Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa

Anonim

Kuwunikiranso msika wokongoletsera makoma a makoma ndi denga lenileni: Mitundu yazinthu, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kapangidwe, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe a kuyika ma mbale

Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa 13135_1

Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
"Ortho"
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Dpi
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Mapaketi amaphatikizidwa pamwamba mothandizidwa ndi zomata zomanga ndi mastics, seams amadzazidwa ndi zikopa
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Chiphuphu
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Zojambula zothandizira lendi zidapangidwa ndi opanga padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo Eduard Zabuga. Zinthu zotsiliza izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa makhoma, denga, zenera sill, mawindo ndi zitseko, mipando, mipando ya makabati.
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Leolo.
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Mural "Rosa" ("Orto" A Scall 2701001cm ali ndi mapanelo anayi a pulasitiki anayi
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Pan O'Flair Panels (HDM) amapezeka molingana ndi njira ya elesgo: malo oyambira (kutengera acrylate utoto) amachiritsidwa ndi mtengo wamagetsi
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Chitsanzo cha malo a diagonal a Pan O'Flair Panels (HDM). Amaikika pamtengo wamatabwa, mipiringidzo ya yomwe imayikidwa mwanjira yokhazikika: moyang'anizana, ofanana, ofanana wina ndi mnzake
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Mapati am'magulu ndi mbale zamtundu wa MDF yokutidwa ndi kanema, zomwe zimatengera mwala womalizira, nsalu, nkhuni. Miyeso: 244920,32 ndi 27512220.32 cm
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
LETO PAGELES
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Lomo manels okhala ndi zopanga zapadera kapena zithunzi pazithunzi zomwe zingalembedwe kuti zitheke.
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Maziko a matope okongoletsedwa ndi veneer, amagwira ntchito ngati chipbodi. Osati maambaldehyde amatulukira, koma chilengedwe chochezeka, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowongolera.
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Laluluka
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Zokongoletsera za masamba a chesapeke kutengera ndi MDF kapena plywood moyenerera amatsata mawonekedwe achilengedwe
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Tilo Panels kuchokera ku chipboard, oweta nkhuni, khalani ndi mawonekedwe a m'mphepete
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Panels mapanelo "masika a masika" ("Orto") amaphatikizanso gulu lokongoletsera, malire ndi vertical dongor. Zithunzi zimapangidwa pamtunda wa monochrome mapanelo, kotero ndiosavuta kuphatikiza
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Singifote
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Masamba a Lingoboard (Georgia-Pacific) amapangidwira zipinda zonyowa. Kupanga kwawo kwa melamine ndikosavuta kuyeretsa ndi yankho la sopo, ndipo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe nthawi zonse kwa zaka zambiri.
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Eucatex.
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Mu umulungu "Orto" - pafupifupi ziweto za ma pulasitiki. Kuti muyitanitse, mutha kupanga zinthu za kutalika kulikonse (mpaka 10m) molingana ndi kutalika kapena kutalika kwa chipindacho
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Georgic-Pacific
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
"Ortho"

Mural imakupatsani mwayi kuti muwonjezere malo a chipinda, pangani mawu owoneka bwino, kukopa chidwi

Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Dpi
Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa
Chiphuphu

Kutsatira kufunitsitsa kusintha makoma kapena kutsekana kwa nyumbayo, makonzedwe azovuta zazikulu nthawi zambiri zimawonekera. Tikuwopa kufunika kwa nthawi yayitali kuti mukhale osavomerezeka, zinyalala ndi fumbi zambiri ... chimbudzi kapena chimbudzi chimatha kukonzedwa ndi dothi lochepa kapena kamodzi kapena Masiku awiri, ngati mungagwiritse ntchito zokongoletsera.

