Limodzi mwa njira zodziwika kwambiri zopangira nyumba zosafunikira zambiri ndi zomangamanga za monolithikic. Cholinga chake: Kunyamula zigawo ndi zochulukirapo zimapangidwa konkriti zolimbikitsira, ndipo makoma akunja amawongoleredwa ndi zinthu zopulumutsa - sanyamula katundu wamphamvu. Ndipo ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotere pomanga ndalama zochepa? Zimapezeka kuti ndizotheka
Limodzi mwa njira zodziwika kwambiri zopangira nyumba zosafunikira zambiri ndi zomangamanga za monolithikic. Cholinga chake: Kunyamula zigawo ndi zochulukirapo zimapangidwa konkriti zolimbikitsira, ndipo makoma akunja amawongoleredwa ndi zinthu zopulumutsa - sanyamula katundu wamphamvu. Ndipo ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotere pomanga ndalama zochepa? Zimapezeka kuti ndizotheka
Pakudutsa bwino pangani nyumba zokwera kwambiri ndi nyumba zapanyumba, ukadaulo wa monolithic unayamba kugonjetsedwa pang'onopang'ono pamsika wa zomanga zotsika kwambiri. Kulekeranji? Kupatula apo, imalola nyumba yapansi yaying'ono pafupifupi dothi lililonse. Nthawi yomweyo, opanga mapulogalamu samangosankha kutalika kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kuchuluka kwa. Cholinga Chanu Nkhani Yanu, Tiona momwe mum'mudzi wa ku Moscow Dera "Funsani Olimstroy, Off Project" Ortia), Russia) 188M2.
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1-5. Kupanga matepi oyambira, mawonekedwe okhazikika (1, 3) adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti mbali yake yotsika isasunthire mukathira konkriti, matabwa ovala piloni konkriti ndikuwateteza ndi zikhomo (2). Mtembo wokongola unapangidwa (4). Magawo ake amawuma pamwamba pa makhoma a maziko (5) - adzaphatikizidwa ndi mbale zolimbikitsira za denga.
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6. Mapiko ako maziko anali osokonezeka ndi mbale za polystyrene wopota 50mm, womwe umalumikizidwa konkriti wa madontho.
Zosavuta komanso zogwira ntchito
Zinthu zochepa zomwe zinaperekedwa kwa wopanga. Choyamba: Nyumbayo iyenera kukhala yolumikizika mokwanira kuti ikhale yopanda mavuto pa maekala pang'ono (6-7 ma maekala) a malo opangira makona akon. Chachiwiri: iyenera kuchitidwa mu kalembedwe chamakono ku Europe, siziri zofala kwambiri ku Russia. Chachitatu: Ndikofunikira kupanga nyumbayi yaukadaulo, kukhala wokhulupirika ndipo koposa zonse, zachuma - chuma chokha - chokhacho kuposa dera lililonse la Moscow, koma otsika mtengo kwambiri ku Moscow. Ndikofunikira kuti nyumbayo ndi yochulukirapo "treshki" m'deralo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti palibe moyo wabwino.Gwiritsani ntchito zovuta zotere zomwe zapatsidwa zomangamanga zomangamanga motsogozedwa ndi Tozean Kuzembaeva. Kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje omanga amizinda ya nyumba zakumatauni, zomangamanga zidapanga polojekiti yoyambirira, yomwe ili pamalo oyamba ali pamalo amodzi, kuphatikiza chipinda chamoto, chipinda chodyeramo komanso chachiwiri pansi - zipinda zitatu (zipinda ziwiri za ana). Kunja, mtengo ndi pulasitala limaphatikizidwa, denga limapangidwa. Tikuwonjezera kuti nyumba yopangidwayi, yomwe idalandira dzina "mapuloteni", ku International Chikondwerero "pansi pa denga la nyumbayo ..." adapambana malo achitatu "a Nyumba yakudziko ".
Maziko a nyumbayo
Ntchito yanyumbayi imapereka konkriti ya koronolithic yolimbikitsidwa ndi malo okumbika. Iyenera kung'ambika pansi panthaka yozizira, yomwe pagawo ili la ku Moscow dera litafika kumapeto kwa 1.4 m.
