Tchuthi cha Neptune

Kukonzanso bafa: Kugwedeza kwa nyumba yaunyolo, kumanga makhoma atsopano, pansi ndi mapangidwe a padenga, chipangizo chopanda madzi, kukhazikitsa madzi othira. Kupititsa patsogolo zosankha sanizla

Mabafa m'nyumba zathu sawoneka. Yesani kusiya kusamba ndi kumira kuti mukagoneke pamakina ochapira pamenepo, dengu la nsalu ndi nduna ya matawulo ndi inu malo pawokha sizidzasiyidwa. Nthawi zonse muganiza za momwe mungapezere malo owonjezera a 1-2m2 ...

Laufebe pali njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira bafa pang'ono. Mutha kuyesa kuchita ndi magazi otsika: kukana kuzirala, kuwononga ndi kusamba (ngati, anthu onse am'banja angavomereze kuti ali kuchipinda china), kugula mipando yoyambira. Koma pali zothetsera zokwanira kwambiri, monga mgwirizano wa bafa ndi kukula kwa malire ake (ngakhale, woyamba ndi wovomerezeka kwa mabanja ang'onoang'ono kapena ngati malo "achiwiri a nyumbayo).

Nthawi yomweyo khazikitsani kuti maloto a bafa azikhala oyenera kulowa mu chimanga chofupika. Izi ndichifukwa choti m'madera ambiri a Russia, mayiko am'deralo amaletsa kumbutso, zosemphana ndi malamulo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo omwe alipo kale Malamulo a Atey (Snip 31-01-2003 "Malo Okhala ndi Moto Okhala Nawo) Nyama:" Simaloledwa kuyika chimbudzi ndi bafa (kapena bafa) pamwamba pa zipinda zogona ndi makhitchini. " Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kukulitsa mabafa amabama pokhapokha atavala ma corridars ndi malo othandizira. Pali mitsempha ina ya katunduyo pansi pamadzi, yomwe tidanena mwatsatanetsatane mu "IVD", 2011 ,. 1. Kaschasty, opanga zathu ndi opanga athu amazolowera zoletsa. Nthawi zina amakwanitsa kusintha ma ergonomics m'chipindacho, kusuntha makhoma a masentimita 100 okha ndikusintha komwe kumakhala komwe kuli tulo. Zili pafupi kutembenukira motero nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha "Satehkabin, ndipo tidzakambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chimodzi mwazosankha zosungiramo bafa: bafa idaphatikizidwa ndi chimbudzi, fit idasinthidwa ndi kusamba ndikuyika bokosi la makina ochapira

Omanga S. zenera

Makompyuta pazithunzi za S. Vetrochuca, O. Naklophina

koma

B.

Kuchotsa kusamba: ndi kuchuluka kwake (a); Ndi kuchuluka m'deralo ndikusintha kasinthidwe ka chipindacho (B)

Omanga E. Kiillosova

Zithunzi zamakompyuta T. Bekhtereva

Musanapezeke, kenako ...

Sitekhobina yopanga fakitale ya Santekhabina idayamba kukhazikitsa m'nyumba za mndandanda woyamba wambiri. Chisankhochi chidapangidwa koyambirira kwa onse kuti muchepetse tsiku lomaliza lomanga nyumba. Kupatula apo, santechkabine, ndiye kuti chipinda chomalizidwa (kapena m'malo mwake, chimbudzi + chotchinga + chokhazikika) - zitseko zowoneka ndi mpweya wokhazikitsidwa kale. Chipindachirachi chimangotsitsidwa "mabokosi" oterowo pamundamo omwe adamangidwa.

Kusintha kwa Boma la Moscow la February 8, 2005 Na. 73-pp

"Pakukonzanso zodzikongoletsera ndi (kapena) Kutsamba kwa malo okhala ndi malo okhala m'nyumba m'nyumba ya Moscow":

"Simaloledwa kukonza malowa, momwe ... Gwirani ntchito pa chipangizo cha pansi potenthetsa madzi a General Dienters Syfits" imachitika.