Zosakayika za ma pluses oyenda okongoletsera makoma ndi padenga - kuthamanga ndi kuyika kwa ntchito yosagwira ntchito, komanso kukhazikika kosangalatsa, kusankha kotheratu kwa njira yosangalatsa. Poyerekeza ndi zotsatsa, malizani amtunduwu alibe zolakwa. Kodi zili choncho? Kapena, musanagule mapanelo omwe mumakonda, sichofunika kuti musamayang'anire zabwino, komanso kudziwa mawonekedwe a kukhazikitsa ndi kugwira ntchito? Tiyeni tiyambe, mwina, ndi zinthu zodziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwino za pulasitiki.

Pulasitiki wapadziko lonse lapansi

Mapulogalamu apulasitiki ndi kutalika kwa 240-600cm, 10-92 cm mulifupi ndi makulidwe a 0,5-1 masentimita, ndipo muyeso umawerengedwa kuti ndi 27025cm. Adawapangitsa kukhala okhazikika polyvinyl chloride (pvc). M'mimba yonse yamkati, mbale zimaponya nthiti zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe a celluuntal. Mapaselo amalumikizana ndi mbali zina zazitali za "spike", ndi malekezero - mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zapadera.

Malangizo

Kusankha mapanelo okongoletsa apulasitiki, samalani ndi mfundo zingapo. Choyamba, mbali yakutsogolo siyimayenera kukhala mabowo, tchipisi, ma denti, komanso madontho akuda kapena madera osafala. Kachiwiri, pamwamba pazinthu zabwino - ngakhale mulifupi, popanda "mafunde". Tsopano, nthawi ndi kutalika kovomerezeka, chifukwa mukamalumikizana ndi crate (khoma kapena denga), gulu lidzawongola. Yves-wachitatu, yesani kulumikiza mapanelo awiri kutalika konse kuyenera kukhala otsika komanso oyera.

Katundu wa ma pvc panels amawonekera bwino kukhitchini, mabafa, zimbudzi, makonde, pamakhonde, pamakhonde ndi magaleta. Dziweruzireni nokha: Samawopa chinyezi chambiri ndipo sichikuwononga madzi, kusamvana kwa kutentha kumakhala kopweteka. Samachedwetsa fumbi, ndipo kuipitsidwa kulikonse ndikosavuta kuchotsa ndi nsalu yonyowa. PVC yomweyo ndi zolimbitsa thupi, zodzigungika, zomwe mapepala a pulasitiki sadzayatsidwa popanda dontho lamoto. Nthawi ya ntchito yawo pansi pa zinthu zogwirira ntchito ndi yoposa 10 zaka zopitilira 10. Mapeto ake omaliza amatha kubisika mitundu yambiri, ikani kutentha komanso kumveketsa.

Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa

Kapangidwe kalasi yapulasitiki ndi bar yochulukirapo yokhala ndi ma stifraners mumtima wamkati. Mapulogalamu olekanitsidwa molingana ndi mfundo ya "spikes", ndipo mpaka pansi kapena mabatani amakhazikika ndi osungirako, omwe amasunthika mu assol okweramo

Chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino zosatheka za mtundu uwu wa mapanelo amtunduwu ndi mtengo wotsika: 150-320. Kwa 1M2. Zowona, poyambapo panali zinthu zogulitsa ku Russia, zomwe sizinali zotsika mtengo konse. Mitengo yatsika kwambiri kamulungu yopanga itasuntha makampani apanyumba. Mwakulukulu kwambiri, tawona "Alta-Mbiri", "pulasitiki ya anthu", "Orto pulasitiki", "Sanka" (Allko "(Allko). Masiku ano, mapiko apulasitilasitikiti apulasitiki amapangidwa m'mizinda yathu ya dziko lathu. Komabe, mtundu wa zinthuzo umathandizidwa pamlingo woyenera osati opanga onse. Zogulitsa zochokera ku gwero losauka lopangidwa ndi mafoni opangidwa ndi matekinoloji sichokwanira kukhala osalimba, osalimbana, alibe, kukana zowonongeka zamakina. Nthawi yomweyo, mtundu wambiri ndi mtengo nthawi zambiri umadaliridwa mwachindunji, motero sikofunikira kusamba ma panel otsika mtengo kwambiri. Ndikwabwino kudziwa, kaya zinthu za wopanga winawake wakhala kuti zakhala pamsika komanso momwe watsimikizira.

