Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino

Anonim

Tikulankhula za mafayilo amiyala interict, zofukirira zokongoletsera komanso zomangira, timalimbikitsa momwe tingayang'anire mtunduwo, muyikenso ndikuwonetsa mfundo zina zofunika.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_1

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino

Mkati mwa nyumba iliyonse kapena nyumba sizimachita popanda zitseko zamkati. Ngakhale mutaganiza zochoka poyera, osachepera chinsalu chidzaikidwa m'bafa. Tiyeni tikambirane za momwe mungasankhire zitseko zamkati momwe mungapangire kugula ndikupanga njira zotsegulira, momwe mungakhazikitsire makina ndikuyang'ana mtundu wa kuyika.

Kusankhidwa kwa zitseko zakunyumba ndi zowonjezera

Kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe

Pomanga

Zipangizo za Zinthu

Zokongoletsera

Kusankha Zowonjezera

Akatswiri amalangizidwa kuti aziganiza za kusankha kachitidwe kanthawi koyambitsa kapangidwe kake ka polojekiti. Koma nthawi yomweyo, sikofunikira kuyang'ana mafashoni ndi mawonekedwe awo. Tifunikirabe kuwunika mtundu wa kupanga ndi machitidwe.

Kodi zitseko zamtundu wanji

Pachikhalidwe, machitidwe amagawidwa kukhala chishango ndi fillane. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchuka kwa mitundu ya tessar yamakono kukupeza. Manaion ndalama zonse zamagalasi.

  • Kapangidwe ka mufilimu. Popanga zopangidwa zamtunduwu, machenjera kapena owonda kapena owonda aikidwa mu mawonekedwe kapena kumanga. Chimango chitha kupangidwa molingana ndi matekitala aliwonse omwe afotokozedwawo kapena opangidwa ndi matabwa (olimba kapena guluu). Mafilimu amapangidwa kuchokera ku MDF, chipboard, hdf (mbale yayitali yopanga matabwa), nkhuni. Zambiri zimamveka bwino kuposa zotchinga, - makamaka mitundu iyi yokhala ndi zida zowonda (6-10 mm). Malo Ofooka - Kulumikizana kwa chimango ndi mabotolo. Chifukwa cha Oscillations, magawo amasintha magawo awo, pomwe spike yosatchulidwa yolembedwa ya filönki imayambira pang'onopang'ono kuchokera poyambira pa phala. Koma izi zitha kupewedwa ngati madontho opanga (akuyang'ana) gawo la mbaliyo mosiyana, sizingagwiritse ntchito guluu posonkhana, ndi zomangira.
  • Kupanga kwa Cargy. Wokhazikika pafupi ndi filleönchata, koma alibe chimanga chotseka: Chinsalu chimakhala ndi ma racks mbali, zopingasa - Tsarg (mitengo yamatabwa) ndi makulidwe. Dziwani kuti amapirira mokwanira mawu omwe amakhalako kwa mitundu yomatira yomatira kapena zisindikizo pakati pa mafumu.
  • Kapangidwe kake. Magawo akuluakulu a makina oterewa ndi mtanda wamatanda, chophimba chawiri mbali ziwiri, zodzazidwa ndi zodzaza, zopangidwa kuti ziziyika nsaluyo ndikusintha mikhalidwe yomveka. Zikhulupiriro zamatsenga zimasiyana pakudzaza.
  • Nsalu zokhota. Amachitika kuchokera ku zoukirax katatu ndi makulidwe a 10-12 mm. Ali ndi phokoso la mpweya wa mpweya osachepera 22 DB, kwathunthu chinyezi (opanga nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsa kuwayika m'mabafa), koma ndizovuta kusamalira.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_3