Chifukwa cha maziko a matepi amtsogolo, ngalandeyo idatulutsidwa ndi kuya kwa 1.6 m. Mwa pansi pake, pilo yamchenga yokhala ndi makulidwe a 200mm, omwe anali madzi otsetsereka ndipo amapezedwatu. Kenako mawonekedwe a matabwa adayikidwa mu ngalande, zolimbikitsira zimayikidwa mkati mwake ndikutaya konkriti M300 Brand Ar - Ribbons kutalika ndi 300m kutalika.
Konkritiyo ikaumitsa, mawonekedwe akewo adachotsedwa ndikuyikidwa pa konkriti ya zishango zamitundu yokhazikika (yodziwika), adabwera palimodzi kutalika kwa maloko apadera. Mizere yofanana ndi zishango zoyikidwa patali ya 300mm yosiyana, adalowa nawo ma stages omwe adalumikizidwa kuti (pochotsa mawonekedwe, piniyo imachotsedwa mosavuta). Mkati mwa mawonekedwe, chitsulo chachitsulo chinachitika ndi mizanga yamphamvu m'makona ndikumangiriza ndikutulutsidwa ndikutulutsidwa kwa maziko a maziko. Pofuna kumunsi kwa masitepe opangira mapangidwe akamadzaza, pomwe ali m'derali kuti pali kukakamizidwa kwakukulu, osasunthika, mabodi akumati amavala zishango pafupi ndi zishango. Thester yomwe idaphatikizidwa ndi tepi yapansi ndi ma pins okhazikika. Kenako kuchokera ku mthambo wa mthambo wa m300 tentrete stackbons - "makoma" m'lifupi 300mm. M'mphepete mwawo akukweza pansi pafupifupi 320mm.
Forcerwork adawombera pambuyo masiku atatu. Musanapite kukagwira ntchito ina, anayembekeza mpaka Concetet atawonongeka pafupifupi 50% ya mphamvu ya kapangidwe kake. Pambuyo pake, mawonekedwe a ma nthiti a maziko onse awiri adathandizidwa ndi masticn mastic, omwe amachita zinyezi ziwiri nthawi yomweyo: sanalole chinyontho chija chomwe chimakhala ndi konkriti mwachangu kwambiri (kunali nyengo yotentha), ndipo pambuyo pake adatumikira ngati madzi ophulika Maziko.
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7-9. Zowopsa zomwe zidapangidwa poponyera maziko, mapaipi a pulasitiki (7, 8) (adzadziwitsidwa m'nyumba ya kulumikizana), pambuyo pake adayamba kutukwana dothi (9).
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10-12. Dothi lidatsekedwa bwino m'malo omwe nthitiyo, ndikugwedezeka (10). Mapulogalamu ake otalikatura a polystyrene adaziika, kuphimba wosanjikiza madzi osanjikiza ndi pamwamba pa kukonzekera kwa theka la mademita awiri a Slab (11). Seleb yamtsogolo yalimbikitsidwa ndi mitengo yolimbikitsidwa yolimbikitsidwa ndi mitengo yolimbikitsidwa yolimbikitsidwa ndi mitengo yolimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi mitengo yamphamvu (12).
13.14. Mukamaponya Slab Greatlap, mawonekedwe ake sanagwiritsidwe ntchito. Omangamanga adatseka m'mphepete mwa maziko a mbale ya polystyrene mbale adakweza pansi, omwe amakanikizidwa ndi mabotolo osakhalitsa.
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15-18. Pambuyo pa matepi a konkriti a konkriti a maziko akulu (15) anaponyedwa (15), anayamba kupanga maziko a khonde (16, 17) ndi Veranda (18). Popeza palibe wina yemwe palibe katundu wosanyamula, sanawalumikizane ndi wamkulu.
