhais qoob. | "Bord Bord tiav" | Tiav, ntawm plasterf hauv paus, tau tshaj tawm nrog dej | 2,5kg / m2 nrog ib txheej tuab 2 hli | Txhawm rau sau thiab dlhos cov nqaws, pob qij txha ntawm GLC thiab GVL hauv cov chav qhuav | 446 Rub. (25kg) |
| "Knauf Gypsum" | Ob txhais qoob. | "Fughenfit" | Ntawm kev ua kom xis ntxas, tso dej | 0.25kg / m2 | Txhawm rau cov qhov, tawg rau ntawm phab ntsa thiab ceilings hauv cov chav qhuav | 144 Rub. (5kg) |
| "Knauf Gypsum" | Ob txhais qoob. | "Fugenfull Hydro" | Waterproof, ntawm cov cement, yog indulging hauv dej | 0.25kg / m2 | Rau sealing pob qij txha ntawm glk hauv chav ntub dej | 574 Rub. (25kg) |
| "Consolit" (Russia) | Consolit. | Consolit505 | Cov ntawv sau, ntawm cov polymer binder, yog indulging hauv dej, dawb | 1-1.2kg / m2 nrog ib txheej tuab 1mm | Rau kev ua cov pob zeb ua vaj tse, aerated qhob, plasterboard chaw nyob rau hauv chav nrog ib txwm humidity | 270 tshiav. (25kg) |
| Ua hauj lwm (Lub teb chaws Yelemees) | Ua hauj lwm | Schnell-Spachtel | Universal, npaj rau siv | - | Rau ua tiav lossis ib feem ntawm cov chaw ntawm cov chaw thaum ua haujlwm sab hauv thiab sab nraud | $ 4 (1,3kg) |
| Tikkurila. (Finland) | Tikkurila | "Spackels, Roj Putty" | Kev tsim kho kom zoo rau kev kho kho thiab kho kom rov qab los, ntawm cov roj, npaj rau siv | - | Rau ua tiav lossis ib nrab sib ncag ntawm ntoo, ntoo-co, ntoo-fibrous thiab plastered surfaces hauv cov chav qhuav | $ 3.20 (0.33l) |
| Tikkurila. | Tikkurila | Spackeli Universal rau looj raws, npaj rau siv, dawb | Xaus dej-fusible spain | - | Rau cov pob zeb ua, lub teeb ua vaj tse, plastered, ntoo thaj hauv cov chav qhuav ua ntej xim duab | $ 3.40 (0,5L) |
| Tikkurila. | Tikkurila | "Prepolyv", noo noo-resistant putty | Dej-fused, npaj rau siv, xiav-grey | - | Txog kev ua tiav thiab ib nrab ntawm cov pob zeb ua, gypsum thiab ntoo ntoo, ntxiv rau cov tog ntoo hauv chav ntub; Film-4 hli tsis muaj kev tawg | $ 22 (10l) |
| Tikkurila. | Tikkurila | "Prestong", SaddLeless Vutty | Dej-fused, npaj rau siv | - | Rau cov kev sib dhos thiab sib khi tsis xwm yeem ntawm cov chaw ntxhib hauv cov chav qhuav; Muaj feem xyuam rau cov pob zeb ua thiab plastered txheej ci; Refillary - 30 hli tsis muaj kev tawg | $ 21.49 (10L) |
Txawm tias cov txheej txheej tuab tuab ntawm primer rov ua dua cov nplaim hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, cov duab ntsuas zoo nkauj ntawm cov phab ntsa tuaj yeem ua tiav tsuas yog ob txoj kev plastering lossis cov ntaub ntawv plasterboard, xws li cov ntawv siv plasterboard lossis qhuav-fiber ntau. Qhov kawg nkaus ntawm cov phab ntsa uas raug yog nqa tau yog nqa tawm siv ib qho khoom, uas muaj cov khoom sib dhos, kom saum npoo thiab nws muaj peev xwm coj mus rau lub xeev du heev.
Txhua yam niaj hnub sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov sib xyaw qhuav, kaw los ntawm dej, lossis npaj yuav siv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab muab faib ua kev txhawb nqa (solabed) thiab xov.
Geutroytative "cua ntsawj ntshab" muaj pes tsawg leeg (lawv tseem hu ua cov txheej txheej thawj zaug) yog npaj rau cov chaw ua ntej. Xws li putty yog thov nrog txheej txheej nrog ib tuab ntawm los ntawm ntawm los ntawm 1,5 txog 2.5mm ib pass. Thawj txheej yuav tsum tau yas txaus kom thaum ziab, tsis txhob muab shrinkage thiab tsis tawg.