Mapamwamba ndi kuwongolera

Gulu Lalikulu limapanga mapanelo, chinthu chachikulu chopangidwa (chapamwamba) cha zipboard, ntyboard, ndi mafilimu odzikongoletsera, mafilimu, venatin, venatin. Kusintha kwa iwo ndi osiyanasiyana: kuchokera kochepa komanso kukwera ma slats mpaka ma sheet kapena ma sheet. Mitundu yoyesedwa ya mitundu imakhala ndi katundu wosiyanasiyana, womwe umakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito chomaliza.

Chipboard (nkhuni Chipboard) chimapangidwa ndi matabwa ndi tchipisi yolumikizidwa ndi zomatira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ma formalehyde zitsulo kapena zotetezeka kwambiri. Si chinsinsi kuti chiphunzitsocho chimatha kuwonongeka mosavuta, sichikonda madzi, chifukwa chake mapanelo okhala ndi maziko oterewa ndi osafunika kukhazikitsa m'zipinda zonyowa.

Masamba ogawa (nkhuni zowoneka bwino), MDF (sing'anga wa fiberboard) ndi HDF (Wotchedwa HDF (Wotchedwa HDF (Wotchedwa HDF (Wotchedwa HDF (Wotchedwa HDF (Wotchedwa Huff) Ndipo ocheperako a kachulukidwe ka zinthu, zowoneka bwino izi. Mtundu wa maziko ndi wosavuta kuyang'ana ngati mutadula gawo la gululi. Zinthu zotayirira zikhala ngati chitoliro. Zolimba, m'malo mwake, fotokozerani mzere wosalala komanso wosalala. Ndiye yemwe angathane ndi malo owopsa a khitchini ndi mabafa (ngakhale kuti pali komwe kumalumikizana mwachindunji ndi madzi, gulu lolowera, MDF ndibwino kuti musayike).

Zojambula zopanga ndi zinthu zomatira zomwe zili m'mphepete zonse zomwe zalembedwazi zimalepheretsa chinyezi mkatimo, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosafunikira kwambiri kwa anthu komanso chilengedwe. Masamba okongoletsera pamabala ngati amenewo ayenera kutsatira zofunikira za chitetezo cha chitetezo cha polima ndi polima, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mawu a ukhondo ndi paukhondo wa Statenadzor. Ngati othandizira panel akana kukupatsani chikalatachi, ndiye kuti sichoyenera kugula zinthu.

Zolondola, kukana kwambiri ku kusintha kwa chinyezi kumadziwika ndi mbale zopyapyala porde okhala ndi mitanda ya ulusi woyandikana nawo.

Kuchokera pachimake, kuti mupange kapangidwe koyambirira

Kusiyanasiyana kwa zokongoletsa zamakono sikungasiye aliyense wopanda chidwi. Malo owala ophimbidwa ndi ente ndi excky emels; Mapepala opepuka a melamine ndi mafilimu a PVC; Zosangalatsa zopangidwa ndi opanga otchuka; Zithunzi ndi Frescolos, makoma otembenuka ndi makoma kunyumba zoyambirira ... zopangidwa zodziwika bwino za makampani "evrogen", "ku Rorostosna), Kronosnan (onse Germany), Canada (Canada), chesapecation, DPI, Georgic-Pacific (ku United States), Eucatex (Brazil).

Classic Gera - kutsanzira matayala a ceramic, mwala wachilengedwe ndi matabwa. Ndi zojambulazi zomwe zimaperekedwa mu zopereka zonyowa zojambula za Eucateatex ndi Georgia-Pacific. Maziko a zopangidwa ndi zolengedwa za fiberboard kuyambira pafupifupi ulusi wamuyaya wa bulugamu, ndipo pamwamba pa gawo lokongoletsera wokhala ndi ma melamine okhazikika amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtengo wa pepalali limakula ndi 2441220.32cm- 770Rrub.

Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa

Zina mwazophatikizidwa ndi mapanelo apulasitiki "orto" ku denga:

Zipinda zouma zouma zouma pokhazikitsa mapanelo, mutha kuchita popanda kakomo;

Kukonzekera kwa mazira ndikofunikira ngati denga ndi majika, komanso zipinda okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Mitengo ya matabwa ndi yoyenera kukhitchini ndi chimbudzi, ndipo m'bafa ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito malembawo a pulasitiki kapena achitsulo, chifukwa mtengo ungathe kutukwana pakapita nthawi. Mukakhazikitsa mapanelo pamwamba pa bafa, ndikofunikira kuluma malo omwe kulumikizana kwawo ndi silika kuyika kuti palibe madzi omwe ali pakati pa mafupa;

Mu- Ngati tsamba la padent limatsitsidwa ndi 10-15 cm, ndiye nkotheka kuphika kutentha kwina ndi mawu omveka;

G- mu "thupi" la gululi ndizosavuta kupanga mabowo ndikupanga magetsi mwa iwo

Khalidwe lodziwika lamiyala, njerwa, pulasitala pa ma canls pansanja amapanga utoto wambiri, ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mtengo wa pepala la kukula kwa 2441220,32cm ndi pafupifupi 1270 rubles. Mapulogalamu ofanana amapanga DPI. Mababu ndi zodetsa za maziko awo ofanana ndi njira zokongoletsera. Zotsatira za kumaliza, kutsanzira matayala a ceramic, mwala kapena njerwa, ngakhale kuti musasiyanitse ndi matabwa okongola ndi zingwe zowoneka bwino, khoma la njerwa. Kukula kwa tsamba 2441220,32cm kumawononga 1170Rrub.

Tsanzirani mtengo wachilengedwe wa padenga la chesapeake. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza mwachindunji papepala yojambulidwa ya MDF kapena Plywood atatu kapena gwiritsitsani filimuyo ndi pateni. Dziwani - Kodi ndi njira yanji - njira yapadera yofuula. Zimakupatsani mwayi wopanga mpumulo wa "dzimbiri" (pamalo olumikizira mabatani awiri) pamatope okutidwa ndi filimu. Mtengo wa pepala kukula 2441220.3cm- 620-780.

Njira yosayembekezereka yokhala ndi mapangidwe a orto. Imapereka gawo lapakati pa khoma. Imapereka malo oyambira pa mapanelo angapo, ndipo ziweto zapadera ndi malire zimagwira ntchito molunjika komanso zopingasa. Mbiri ina yatsopano (chithunzi cha khoma lalikulu) pamtundu wa mapanelo apulasitiki (zidali ndi ma mbale 4-12). Zimaberekanso zithunzi zina, zojambula, ma frescope. Magombe okutidwa ndi dzuwa ndi nyanja yamtambo pakhoma ya bafa kwenikweni imakweza nthawi yozizira tsiku lamvula. Sytom, zodzikongoletsa zachilengedwe zimasunganso mitundu yonse ya moyo wonse. Mtengo wa inral kukula ndi 2701001cm ya mapanelo anayi - kuchokera 4054 pa.

Mapani ndi zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa pamaziko a MDF ndi Plywood imapereka chidwi cha leo. Kwa zaka zoposa theka la zaka, akatswiri ake amapanga ntchito zenizeni m'munda wa kumaliza. Miyeso yosiyanasiyana (kuyambira 4040 mpaka 280120cm) imapangitsa kuti zitheke kukonza makoma opanda makhoma ndi denga, komanso makabati, zitseko zamkati, zamkati. Mtengo wa 1m2 ndi ma ruble 7,000. Kodi nchiyani chomwe mungakonde mawonekedwe owolokera, ofanana ndi minofu ya minofu yofewa, kapena mizere yachilendo, yomwe imayamba kudula pa Plywood pamanja, kenako "kusinthitsa" m'nthawi yake? Kapena mwina mungakhale pazopangidwa zokhala ndi cholakwa cha mtengo wamtengo wapatali? Mwa njira, ndikofunikira kunena za mtundu uwu.