Kenako, omangawo ayamba mapiko osokoneza maziko (izi ndi zofunika kuti makhoma ndi apansi apansi sakuphwanyidwa). Maziko a Klents kuchokera kunja ndi thandizo la ma dowte ma dowls omata za polystyrene wandiweyani wambiri 50mm yokhazikika pamlingo wa matepi mpaka 200mm.
Kenako omangawo adayikidwa m'mabowo kuti akalowe m'maziko matepi matepi apulasitiki ang'onoang'ono ndikuyamba kuchita zotupa zadothi. M'malo mwa mchenga, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati izi, dothi lidakutidwa pakati pa matepi, omwe adatengedwa kale m'mphepete mwa ngalande, yomwe, panjira, amasunga ndalama zambiri. Nthaka imangothandiza kwakanthawi kochepa kwa ndege ya maziko am'munsi yopitilira kokha mpaka konkriti ya izi amapeza mphamvu. Kenako nthaka idzagwa, koma ntchito yake idzaphedwa kale.
Panthaka ya rammad inayala mbale za polystyrene chithovu ndi chosanjikiza chamadzi ndikuyamba kupanga chimango. Idakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zolimbikitsira ndi mainchesi 10mm omwe adasonkhanitsidwa mu mawonekedwe a chipinda cha 150X150mm. Kutsitsa kochepa kwa mphamvu kunakweza pamwamba pa malo osungirako madzi ndi ziwalo zapulasitiki - "mipando". Zigawo za zida za zida zidagawanika nthawi yomweyo zimamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito waya wapadera. Pambuyo pake, m'mphepete mwa zidendezo za polystyrene, zinali pamwamba pa matepi a matepi, matabwa omangika ndikuyika ma serrats osakhalitsa, amayang'anira mbali imodzi mu bolodi, yachiwiri - pansi. Kenako kuchokera ku Ch300 Brandrete yoponya mbale yapansi yomwe ili ndi makulidwe 80mm. Komanso, ntchito yonse inaima mpaka konkritiyo idagunda 70% ya mphamvu yopanga.
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19-21. Pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe okhazikika, omanga nyumbayo amaponda mzati wa Monolitic (19), mkati mwazinthu zomwe zimabisidwa chitsulo champhamvu (20), kenako ndikudalira, adapanga zochulukirapo (21).
22. Atangofika konkriti yopitilira muyeso, omangawo adayamba kukhazikitsa chimango chachiwiri. Kenako, mobwerezabwereza mobwerezabwereza kuzungulira kwachilengedwe: mzati womangidwa, kenako ndikuwakuta.
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23-26. Mpata, zowonjezera komanso zokutira zomwezo: Iyi ndi mbale yolimbitsa thupi ndi makulidwe a 80mm, 25cm, protung 22cm pansi (26) .
Maziko a khonde ndi masitedwe amalimbikitsidwa matepi a konkriti ndi gawo la minda ya 50x20cm. Adasankhidwa kuti asamange ndi maziko akulu kunyumba. Cholinga cha izi ndi motere. Nyumbayo yokha, yomangidwa paukadaulo wa monolithic, ndizowopsa motero zimagwera, ngakhale pang'ono. Khonde ndi mitsempha yopepuka, zimatanthawuza kuti zithetsa zochepa. Chifukwa chake, zomwe mwina sizikugwedezeka pamaziko. Chifukwa chake asiyeni akhale mu moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha popanda kukumana ndi katundu wowonjezera.
Nyama ya konkriti
Pomwe konkritiyo idasankhidwira mphamvu yomalizidwa, omangawo adakonzedwa ndi kukonza mapangidwe a conolitic ndi matabwa, kapangidwe kake kake kake kofanana ndi Diamero ya 20mm, yolumikizidwa ndi makonda a waya. Kusiyanako kunali kokhako kumene ku mizati yomwe inali mu gawo inali lalikulu 40x40cm, ndipo mitengoyo ndi makona oyambira 40x30cm.