TAWG Puttey Putty Pab me me, cov kab nrib pleb, kos thiab nrog cov txheej kawg ntawm cov txheej txheej thib kawg - feem ntau tsis ntau dua 1 hli. Tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv nyias tau hu ua superfine. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los thov cov tiav putty hauv ob peb txheej ntawm 0.1-0.2mm nrog nruab nrab ziab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ntseeg tau tias tag nrho cov txheej tuab ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tsis tshaj qhov nqi putty (tsuas yog txawv thiab yog txhais ntawm pob). Hauv kev sib piv, saum npoo yuav tawg.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws niaj hnub qhuav putty tau ua raws li cov plaster lossis xis mas thiab yog tsim nyog hloov thiab thaum kawg txhim kho lub durability ntawm cov txheej txheem siv. Gypsum Putty siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov chav qhuav thiab sib txawv hauv lub tshuab loj, dawb, yooj yim ntawm kev sib tsoo. Gypsum raws cov tebchaw tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tshwj xeeb niaj hnub no. Lawv tau nrawm nrawm thiab zoo nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm.
Pluckles ntawm txoj kev nkag siab tsis zoo yog qhov tsis zoo rau gypsum hauv kev thov yooj yim - lawv tuaj yeem siv tsis tsuas yog hauv qhuav, tab sis kuj nyob hauv thaj chaw ntub dej. Peb yuav tsum zom cov cement peem tom qab 1-2 hnub tom qab thov, raws li lawv tau txais lub zog ntev thiab ib hlis tom qab, nws twb nyuaj los daws.
Putty mixtures tau npaj tam sim ntawd ua ntej ua haujlwm thiab haum rau siv rau lub sijhawm (ntsuas qhov ntsuas no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev sau qoob loo). Txhua cov chaw tsim khoom uas taw qhia cov lus qhia txog kev thov lub txee lub neej ntawm kev npaj ua ntej kev faib khoom yas (muaj peev xwm faib cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm ib txheej nyias nyias) yog ploj.
Zoo nkauj putty "lub neej" hloov los ntawm 5 mis. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, nws muaj peev xwm kom tsis txhob ziab ntxov ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw (raws li muaj pov thawj, nce ntau yam ntawm kev npaj ntawm cov feem tshiab.
Ua tiav ncaj
Txhua lub chaw tsim khoom loj ntawm kev tsim kho thiab cov xim tha xim muaj rau tag nrho cov speeure thiab cov xim tsev tsim khoom, ua si dufa, "ci ntsa iab -" svyatozar "," Ruslux ". Piv txwv li, Optiroc rau cov npe qhuav thaj chaw ua tau ntau hom PUTTY: Betonic Binder), ntawm cov organic binder), ntawm cov organic binder), ntawm cov orger) thiab "hnav" khaub ncaws "(zoo grained). Lawv tau thov kho tshuab, los ntawm txau. Lub tuam txhab tsim cov dej tsis muaj dej (cua ntsawj ntshab "cua" thiab xov "cua") ntawm txoj cai xis nyob rau phab ntsa thiab nthab. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo muaj cov leb feem ntau muaj cov kab mob me me (ntub dej Qhov tshwm sim yog phab ntsa thiab ceilings tuaj yeem ua tau zoo heev thiab du. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov huab nrog ntau cov tshuaj sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj sib ntxiv, uas ua kom cov kev daws teeb meem, thiab tom qab ntawd elasticity ntawm txheej tiav.
Ntawm txhua cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no hauv peb lub lag luam, cov kws tshaj lij tau txiav txim siab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm "cov khoom lag luam zoo" ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom siv ntawm cov hom no tau zoo sib xyaw nrog txhua lwm yam thiab tsim ib txoj kab ua tiav tiav ntawm cov khoom ua tiav. Sib piv tau zoo ntawm tus nqi tsim nyog muab cov khoom dufa (schnnell-spachtel, Tokkurila series-series, "Lakkakiti", "Prestonit", "Spackers"). Primers thiab Putty los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke Lavxias-Israeli Enterprise "Glims Backod" hauv qhov zoo yog sib piv rau lawv yog qhov qis dua. Yog tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tswj hwm cov nqi pheej yig, kev xaiv zoo yuav yog cov hom "Svyatozar", "Ruslux") thiab kev tsim kho. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov qib sib txawv (kim) tsis zoo ua ke nrog txhua lwm yam thiab thaum ua cov khoom siv kim heev nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov khoom ntawm ib lub tuam txhab.