Kusiyana kwa mtundu wolimbikitsa

  • Swing. Pali pafupifupi malo aliwonse okhalamo. Nthawi zambiri ndimapangidwe amodzi okhala ndi khomo la khomo ndi mbale imodzi. Mwayi - kukula kochepa. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wowongolera nyumba yaying'ono yokhala ndi khomo lopapatiza. Mitundu yam'madzi imayika m'chipinda cham'dera lalikulu.
  • . Mtundu wa mtunduwu umangodzinenera. SASS sinathe, imasinthira kumbali, imamasula dick. Nthawi yomweyo, imayenda bwino pa njanji yachitsulo, yokhazikika pamwamba. Itha "kusiya" zofanana kapena kuyenda pakhoma. Maonekedwe oterowo amawoneka bwino ndikupulumutsa malo okhala. Pamodzi lotseguka limatenga malo ochepera kuposa mtundu wotupa.
  • Kukulunga. Mukatsegulira, kusuntha pamaupangiri, pomwe pali malo ofunikira ochepa. Za mitsinje yomwe mungayimbire kukhazikika koyipa. Pachifukwa ichi, chisudzulo chomveka ndichabwino kwambiri.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_4

Zosankha za ziweto

Pepala kapena katoni

Chinthu choterechi chimatchedwanso ku Tambkura. Kuwombera kumachitika kuchokera ku mabatani opangidwa ndi microcamp ya MDCF (Wood-Fibrous sing'anga) ndi makulidwe a 4-6 mm, ndi katoni kapena ma cell a cellaur omwe ali pakati pawo. Gulu lazinthu zina pansi pa gulu la gulu la gulu la gulu la loinery.

Kuwala kumalemera 8-10 makilogalamu, ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino (phokoso lamlengalenga) mutu wowonjezera wa 25-27 DB) satsala pang'ono kubereka. Amaloledwa kukhala otalika (zosowa monga nthawi zina nthawi zina zimakhazikitsidwa mu bafa). Choyipa chachikulu ndi kukana kochepa kwa makina amderalo. Mapulitso a MDF ndi omangira mwamphamvu DVP (bungwe), ma denti amawoneka mosavuta padziko lapansi.

Chipyard Chipboard

Chitofu chambiri cha chip chimalimbikitsidwa m'mbali mwa mipiringidzo yamatabwa, MDF kapena HDF kuti muchepetse mwayi wokulitsa, mtolo, mawonekedwe a kusiyana pakati pa mtengo ndi chipbodi. Masamba oterewa ndi olemera kuposa mawonekedwe okongola. Nthawi yomweyo, mawuwo ndi abwinoko, mawuwo ndibwino (phokoso la mpweya ubweya 27-30 DB).

Mipiringidzo yamatabwa

Pachiyambi chomwe chimalembedwa kuchokera ku mipiringidzo yambiri. Mwakutero, ndi mtengo wamatanda. Popanda kukhazikika pepala (nthawi zambiri HDF), ndikonso kuchita. Mwa zinthu zazikulu, mitundu yotereyi imafananizidwa ndi zopangidwa ndi zipya, koma zimawerengedwa kuti ndizabwino. Amakhala akulu kwambiri, omwe amawonetsedwa posankha malupu.

Grid ya baji yopapatiza ndi MDF

Malinga ndi ndemanga ya akatswiri, ndi zitseko ziti zomwe zimakhala bwino kusankha, zitha kunenedwa kuti kuchuluka kwa magulu opapatiza ndi MDF ndi njira yopangira. Tsopano nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. Mitundu yotereyi imadziwika ndi mtengo wocheperako, osati magwiridwe antchito (owongoka owoneka bwino m'mphepete, zolondola za geometry), kulolera chinyezi

Polyurene Houlder

Polyirethane canvas amawonetsa bwino, kukhalabe ndi malire.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_5