Zithunzi zokonzekereratu zokonzekereratu zimaloledwa kusunga nthawi yambiri. Kukhazikitsa kwa mzerewo kumawoneka ngati chonchi: kwezani chimango chomaliza ku malo ofukula, "mateke" pakutulutsa kwa maziko, adakhazikitsa mafomu ozungulira, okhazikika ndikumuthira konkriti yake mkati. Ogwira ntchito awiri samapangitsa maola opitilira 4. Pambuyo pa masiku atatu, mafomuwo amatha kuchotsedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mzere wotsatira.
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27. Mzere woyamba wa omanga magesi adayikidwa pamatumba (27, 29). Nthawi yomweyo, chipika chilichonse chinali cholumikizidwa bwino pa lacce (28) ndi mulingo (30).
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31, 32. Mzere woyamba wamabada udagona konkriti wakhala waukulu (31) kuti agwirizane ndi mizere yonse yotsatira. Pakusintha kwawo, guluu lidagwiritsidwa ntchito, makulidwe a wosanjikiza womwe sunapitirire 5mm. Pofuna kuwongolera njira yokongoletsera kukhoma, midadada yokhala ndi 30cm ya 30cm yomwe idayikidwa m'mphepete mwa mzere wa nambala 40x40cm (32).
33-36. 33), omangawo adayamba kuthandizidwa ndi ma sindy-Sandy "(34), kenako ndi iwo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo, kuthira mawuwo. Chifukwa chake, padenga linachitika padenga (2-5), pomwe madziwo adzathamangira kumadzi opangidwa ndi parapete (35, 36).
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37, 38. Machenjera . Kodi mungapange bwanji kutsegula ku Monolith? Zingawonekere kuti yankho la funsoli ndi lodziwikiratu: ndikofunikira kumwa opangidwa mwamphamvu komanso kuchita khama pang'ono. Aesi za chipangizo chotsegulira kusamalira patsogolo, ojambula sangafunike. Musanadzaze konkritiyo mu Slab Kutalika komwe kumatseguka mtsogolo, polystyrene onjezerani (37) adayikidwa, amawaphatikiza ndi zoyenerera. Panali nthawi yoti mupange zikwangwani ziwiri zamiyala yamiyala (38), omanga amangoyesedwa kuchokera ku chithovu cha polystyrene, ndipo zotseguka zidapangidwa mu mphindi.
Pamene mizati yonse yoyamba inali yokonzeka ndikusindikiza mphamvu zofunikira, omangawo adayamba kusonkhanitsa mapangidwe ake ophatikizika pansi. Pakati pa mizamu, matanda matabwa okhazikika, ndipo mitsempha yachitsulo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira apakati. Pansipa mtengowo adayika magawo achidule a matabwa, omwe adayikidwa ndi atalima plywood plywood pang'ono kuposa 40cm. Chifukwa chake idakonzekeretsa "pansi" zomangira zamagetsi ndi gawo la ma 40x30cm. Nthawi yomweyo inayala mafelemu a izi. Kenako m'mizinda pakati pa mitengo yomweyo ndikupanga ndege zomwe zidakhala "pansi" kamba ka mbale ya Monolithic. Inali pamwamba pa "pansi" pamtengo momwe muliri 220 mm, yomwe ndi yofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa mitsuko ya Monolithic (80mm). Chotsatira, pa "pansi" la mafomu, mbale zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimbikitsa (malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ndizofanana ndi gawo la 3) ndikumangirira. Pambuyo pake, kumbali ya makoma a kapangidwe kazinthu mtsogolo Slab ndi mitengo yopangidwa ndi matabwa. Pomaliza, pogwiritsa ntchito konkriti ya M300, idatsanulira modzipha modzipha ndi mitengo yamagetsi.
Pambuyo pa masiku 3-4, mafomu ndi mitengo yamagetsi idachotsedwa ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mitsinje yosinthika yachitsulo idapangidwa pansi pa zakumbuyo, zomwe sizinachotsedwere mpaka konkritiyo idagunda mphamvu yathunthu (nthawi zambiri imachitika atatha masiku 28). Pulogalamu ya mbale imachotsedwa pambuyo pa simenti ya 70% ya mphamvu zoperekedwa ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa ndi mphamvu. Mizati ya monolithic chimango chachiwiri ndi chofiyira chodetsedwa zidapangidwa chimodzimodzi, chifukwa sitilongosola izi.