Miyezo yomanga yamzindawo ya Moscow (mgsn) 3.01-51 "Nyumba Yokhala Nyumba":

"Sizololedwa ... khomo la chipindacho, lomwe lili ndi chimbudzi, mwachindunji kuchokera kuchipinda cha kukhitchini ndi malo okhala. Kuyika kumaloledwa: Kuchokera kuchipinda chogona kuchimbudzi; Kuyambira kuchipinda chogona ku bafa lophatikizidwa ndi chipangizo cha chipinda chachiwiri chipinda chachiwiri chokhala ndi chimbudzi, ndi khomo kuchokera pa color kapena holo. "

Snip 2.04.01-85 *. "Madzi amkati a madzi ndi dongosolo la chimbudzi":

"Kugona kwa zitsulo zachitsulo zolumikizidwa pa ulusi, kupatula kaboni madzi kuti aphatikize mazira ... sikuloledwa. Mukukhulupirira, kukhazikitsa, kuphatikizira zitseko."

Snip 41-01-2003 "Kutentha, Mpweya Mpweya ndi Mphamvu Zowongolera":

"Kuyeza mapaipi popanda kuperekedwa kuti akapatse nyumba kumaloledwa ... ndi moyo wowerengeredwa pa mapaipi zaka 40 ndi kupitirira ... kuyika, paphiri, paphiri, kuseri kwa zikwangwani: , kwa alendo, mabomba ndi ngalande ... "

Isanayambe ma 90s. Xx. Makoma a Santephinkabebabiabine adapangidwa ndi mapanelo osanjikiza awiri omwe atengedwa kuchokera ku mbale za asbestos simenti yokhala ndi 10mm pamtengo wa asbestos-simenti. Pansi pa kanyumba, kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a pallet ndi chiwonetsero cha 50mm, adapangidwa ndi konkriti ndipo pamenepo, pafakitale, atagona ndi matailosi. Makoma, denga ndi pansi osonkhanitsidwa mu kapangidwe kake pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zazitsulo, zomangira zodzigulira ndi ma balts, yokutidwa ndi konkriti. Pambuyo pake mbale za Asbestos simenti zidasinthidwa ndi conolithic zolimbitsa thupi makulidwe 50mm. Panthawi yomanga nyumbayo, kanyumba siyandikira kumapiri a nyumbayo, ndipo ndi miyeso yayikulu ya 30-50m (sloit ili ndi ma machesi, kenako ndikuwonetsa).

Sichingakhale cholakwika kuganiza kuti santechkabine amafunikira omanga okha. Ndi zoona kutumikila anyani a nyumbayo. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti mu Khrushchev, yocheperako pang'ono imatha ndi tsiku ndi oyandikana nawo omwe ali pansipa. Pakadali pano, m'mipando yamakono, zidebe ziwiri zamadzi pansi pake sizisintha pakagwa tsoka. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa Pallet wapansi pachakudya chopanda madzi, mutha kulola mwanayo mwakachetecheteyo kukonza nkhondo yam'madzi mu "madzi" anu. AESLI imaphwanya eyeliner yosinthika kwa chosakanizira kapena thanki ya chimbudzi, mudzakhala ndi nthawi kuti muchepetse mavavuwo pamwala. Chifukwa chake, atakhumudwitsidwa santechkabina, ndikofunikira kukonza pansi chatsopano.

Ngakhale simudzakulitsa bafa, koma mungofuna kuphatikiza bafa ndi chimbudzi, kuti muchepetse kanyumbayo iyenera kukhala yokwanira. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ikamawononga zigawo (kapena pakhoma lililonse), mapangidwewo adzatayika chifukwa cha izi, zowonongeka zidzabuka, zomwe zidzachuluka pakapita nthawi.