Kukongola kwachilengedwe

Ambiri angaone kuti mapanelo omwe amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki kapena kanema wokutidwa pansi pa mtengo kapena mwala, ngakhale anali ndi zabwino zake, komabe sawonekabe wowoneka bwino. Izi ndi zomveka. Iwo amene akufuna kupanga nduna yolimba komanso yokhazikika, yokonza zokhala ndi laibulale kapena yofunika kuteteza matope okongoletsera okongoletsedwa ndi veneers achilengedwe. Wodulidwa nkhuni imayikidwa pamaziko a chipboard kapena MDF. Maloto ovomerezeka kuchokera ku mphamvu komanso amafunikira mapanelo apadera kuchokera pazakudya zoterezi ndi zokhazikika komanso zopanda pake pakugwira ntchito. Mu msika wapabanja, mankhwalawa amayimiriridwa ndi Tilo (Austria), chensapeake, Leo.

Masamba a Chesapeake adagona ndi Oak veneeer ndi birch amathandizira kupanga omwe angagwiritse ntchito zapadera zomwe zingalimbikitsidwe kwa kutentha kwachilengedwe. Zokongoletsera zimatha kuphimbidwa ndi varnish kapena batala kapena ayi kuti mukhale ndi gawo lonse. Mlandu wachiwiri, zowonjezera zowonjezera zokakamira zikuwoneka, kulola kukwaniritsa kuphatikiza kogwirizana ndi makhoma ndi madenga okhala ndi zokongoletsera za nyumbayo. Ndemanga kukula ndi 2441220.5cm ndalama 1200-1350 Rubles.

Kuphatikiza kwa mapanelo amitundu yosiyanasiyana (25620 / 321.4; 12832 / 6432.4; 64321.4; 64641.4a; 64641.4; 64641.4a; Kukoka mafayilo okhala ndi zithunzi zodziwika bwino, mutha kuphunzira malingaliro oyambirirawo, onani zinthu zomaliza izi mwanjira yatsopano. Njira ina yopangira zokongoletsera zapadera zothandizidwa ndi akatswiri opanga akatswiri, zomwe zidzapangitse majekiti angapo opanga, akuganizira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, kukhazikitsa mapanelo kumatha kupatsidwa kwa akatswiri a akatswiriwa - amazipanga mwachangu komanso mwaluso. Mtengo wa code yokhala ndi kukula kwa 25620cm, yolumikizidwa ndi oak kapena beelee, adzakhala ma ruble 980. Ntchito zokhazikitsa zimakuwonongerani 20% ya mtengo wa nkhaniyi.

Mwachangu ndi kuyeretsa

Zosankha zingapo zophatikizira mapanelo apulasitiki "orto" kupita ku makoma:

Zipinda zouma zouma ndi makoma osalala a gululi zimakhazikika ndikudzikonda mwachindunji pamwamba;

B - Zipinda zonyowa komanso zopindika kwambiri za makhoma, choyamba khazikitsani kakhoma ka madzi osagwirizana ndi pvc-predk;

B, g-pofulumira kumakoma ndi khola la matabwa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito malo opangira nyumba ndi mabatani;

D, njira yosavuta yopangira zipinda zogona: mapanelo amadzaza makoma osalala kapena crate

Kunthawi za nthawi

Zokongoletsera za makoma ndi denga ndi zokongoletsera ndizosavuta. Ndikokwanira kutsatira malangizo a wopanga. Pamanesi wamba omwe amalumikizana kwa wina ndi mzake pa mfundo ya "zomera", pali njira zingapo zomangirira.