Zokongoletsera zokongoletsera

  • Phukusi lokhala ndi pulasitiki (Laminatin, filimu ya Melamine, CPL pulasitiki) - Zojambula zopangidwa ndi Melamine Resure. Wolimbikira, amabereka mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a mtengowo, koma zojambula zopangidwa ndi nkhani imodzi zidzakhala chimodzimodzi.
  • Polypropylene filimu (Ecochpon) - zojambula zotsika mtengo ndi mawonekedwe otchulidwa achilengedwe, osagwirizana ndi katundu aliyense. Atatenthetsedwa, imasandulika mosavuta, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi kuluma gawo lonse, popanda nthabwala pa njanji.
  • Filimu ya PVC ndi yophimba yofewa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza mtundu wamphamvu. Zojambula za mtengowo zimayambiranso moipa, kudzipatsa kungodzipatula kukhala wosalala bwino, utoto wosakhwima.
  • Vuto lomangidwanso limayang'anizana ndi mitengo yamitengo yankhanza (yopanda kutentha) ya miyala yofewa yomwe imaphatikizidwa pansi pankhaniyi yazithunzi, kenako osankhidwa kukhala ma sheet. Ili ndi malingaliro okongola. Imafuna kusiyanasiyana (mtundu). Kuphatikiza apo, kuvala kukana kwa nkhope kumadalira mtundu wa varnish kapena enamel wosanjikiza.
  • Verneer wachilengedwe ndi wowerengeka yokwera mtengo yopezeka ndi njira yachikhalidwe (kutalika kwa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi kukwera m'masiketi). Chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu.
  • Enamel (ackyd, polyirethane, etc.) - mankhwala opaque omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira (nthawi zina amalowerera). Kulamula pakamwa mu utoto uliwonse wa ral nthawi zambiri kumachitidwa ndi ndalama zowonjezera.
  • Zovala za polyester ("varnish zapamwamba" ndi "enamel okwera") - nyimbo zamultilaner ndi galasi lonyezimira; Misewu yayikulu kwambiri osati racks nawonso chifukwa chazochita zamakina.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_6

Kusankha malo azosangalatsa

Chotseka-chatch nthawi zambiri chimagwa ndi wopanga. Itha kukhala kasupe wamba kapena maginito. Zida za masika nthawi zina zimayambitsa nkhanza, nsaluyo ikatseguka, lilime limatuluka m'nyumba yachifumu - pamakhala chiopsezo chobalalika kapena kumamatira ku zovala. Makoma a Magnetic amagwira ntchito mosamala ndipo safunikira mafuta mu moyo wonse. Zipangizo zamagetsi zimawononga pafupifupi 20-30% yokwera mtengo kuposa yabwinobwino, pomwe otetezeka komanso osokoneza bongo, koma otsika kwambiri pakudalirika.

Za tsatanetsatane, cholembera chimavala msanga. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti mupange makamaka kuti apange opanga odziwika bwino pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje amakangana amakono. Katunduyo ayenera kukhala woyenera kwambiri (wopanda ngodya zakuthwa ndi zinthu zolongosoka). Kuchokera pamenepa, noubs okwera kwambiri, koma ndi ochepa ergonomic kuposa masinkhasi.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_7

Muyeso ndi kugula

Momwe Mungayesere Kutsegulira

Mukakhala bwino kupanga lamulo

Momwe mungayang'anire mtundu wa malonda m'sitolo

Njira yosankha ndi kugula imayamba ndi muyeso. Kuchokera pa izi, izikhala kapena siziyenera kulipira zochulukirapo pazogulitsa zokha komanso kuyika kwake. Ndikosavuta kuchepetsa kutsegulira pokhazikitsa kuposa momwe nsaluyo imapeza ndi bokosilo silimadzuka pamalo osankhidwa. Ndikofunikira kuganizira mukamasankha zitseko za mkati ndibwino nyumbayo.

Momwe Mungachitire Miyeso

Kuwerengera kwa bowo lotseguka kumachitika molingana ndi njira yotere ya intaneti kuphatikiza 10 cm m'lifupi ndi 5 cm. Sikofunikira kuchita bokosi loyipa la logbook: ikani mapanelo popanda icho. Koma ngati mukufuna kupereka mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri komanso kukhazikitsa kwabwino, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuti muthandizire ntchito ya ambuye, popanda izi, sikofunikira kuganizira pokonzekera kutsegula. Pankhaniyi, masentimita 10 m'lifupi ndi 5 cm kutalika kumawonjezeredwa pazomwe zawerengedwa kale.

Ndikofunikira kuganizira osati kutalika ndi kutalika kwa kufufukula, komanso makulidwe a makoma. Ndizosiyana mu zipinda zosiyanasiyana: kuchokera 5 masentimita m'bafa mpaka 20 masentimita m'magawo pakati pa zipinda, ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kufikira theka la mita ndipo ngakhale masentimita 70 (oyang'anira nyumba zakale). Ndi makulidwe abwino, funsolo lidzafunsidwanso m'lifupi mwake bokosi kapena lina, mtundu wina. Apa mutha kugwiritsa ntchito bala losavuta, kapena bolodi yopangidwa mwachangu (ndikuwonjezera kapena yabwino), yomwe imalumikizana ndi chitseko kudzera mu kiyi (nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi zida).