Sungani miyendo yotentha

Kutentha kwa magetsi pansi kumakupatsani mwayi wochotsa matenda amphaka a ceramic tiles - ndizosangalatsa kudutsa ndi mapazi opanda mapazi pamtunda pansi. Kutentha Kowonjezera Munyumba, monga lamulo, sikofunikira, chifukwa chake, owonda (2-3m) okhala ndi mphamvu yotsika (5-8w / Mat) makamaka. Popeza ma tayi owala mulimonsemo amadyedwa mu phwando awiri, mutha kuyika zinthu pa konkriti waukulu, kenako ndikuwonda (10-15mm) wosanjikiza yankho lokha. Ndikosavuta kuyika dongosolo komanso gawo la guluu. Misewu pansi pa chingwe champhamvu ndi waya wopita ku sensor kutentha iyenera kupangika kokha mwa magawo osavomerezeka.

Kukhumudwa kwa Santechkabina ndi njira yolemetsa. Itha kukhazikitsidwa kokha pa gawo loyambirira la kukonza - ntchito yomaliza isanayambe. Kadiyo imawonongedwa pang'onopang'ono, kuchotsa imodzi ndi zidutswa zazing'ono zazing'ono. Ndikofunika kuchita izi mothandizidwa ndi diski yapadera ya disk yomwe yapendekera, pochita, ochita sergedhammer ndi achibugaria (podula grid) nthawi zambiri pamaphunziro. Poyamba, zochita ngati izi sizimafunikira ambuye oyenerera kwambiri, chifukwa chake mayeserowo amathandizidwa mwachitsanzo, omwe ntchito zawo zidzawononga ndalama zambiri. Komabe, izi ndi njira yowopsa. Inde, ngati kuwonongeka kwa mapaipi a madzi ndi nyambo, mtengo wochotsa ngoziyo akhoza kupitilizidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi ndalama zopulumutsidwa. Kutembenukira ku kampani yapadera kapena yayikulu, mudzasungunuka motsutsana ndi mavuto ngati amenewa. Kukhumudwa kwa Santekhkinabina ndikotsika pang'ono - 8-15 rubles. Kuphatikiza ma ruble 3-4. Kuti muchotsedwe zinyalala (nkhaniyi siyingapewe mwanjira iliyonse).

koma

B.

Kusamba kwatsopano kwa bafa kumayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku zopepuka zopepuka kwa zopepuka zopepuka kwa achinyamata (a) kapena shuga kapena gasi (b)

Chithunzi m. Polyakova

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B.

Laufen.

Chiwongola dzanja (a) sichingatheke kusamutsa, koma sichovuta kusintha njira yolumikizira zida (b)

Podium yayikulu pansi pa bafa imakupatsani mwayi kubisala mosavuta zonse ndikuthira mapaipi.

Photo by D. Minkin (a), (b).

Panjira ya chilengedwe

Gebiritemail ya kuchotsa kanyumba kamafunika kumanga makhoma atsopano a bafa, ndiye nyumba pansi ndi denga (pakadali padenga (pakadali padenga) ndikulekanitsa chipindacho ndikuyika.

Kupanga makoma sikuyimira zovuta. Kuti muchite izi, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito Phula la Hydrophobhobized Prezle - PGP (mwachitsanzo, "Kniaf-Gypsum", Russia). Ma dormitive amamveka kuti akuwonjezera zowonjezera pa Trockner Keller (Lugato, Germany) kapena ofanana. Mzere uliwonse wa mbale umayenera kukhala "womangidwa" kumakoma akuluakulu ndi thandizo la ngodya kapena zikhomo. Zimaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito njerwa yochepera kapena silika. Komabe, pamapeto pake zimathandizanso kwambiri kulimbikitsa bwino kwambiri pamavuto oyandikira (moyandikana nawo mozungulira mzere ndi wina ndi mnzake ndi mbale yachitsulo). Kuphatikiza apo, thovu la thonje amatha kuyamwa chinyezi, ngati chinkhupule. Chifukwa chake, asanayang'anire makoma okhala ndi matailosi, adzateteza pulasitala-wotembenuka, sikuli koyipa kugwiritsa ntchito zosakanikirazo "hydro sii" ("equim" , onse - Russia), "magma" (stoltz, Germany) - mwina kuphimba zigawo zina mwakuthupi, KANENIE, Germany), Italy, Italy). Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ydrophobic plaster osakaniza powonjezera, nenani, zowonjezera. Zitseko nthawi zambiri zimapereka kukula kwa 1980 700 kapena 2080 (900mm, kutengera kuti chitseko chatseke chidzakhala ndi miyeso 1900 kapena 2000,700 / 800mm. Gawo pakati pa bafa ndi chimbudzi (ngati zoterezi zimakonzedwa) limafunsidwa pambuyo poti chilengedwe chatsopano, chopangidwa kuti chitetezeke ndi nyumba yanu ndi oyandikana nawo pansi.