Raws li txoj cai, tus pas ntsuas los ntawm ib qho chaw tsim khoom, muaj cov zaub mov tsis sib xws, sib xyaw kom qhuav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau txhua tus). Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj siv cov dej sib tov ntawm Tigi-PAREF, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm yuav tau muab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv primer, putty thiab sib txawv hom kua nplaum ntawm tib hom. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub tuam txhab tampi-patauf, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv qhuav thiab qhuav-fiber ntau dua thiab npaj ua cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke kom ua haujlwm ntawm plaster thiab plasterboard. Hauv tsis muaj teeb meem, nws yog lub putty ntawm "fugenfuller" series thiab "facelenfull panels tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa bands," Bypsum Putty rau xov Ua haujlwm thiab txawm tias cov khoom siv nrawm nrawm ntawm "Pluckter" rau cov ntoo khaub ncaws, cib thiab pob zeb. Yuav luag txhua cov tuam ntxhab muaj putty hauv lawv cov program tshwj xeeb rau cov chaw ntub dej. Nws yog txaus los hais txog kev sib xyaw rau kev sib khi thiab sib dhos ntawm GKL ntawm GKL "Laus Siberian Siberian lossis presto yot lub tuam txhab tikkurila.
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias Wallpaper Laging tom qab ntawm phab ntsa ntau dua yog tias lawv tau daig ncaj qha rau ntawm cov plaster. Yog vim li cas hauv qhov no ib txheej ntawm putty yuav tsum tau nyob rau qhov yuav tsum yog ua nrog txoj kev du, qhov chaw uas lawv yuav lo av zoo dua. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem muab ruaj khov thiab niaj hnub nqus cov kua nplaum, uas txhais tau tias cov ntawv ntsa yuav tsis dov thiab ncab, tsis yog "yuav mus rau wrinkles." Yog tias peb tsis thov ib lub putty rau phab ntsa ua ntej nias, tag nrho cov tsis xws luag (qhov pom tau zoo dua, thiab cov khoom tsis sib xws yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev sib tw. Ntxiv nrog rau cov phab ntsa zoo, tuab, hnyav embossed wallpapers tau txuas rau cov phab ntsa zoo, kev thov putty tuaj yeem xaiv tau, muaj txaus tua tus kheej. Ib yam li ntawd, qee zaum tuaj yog tias cov phab ntsa yog plasters zoo kawg nkaus. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog ib qho kev ua txhaum ntawm thev naus laus zis yuav tsum tau ua kom yuam kev deb ntawm phab ntsa hauv qab cov ntawv ntsa.
Zoo dua los laij txhua yam ua ntej
Tom qab ntawd tsis muaj kev tsis to taub nrog kev them nyiaj kho, hom thiab chav kawm siv yuav tsum tau teeb tsa thaum pib ua haujlwm. Nws raug nquahu kom npaj ib qhov project thiab ib txoj haujlwm ua kom tau siv cov txheej txheem ua ntu zus rau kev tshem tawm txhua txoj haujlwm los ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm chav tsev qub thiab xaus ua tiav tiav ntawm chav. Kev siv nyiaj tseem raug txiav txim siab yog txiav txim siab raws li kev paub meej ntawm qib ntawm kev nkhaus ntawm phab ntsa thiab theem ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Nrog cov qauv ua haujlwm, cov khoom siv cov khoom siv tau hais los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom muaj cai siv tau.Ob qho tib si rau cov nyiaj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm, thiab ntawm kev siv cov khoom ntawm plaster thiab tso cai tshaj tawm rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv. Txawm nyob hauv cov tsev tshiab, tsis hais txog cov tsev ntawm cov kev txhim kho ib txwm muaj, cov thev naus laus zis ntawm cov phab ntsa, plag tsev thiab cov ces kaum yog loj. Ntawd yog, zoo siab Wallpaper lossis muab cov nplais uas tsis muaj kev sib ncag ntawm cov phab ntsa yuav tsis muaj peev xwm. Aveted ntau hom kev ua haujlwm, tus nqi kim dua tus nqi kho.
Feem ntau tsim kho cov tuam txhab kho thiab kho cov pob zeb yuav muab tau cov phiaj xwm ua haujlwm pov thawj ua haujlwm, tsim qauv kom tau raws qib ntawm kev ua tiav. Txhua lub tuam txhab txoj kev kawm tiav tiav nws tus kheej, tab sis, raws li txoj cai, ob peb theem loj tau faib. Feem ntau nws yog yooj yim, txhim kho (kev tshem tawm cov qub wallpapers thiab cov xim sib dhos) thiab muaj ntau hom pob zeb ua kom tiav, siv ntau hom khoom siv rau txhua txheej, thiab lwm yam. ).