Kunja, wabwino sayenera kukhala wosiyana ndi bokosi, choyambirira m'mitundu, monga ntchito yawo ndiyokongoletsa khomo. Koma nthawi zonse zimawerengedwa mosiyana ndi zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa. 10 cm iliyonse ya mliriwu ikuwonjezera mtengo wonse wa zida. Pofuna kupulumutsa, ndizotheka kupanga malo otsetsereka m'malo pogula zabwino. Mtengo wa yankho lotere ndi wotsika kuposa zowonjezera zowonjezera. Mukawombedwa mu magawo atsopano, ndibwino kuti apange pa intaneti, 700-710, 800-910, 900-910 m'lifupi. - Makina), 1330-1350, 1530 -1550 mm (ya kawiri). Ndikofunikira kuwerengera tati pansi, chophimba pansi, pulasitiki.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_8

Pa gawo lanji lokonza kuti apange lamulo

Zimatengera zitseko zomwe mwasankha kusankha: Ngati izi ndi zinthu zogulitsa, ndibwino kuti musathamangire dongosolo. Koma mukakhala kukula kapena gawo lapadera lomwe likufunika, wopanga amathandizidwa kwa miyezi itatu (makampani aku Russia) kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (yakunja) kukhazikitsidwa.

Ndizosafunikira kubweretsa zinthu ku chinthu mpaka kumapeto kwa "chonyowa" zonse "ngakhale atadzaza, ngakhale adayang'aniridwa kwambiri mufilimuyi, atha kukhala chinyezi chambiri. Mabatani ayenera kuyika pambuyo poti kumaliza: kupaka utoto (zotupa ndi pepala) makhoma, makhoma, atagona pansi. Pakadali pano, mutha kutseka gawo lolumikizirana la bokosilo ndi khoma ndi Plapu, loti muphatikize kachiwiri.

Kukonza kongoletsera, zochita za zochita sizisintha: denga, makoma, pansi ziyenera kukonzedwa. Koma mutha kuchotsa zinthu zanu kuti muchepetse gawo loyamba la ntchito yotsiriza, koma kuti musawononge kapangidwe kazithunzi, pepala. Kuphatikiza apo, popanda kuchotsa miyala, ndizosatheka kudziwa molondola kukula kwa zotseguka.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_9

Momwe mungayang'anire bwino mukamagula

Asanasankhe zitseko zamkati, akatswiri amalangiza kuti ayang'anire mtundu wawo m'sitolo. Pangani izi:

  • Onetsetsani kuti palibe "mafunde" kumaso. Pachifukwa ichi, maphwando amapendedwa m'matumba a kuwala. Mapepala sayenera kudyetsedwa pomwe dzanja limakanikizidwa.
  • Samalani m'mphepete: Kukumana ndi zolumikizana ziyenera kukhala zopwirira, popanda mipata. Kutulutsa pang'ono kwa veneeer kumawonetsa kuphwanya ukadaulo.
  • Mitundu yazomwe zimachitika zimapeza makulidwe a filimu (nthawi zambiri imachitidwa kuchokera ku MDF). Mtengo wochepera ndi 14 mm. Kupanda kutero, nyonga ndi kubatika komveka kudzakhala kuchepetsedwa.
  • Onetsetsani kuti kulibe ming'alu yaying'ono ndi "njere" zokongoletsera (zoyambirira zomwe zimapezeka kawirikawiri pa lacquer, chachiwiri pamalo okhazikika).
  • Mitundu yolimba imakhala ndi makulidwe ndi zinthu za ma transcentnguntcent. Ngati dera lawo lili ndi 50% ya kukula kwa pamwamba, pepalalo liyenera kukhala ndi makulidwe osachepera 6 mm. Ngati ipitilira 50%, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito galasi la maliro.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_10

Kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ndikuwunika mkhalidwe wawo

Kukonzekera kukhazikitsa

Kulangiza

Kukhazikitsa Cheke Chabwino

Kukhazikitsa kuyenera kukonzedwa. Makamaka ngati tikulankhula za zinthu zapabanja, ndipo nyumbayo yapezeka kale.