Khoma logona
Mukangothandizidwa ndi mitengo yolowera mkatikati mwa nyanjayo zidachotsedwa, omangawo adayamba kuyika makoma kuchokera ku miyala yamagesi. Mabatani opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthuzi amadziwika ndi geometry yolondola kwambiri (kupatuka sikupitilira 2mm), yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wosankha wa simentart-Sandy mm) wosanjikiza. Idadzutsa mikhalidwe yopulumutsa kutentha kwa nyumba yanyumba.Njira ya zomangayi ndi yosavuta: Kuchokera mbali ziwiri za makoma amtsogolo omwe adayitanidwa ku Beacon zotchedwa Beacks yotchedwa Beacks idakakamizidwa ndi mzati. Vibro aliyense wa iwo adasiyidwa ndi msomali, yomwe adakoka ulusi wa Kapron (zomalizazo zimathandiza ku malo osalala). Mzere woyamba unayikidwa pa yankho, ndikuloleni muthane ndi vuto losagwirizana ndi denga la denga, ndipo onse omwe ali ndi guluu. Kukhazikitsa kwa mabatani kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lomanga.
Ndine mphindi imodzi yofunika kwambiri: Mukamatama makoma, mabowo amasaina m'mphepete mwa mizamu kuti khomalo linali losalala kuchokera mkati. Kunja kwa nyumba, mizati inali ndege iliyonse ya khoma pa 100mm (m'lifupi mwake mzera - 400 mm, shuga ya gasi ndi 300 mm). Zosasinthika izi ndizosasinthika pogwiritsa ntchito mbale za polystyrene zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasokonekera kuchokera kunja kwa makoma am'manja ndi mzati pomwe ali ndi chiyembekezo chakunja.
Kutayika
Nyumba yachilendo imawoloka padenga lathyathyathya, osati losavuta, komanso kutupa. Imasiyana ndi denga lathyathyathya, kuti mafuta otchinga amafuta asapezeke pansi pa kusanjikiza madzi, koma pamwamba pake. Kapangidwe kake kanapangidwa motere: Choyamba, omanga nyumba adayika kutsogolo kwa malo ovala masiketi kuchokera ku miyala yosalala ndikupanga mabowo omwe chinyontho chimalowamo, chokhazikika pakhoma lakunja. Pofuna kuti madzi ayende m'mphepete mwa denga lonselo ndipo sananyamulidwe, anakhazikitsa mchenga ndi tsankho la mabowo otuluka (izi zikuwonetsedwa pazithunzi ). M'manja, pamwamba pa parape ndi mkatikati mwa zotseguka zotulukapo zidayikidwa zokutidwa - wosanjikiza madzi. Mbale zodulira za polystyrene wopota za polythmm, zomwe zimakutidwa ndi geotextiles, zomwe zidatsanulira miyala ya geotevel (kagawo - 5-20mm.
Kodi padenga ndibwino bwanji kuposa lathyala? Padenga lokhalapo, pamwamba (Longling) limateteza matenthedwe oyala ndi kusokonekera pamwamba pa kuwonongeka kwa ozoni, zotsatira za ozoni ndi UV-UV imakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera kwambiri chitetezo chamoto kunyumba. Chifukwa chake, moyo wautumiki wa chosindikizidwa ndiwokulira kwambiri kuposa lathyathyathya. Ngakhale padenga loterolo ndikofunikira kukonza, monga mwa akatswiri, lidzakhala lophweka: kutsanuliratu - ndi patsogolo panu kumbuyo kwa madzi, pomwe kupezeka kwa vuto ndi zowoneka bwino. AESLI eni mtsogolo a nyumbayo adzafuna kuti apange padenga la maluwa ang'onoang'ono kapena kuphwanya kapena kuwononga, sipadzakhala zovuta ndi izi: nthaka idzakhuta ndi Iwo. Pali kapangidwe kokongola kwambiri komanso zomangamanga, chifukwa ndikofunikira kuti apange zosavuta komanso nthawi yofunikira.