Mu mtsinje watsopano

Tarkett yankho labwino kwambiri kwa Drenzola-Kukhetsa (chokhala ndi zokongoletsera ndi makwerero) zoponyera pansi, onetsetsani chitetezo chodalirika kwambiri. Kuti mukonzekere, muyenera kupanga zodulidwa mu nthiti yojambulidwa pansi ndikuwonjezera makulidwe a 60-70 mm kuti mulandire chitoliro chokwerera. Mwapang'ono, onse, monga lamulo, ali ndi mwayi (makamaka m'nyumba zatsopano ndi kachitidwe kakang'ono kolimba ndi kachitidwe kowoneka kuchokera pa mapaipi a polymer) ndipo sikufuna ndalama zambiri. Zimangodandaula kuti chifukwa chosowa kukonza ndi mafinya omanga, chochitika chothandiza pakupanga masinthidwe oterewa komanso chifukwa cha kufooka kwa chikumbumtima, kukhetsa pansi kumakhala kosowa kwambiri.

Pallet wapansi pantproof amamangidwa m'magawo angapo. Popeza kunyumba ndi kosatheka kukonzekera konkriti ya Hydraulic (gawo lake lalikulu ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono komwe kamaperekedwa pafakitale mothandizidwa ndi Vibopropressing), ndikofunikira kupanga kapangidwe ka multilafer.

Mapeto

Mapeto

"Teknonikol"

Kwa madzi oyambira, polima ndi phula ndi massticn nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchimbudzi.

Wosanjikiza wamkulu wamadzi amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zogulira.

Mapei.

Mapei.

Mapangidwe apadera a simenti ndi madzi a Polymenes amathandiza kuteteza makoma a chinyezi

Choyamba, zigawo ziwiri za zokutira zakuthupi ndi njira yolowera kwa akapolo zimayikidwa padenga la denga. Zipangizo zapakhomo kuchokera kumatumba osinthika (galasi cholefula) kapena zopangidwa ndi polyushster-posyushter, grumbostx, ternooelast, a prepipol ). Mizere ya osanjikiza iliyonse ili ndi okwanira pafupifupi 100mm, ndikusungunula wina ndi mnzake mothandizidwa ndi mpweya wowotcha gasi kapena mastic. Kudzipatula kumakhazikika pamakoma kuti m'mphepete mwake mumagwedezeka pamlingo wa tsogolo la pansi pa 50mm.

Pambuyo pake, zigawo za mawonekedwe zimayikidwa pakhomo ndikuyika squed ndi makulidwe a 30-50m. Dokotala ayenera kuwonjezera pagunda, kusindikizidwa ndi Hydrophobic zowonjezera, monga ceret cc 92 ("henkel-baewechnik"), "armió Super" ("Allian-Allian), Russia). Kupukutira kwa filler kumagwiritsa ntchito mwala wosweka kapena clangurite (kagawo kosaposa 10mm), komanso kuti mulimbikitse grid yachitsulo yokhala ndi ma cell osachepera 3mm ndi kukula kwa maselo mpaka 100mm. Mphepete mwa mauna amawerama kuti 25-30mm kuchokera m'mphepete mwa mipukutuyo idamasulidwa ndi kutalika kwa 40-45mm. Kenako, pitani kukaponyera mbali. Tsiku lotsatira, kuyika konkriti, kuyika matabwa ambiri, mutha kuyendayenda kale, khazikitsani mawonekedwewo pakhoma kwa 40 mm ndi kumangirirani mbali ya 35-6mm ( 15mm "Idzadya kunjaku kutukuka). Kutalika komweko kuyenera kukhala ndi belt ya gawo pakati pa bafa ndi chimbudzi, liyeneranso. Kudzera 2, pamene mzerewo "waimirira", umakutidwa ndi utoto wakumbuyo, womwe umapangitsa pansi panthaka ndi matayala a ceramic.