Eni omwe ali ndi nyumba zokhala ndi zowoneka bwino tsopano komanso zowoneka bwino, zolumikizidwa kumanja ngodya zabwino, zitha kumangomangirira mitundu ya mitunduyo kwa iwo ndikudzikonzera. Amakhala otsekeredwa mu bar yolumikiza "loko" - otchedwa aslumali, ndipo zipewa zimakwirira "spike" la "spike" la gulu lotsatira.

Pakhoma ndi ma cellings, woyamba adakwera crate yamatabwa (4020cm), zitsulo zazitsulo kapena mapulani a PVC, ndipo mapanelo amaphatikizidwa kale. Kumbali kwa koloko, zimapangitsa kuti zitheke "zonyansa" komanso zoyeretsa kwambiri komanso njira zowongolera. Yolimba - Nyali imachepetsa kukula kwa chipindacho, "kudya" 3-5 masentimita. Zipinda zoyenda sizikudziwika. Eya, iwo amene amasankha gulu ku bafa laling'ono, pomwe mndandanda uliwonse wa akauntiyo uyenera kupangidwa kuti udziwe bwino. Opanga ambiri apanga njira zapadera zokhazikitsa zinthu zawo. Chifukwa chake, mapanelo a Tilo amakhazikika pachimake ndi "mbedza" zachitsulo "(dalitso) komanso ayi. Leo amapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zosankha 10 ndi 18 masentimita. Kwa oyamba, mitundu itatu ya aluminium prides adapangidwa kuti azikhala ndi zithunzi zachiwiri kapena mbale zachitsulo.

Mapaketi amalosi ang'onoang'ono (0.32-0.6 masentimita) nthawi zambiri amakhala ophatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zomata zapadziko lonse lapansi. Pankhaniyi, musachite popanda kukonzekera koyambirira. Zovala zakale - pepala, utoto, zoyera (makamaka zomwe zili zoyipa pakhoma kapena denga) - ndikofunikira kuchotsa. Pamwamba ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana. Iyenera kukhala yoyera, youma. Mapani okhazikika pamakoma a zosagwirizana amangotsindika zolakwika zawo kapena sizingamamalire. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe abwinowo amathetsa, pang'ono pang'onopang'ono. Kukhazikitsa kwa mapanelo kuyamba kuchokera pakatikati. Ikani pamtunda wa 2-3mm wina ndi mnzake, kusiya malo ngati zingachitike. Guluu potsiriza likuyendetsa, seaams imadzaza ndi zingwe zosindikizira.

Malangizo

Asanakhazikitse mapanelo, ndikofunikira kudziwa malo omwe mashelufu, olowa, magalasi, nyali, malo ogulitsa magetsi adzaikidwe. Nthawi zina pamadera awa ndikofunikira kukonza corate zowonjezera kuti muwongolere mabowo pansi pa ozimitsa ake mwachindunji.

Kumaliza Kukhudza

Zambiri zokongoletsera zokongoletsera za chipinda chokongoletsera ndi zina zowonjezera: Zipatso, nkhungu, ngodya. Mphukira ndi m'mbali mwake, malalanje akunja ndi amkati amakokedwa, kulumikizana kwa mapanelo ndi zenera ndi mawendo, pansi, pansi ndi padenga. Zojambulazo ndi zida za palette nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapanelo amkati, ndikukhazikitsa malizani ang'onoang'ono pulasitiki.

Masamba okongoletsa amatha m'malo mwa pepala, matayala a cerac ndi zinthu zina zambiri zomaliza. Mapangidwe ake osiyanasiyana komanso mitengo yosiyanasiyana imakhala yosangalatsa kwambiri kwa ogula ovuta kwambiri, ndipo kwa iwo omwe amayang'ana lingaliro lotsika mtengo komanso lothandiza.

Okonzayo akuthokoza kampani "Orto", "TK vercation", "TK vercto", HDM, zaluso zothandizira thandizo pokonzekera nkhaniyi.

Werengani zambiri