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39. Osakhala mu makwerero osawerengeka ochokera konkriti yopangidwa ndi nyumbayo. Njirayi inali yayitali kwambiri, chifukwa inali yofunikira kuti pakhale munthu wina pagawo lililonse. Koma tili ndi zomwe wopanga amafuna.
40, 41. Mizere ndi mitengo ya chimango kunja (40) idasindikizidwa ndi mbale za polystyrene zotupa za polystyrene, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi polystyrene (41).
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42-46. Makoma ochokera ku mabatani ovala ma gasi adayenda ndi polystyrene mbale. Ngati ndi kotheka, mbale zidadulidwa (42), ndiye zomatira (46) zidawagwiritsa ntchito ndikuyika. Pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kawo, mbale zophatikizika zogulira mbale za mbale mpaka khoma (44, 45). Polemba khoma lonse, kusokonekera kwa icho ndi malo oweta ndikuyika ma seams pakati pa mbale (43).
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46, 47. Polystyrene adauzidwa ndi guluu wapadera, lomwe lidakonzedwa kuchokera ku kusakaniza kowuma pamalopo.
49-50. Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa mbale ya polystyrene chithovu (49, 51), tebulo lidapangidwa ndi plywood ndi zotupa ziwirizi zokhala pamenepo. Pakati pawo adakoka waya wowonda wa nichrome (50), komwe adatumizidwa kudzera pa Autotransffrery.
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52-54. Mapeto amkati ndi akunja a nyumbayo ndi wachidule. Kuchokera mkati makomawo anali opatsidwa. Magawo adapangidwa owuma, adayikanso ma ceils. Masitepe masitepe adauza ma nble (52). Kunja, idaphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe ndi mitengo (53, 24).
Mapeto ake
Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka anthu opanga, mawonekedwe a nyumbayo ayenera kukhala m'malo ena omwe adayikidwa m'malo, komanso mwa ena - amasamala. Chifukwa chake, matekinoloje a kuperekera ndi kukongoletsa mawebusayiti amasiyana.Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kumaliza kwa mawonekedwe pansi pa shutter. Nyumba zotsirizidwa konkriti zidasindikizidwa ndi mbale za polystyrene wovuta, ndipo makoma a mitsempha ya gasi ndi chithovu cha polystyrene cha pafupifupi 150 mm, chomwe chimalola pamwamba pa makoma kuti chizikhala chosalala, popanda zoopsa. Malumikizidwe a zimbudzi amasindikizidwa mosamala, ndiye kuti makhoma onse adasindikizidwa m'gulu la gululi, lophimbidwa ndikuphimbidwa ndi utoto wa zovala.
Kutsiriza kwa nthaka pansi pa mtengo wa Trim kunali kosiyana ndi kosiyana. Choyamba, maupangiri wamatabwa adalumikizana ndi makoma pogwiritsa ntchito anchor. Pakati pawo adayika mbale za ubweya wamchere, womwe umalumikizidwa kukhoma ndi madontho. Kenako kapangidwe kalikonse kanakutidwa pamwamba pa mgonero wamphepo. Otsirizidwa osindikizidwa kuti aongolere macheza, ndipo adaphatikizidwa ndi antiseptic ndi utoto wa paini ndi mndandanda wa 120x20cm kwa iwo kuyambira mbali zonse.
Chabwino
Mwinanso, winawake kuchokera kwa owerenga anganene kuti mawonekedwe onyamula omwe ali ndi malire otetezeka kwambiri. Satim angavomereze. Mbali yachitetezo ndi yayikulu - pafupifupi kasanu. Koma ndani akudziwa, iti lace Kodi padzakhala banja lomwe limakhala mnyumbamo? Ngati anthu ake amakhala oyandikana ndipo adzasankha kuwonjezera imodzi kapena ziwiri, zingatheke kukwaniritsa popanda mavuto aliwonse.
Otsatsa zikomo kwambiri 'polojekiti ya dziko lapansi kuti athandizire pokonzekera zinthu
Onani Magazini "Malingaliro a nyumba yanu" No. 7 (163) P.195