Njira ndiyabwino pansi pomwe pansi pa bafa itakhala 25-30 mm m'munsi kuposa malo ena onse (ndiye kuti mutha kuchita popanda wokamba). Komabe, izi ndizotheka pokhapokha nyumba yonse ikakonzedwa mu nyumba yonse (osachepera 60mm) kutentha kapena pansi. M'mikhalidwe ina yonse, komwe kudachokeratu kuti kutalika kwake sikuyenera kukhala 30mm, - "otsika" ndi owopsa.

koma

B.

mu

G.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopanda chinyezi: Kuchokera pa nsalu ya polysterter ndi kusindikiza (a); kuchokera pamasamba a fiberglass pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (b); kuchokera ku filimu yonyezimira PVC (B);

"Chingwe" (a), (c);

Ecophon (b).

Kukhazikika kwa nyumba zobisika makamaka pantchito yabwino ya tiles. Chinyezi chimalowa mosavuta komanso chodzaza;

Duscholux (g).

Kuyimitsidwa m'mbale pambuyo pa kuyimitsidwa kwa Satechkabina, monga lamulo, kutsitsidwa: Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mupange kukula kwa chipindacho molingana ndi malo owala. Zimayenera kusankha pakati pa kusamvana (kuchokera ku filimu ya PVC) ndi kachitidwe kuyimitsidwa.

Momwe Simuyenera Kukhala Pang'onopang'ono

Chithunzi R. Shemmomomcutva

Nthawi zambiri, pansi bafa imamangidwa kotero kuti chinyezi chimadziunjikira m'malo ovuta. Posakhalitsa mafangayo akuwonekera, chifukwa cha malo omanga amavutika, ndi thanzi lanu. Pofuna kupewa izi, mukufuna:

Kuti mupewe kuti oyimbawo anali ndi chiphunzitso chaching'ono (pafupifupi 0,5%) cholumikizira kumbali ya bafa, zomwe zikhala zopanda ndalama zokulitsidwa ndi mipando;

Ikani pansi lonse (kuphatikiza pansi pa Antechnors);

Kanani osamba osasamba osasunthika. Pakadali pano, muyenera kupereka ngalande yowunikira pansi. Ndikosafunikira kukhazikitsa mipando ndi chipinda chapansi.

Denga la filimu siloopa chinyezi, kungakhale matte kapena glossy, kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ntchito yake yautumiki siyiposa zaka 10 - popita nthawi, zinthuzo zimasintha mthunzi ndi kupulumutsa. Pa kuyika komweko kwa malo otalika kwa malo ocheperako, ntchito zolembedwa, nthawi zina kufikira 50% ya mtengo (wamtunda wautali), ndipo palibe seti yodziyika. Dzanja loyimitsidwa limapangidwa pamlingo wa kuyimitsidwa kwachitsulo ndi maongo. Njanji njanji, matayala apulasitiki, fiberglass kapena polystyrene pulasitiki, mapepala onyowa onyowa amatha kukhala zinthu zopumira (zomalizazo zimakutidwa ndi zipinda zonyowa). Monga lamulo, denga loyimitsidwa ndi lotsika mtengo kuposa kusokonezeka, koma kuyika kwake kumatenga nthawi yambiri.