Feem ntau, thaum nqa tawm kev kho ua haujlwm, cov lus nug tshwm sim txawm tias yuav tshem cov txheej qub. Aesley tsis xav tau li cas nws "pom" nrog cov khoom siv tshiab. Cov ntxhuav nyob ntawm no yuav pab koj xaiv cov kev ua ke ntawm cov primers, putty thiab pleev xim thiab kua roj sternishes. Rov qab ib zaug ntxiv uas daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug ntawm LCM, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm phau ntawv (zaj duab xis tsim). Thaum rov pleev ntau yam khoom, nws tsis tas yuav tshem cov txheej qub, tshwj xeeb yog tias nws tau muaj zoo nyob rau saum npoo. Paub txog cov khoom dab tsi tau pleev xim rau thaum ntxov, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los xaiv LMMS tshiab uas yuav tsis cheb thiab dissect cov txheej yav dhau los ntawm cov xim tha xim yav dhau los.
| Hom thiab cov cim ntawm LKM | Views thiab cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm Putty thiab Primers |
|---|---|
| AK - Polyacrylovye Acrylic Acrylic AY - Alkyd-Urethane Gf - glyphthaled Ko - Silicon KF - Kanifolny QC - khib nyiab Ma - Roj Ml - melamine MS * - Alkyd-Styrene Ms ** - Roj-Styrene Mch - urea On - Nitro Alkyd NC - nitrocellulose Pf - pentafthalian PE - Polyester Koj - polyurethane Khă - polyvinyl chloride Kua ** - perchlorvinyl Xs - copolymer-vinyl chloride EP * - Alkyd Epoxy EP ** - Epoxy Lwm yam ntxiv EF - Epoxy unsaturated | Acrylic Acrylic AY - Alkyd-Urethane BT - bituminous Va - polyvinila acetate Vl - polyvinilacetal Gf - glyphthaled Mch - carbamide Koj - polyurethane Fenolalkyda FL - Phenolic Xs - copolyimervinyl chloride |
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov xim sib dhos thiab cov varnishes nrog primers
| Hom LKM. | Hom primer | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AK | AC | AU | Vg. | Vl | Gf | Kf | Ml | Ms. | Mch | Pa | Koj. | Aub | Kua | Xs. | Ep. | Ef. | |
| AC | |||||||||||||||||
| Ms * | |||||||||||||||||
| AU | |||||||||||||||||
| EP * | |||||||||||||||||
| Gf | |||||||||||||||||
| Kf | |||||||||||||||||
| Kch. | |||||||||||||||||
| Lub moos | |||||||||||||||||
| Ma. | |||||||||||||||||
| Ms ** | |||||||||||||||||
| Ml | |||||||||||||||||
| Mch | |||||||||||||||||
| Nyob rau | |||||||||||||||||
| NC. | |||||||||||||||||
| AK | |||||||||||||||||
| Tuam Tshoj * | |||||||||||||||||
| Koj. | |||||||||||||||||
| PE. | |||||||||||||||||
| Pa | |||||||||||||||||
| Tuam Tshoj ** | |||||||||||||||||
| Xs. | |||||||||||||||||
| EP ** | |||||||||||||||||
| Ef. | |||||||||||||||||
| Ntawm |
Sib xyaw ntawm Putty nrog tiav cov xim pleev xim
| Hom LKM. | Hom spacure | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gf | Kf | Ms. | NC. | Pa | PE. | Kua | |
| AC | |||||||
| AU | |||||||
| Gf | |||||||
| Ma. | |||||||
| Ml | |||||||
| Ms. | |||||||
| Mch | |||||||
| NC. | |||||||
| Pa | |||||||
| PE. | |||||||
| Kua | |||||||
| Xs. | |||||||
| Ep. | |||||||
| Ntawm |
Sib xyaw ntawm putty nrog primers
| Hom primer | Hom spacure | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gf | Kf | Ms. | NC. | Pa | PE. | Kua | |
| AK | |||||||
| AU | |||||||
| Vl | |||||||
| Gf | |||||||
| Kf | |||||||
| Ml | |||||||
| Mch | |||||||
| NC. | |||||||
| Pa | |||||||
| Aub | |||||||
| Kua | |||||||
| Xs. | |||||||
| Ep. | |||||||
| Ef. |