Mawu akuti

Kukhazikitsanso ku bafa nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kusamutsa mapira, eya eyeliner komwe muyenera kubisa. Mapaipi amadzi mu mfundo zake amatha kubisidwa m'mawu, koma zonyalazo sizikhala pamenepo. Kupatula apo, m'mimba mwawo ndi 50-100mm, kuwonjezera apo, ndikofunikira kuganizira kufunika kwa malo otsetsereka (1-2%). Kukhetsa mapaipi abisika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira zadziko lonse lapansi za maboking ndi mabokosi omwe amapangidwa ndi njira yopanga. Komabe, sitepe yayikulu komanso yayikulu "m'khola sizotheka kumenya mkati. KSCATINA, m'zolemba za opanga pali njira zina. Mapaipi ambiri ndiosavuta kubisa mkati mwa malo, makabati ndi ma racks, kuseri kwa malo osamba, pansi pa magawo a magawo ndi semi-karoti. Zida zabwino kwambiri pazolinga zonse zomwezi - simenti manels okhala ndi makulidwe a 12.5mm, olimbikitsidwa ndi matepi agalasi, mwachitsanzo "am'madzi" ("nkulu"), tero , onse - Russia). Kwa oyamba, chimango chachitsulo chikufunika, chachiwiri pomwe kulumikizana kolumikizana kumayatsidwa mwachindunji ndi wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira ndi guluu lapadera. Zipangizo zonsezi zidapangidwa kuti zitheke ndi matailosi, zotsayic.

Zosangalatsa zazing'ono

Mlefu Wamyfloor pachedwa, ngakhale mafani okhwima kwambiri a zinthu izi sanamidwe kuchokera kuchimbudzi ndi mtengo. Pakadali pano, lero chisankho chotere sichinthu chotsika mtengo kuchokera kwa angapo. Zowona, nkhuni zotakasuka zokha ndizabwino m'malo onyowa. Kuyesa kupereka malowa ku mitundu ina ya kubereka ndi zokutira ziwonongedwa. Ikani zinthu kuchokera ku miyala ina yopanda yotentha (tinene, Merbau), komanso potengera utuchi ndi polymen wowopsa, ndipo woyamba mpaka woyamba ndi wambiri wamkulu kuposa wachiwiri). Komabe, pali njira inayake, osati yokha. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wothandizidwa ndi kutentha, womwe umawononga katatu (ngakhale, kutaya zopepuka mu chithunzichi). Pali zogulitsa ndi matauni mataunda pansi pa mtengo - ziwononga ndalama 1.5 nthawi yotsika mtengo. Kusunga kwakukulu kumalola malo apadera a "chonyowa" malo, okhala ndi zisindikizo za mphira pakati pa matabwa, kuphatikiza ndi ma panel a pvc pakhoma.

Mukakhazikitsa chimbudzi kapena kusamba, ndikofunikira kuti musasokoneze madzi pansi. Malingaliro awa ndi oyenera kuti azitsatira guluu ndi zokutira kapena kukhazikitsa pa stiletto zokutira pasadakhale. Pogwiritsa ntchito zomata, mabowo pansi amadzazidwa ndi mastic mastic kapena silicone yosindikiza asanakwane mawilo.

koma

B.

mu

G.

Pa nthawi yomanganso kwa ma hossenti amadzi, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito phwende za rateni, ndi chitsulo (a), zitsulo), ziwalo zopindika sizingabadwe konkriti. Dongosolo lonyansa limagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi ndi zinthu zowoneka kuchokera ku Polypropylene, polyethylene ndi pvc (b);

Njira yamakono yokonzera bafa ya bafa imaphatikizanso kukhazikitsa kobisika kogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimatchedwa kuti makonzedwe osindikizira. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi thanki yachimbudzi, yomwe ikubisala kukhoma, kugawa kapena santechshkaf.

Chithunzi V. Kovaleva (a), (c);

Gebirit (b), (g).

Palibe bafa lomwe lingachite popanda mpweya wabwino. M'nyumba zambiri, bafa ili yolumikizidwa ndi cholinga chachikulu-chophatikizika chokhala ndi bokosi lotseguka, lomwe limasokonekera. Sinthani mawonekedwe abouncy komanso osagwirizana. Bwino kwambiri, kutsitsa denga ndi 120-150m, dulani ma grilles osokoneza bongo, kenako kuwaphatikiza ndi mtsinje wa chitsulo chosinthika pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi la pulasitiki.

Otsatsa zikomo kwambiri kusukulu yopanga mayiko, Geberit ndi Viega kuti athandizire kukonza zinthuzo.