Kukonzekera kukweza

Pangani mabatani a opanga ku Russia nthawi zambiri amatenga Joinery. Nthawi zambiri amachita pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi, nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi zoyeretsa za vacuum ndi osonkhetsa madzu. Chifukwa chake, mipando iyenera kuvomerezedwa, ndipo pansi kuti igone filimu yoweta.

Kukhazikitsa kwa dongosolo lililonse kumaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa kwa bokosilo, kuyimilira kwa malupu, kuyikamo mu knob ya chogwirizira (komanso chopukutira kapena chotsalira cha malo odutsawo, ndiye kuti, Masking Za mipata pakati pa khoma ndi bokosi lomwe lili ndi chithandizo cha Plands.

Ndikotheka kuyika kuyika pazitseko kokha kumapeto kwa ma widiyo (adayika mapepala opatsirana, kuyika matayala, oyikidwa) ndi pansi.

Mavuto nthawi zina amayambitsa kukhazikitsa m'bafa. Pano m'manyumba wamba pali cholowa. Ngati mtundu womwewo umayikidwa munyumba yonse, ndizotheka kupereka malo ochepetsedwa pansi m'bafa poyerekeza ndi nyumba yonse. Izi zimathetsa mavuto onse, ndipo chitseko chimakhala chimodzimodzi kutalika, monga kulikonse. Ngati gawo laperekedwa, mutha kusamalira dongosolo la sash ya kukula - lalifupi kuchokera pansi mpaka kutalika kwa khomo.

Malangizo Okhazikitsa

Pali njira zingapo kukhazikitsa. Njira yotsitsira kukhazikitsa nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa pomwepo, ndipo zimangotengera luso la ambuye. Kalasi yazogulitsa, zakuthupi, kumaliza ntchito, kapangidwe ka bokosi, kulemera, ndi mawonekedwe a khoma kuzungulira kutsegulira ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Kukhazikika pamatanda ndi zomata - njira yodziwika kwambiri yokhazikitsa bokosi la Log. Musanafike kuntchito, m'mphepete mwa khomalo ndikuphunzira - kulibe wotchi, lumo, chomwe chimatha kufulumira. Kapangidwe kamene kamaphatikizidwa kumayikidwa mu dzenje, maudindo amasoweretsedwa, otetezedwa. Othamanga amaika m'malo amenewo a bokosi lomwe limapita pansi pamapu (ngati loops).

Mu malo okhazikika a mankhusu, omwe amayendetsedwa ndi mulingo, kenako amachitidwa nkhanza ndi maukwati kapena kumangiriza. Ndikofunikanso kuti, tikamayesa ma dialonals akudutsa, luso lonse la manambala limachitika. Ndipo pofuna kuti muwone ngati kupatuka kosiyana ndi zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha Sash adzadziwitse, imachitidwa ndi zitsanzo, zopaka zotupa. Ndiosavuta kudziwa ngati kusokonekera sikunapitirire chizolowezi komanso ngati nsaluyo yajambulidwa mukamatseguka. Kupanda kutero, cholakwika chitha kupangidwa, chomwe chimatchedwa "reeel" pamene SASS ikupitiliza kutseguka kapena kutseka.

Mabowo onse omwe kuli ziboda zowopa zowoneka bwino ndi mapula okongoletsera. Ndikofunikira kuti Pulagiyo ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a kupanikizana. Ndi kuphedwa mosamala ndi ntchito zonse, njira iyi yokhazikitsa pa zomangira ndizovomerezeka. Ma tubeni akukwera kumapeto, malinga ndi mawonekedwe opindulitsa. Amayikidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito ma carnies ndi kuyika malo ophatikizidwa ndi mastic, kapena okhazikika pamisomali yamadzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_11

Kukhazikitsa Cheke Chabwino

Malamulo a General

Ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti kupezeka kwa mipata pakati pa bokosi ndi tsamba (3-4 mm) ndi kusiyana pansipa, pakati pa ndulu ndi pansi zopereka, kutengera kutalika kwa muluwu. Nthawi zina kukonza mpweya wabwino, mipata ikuwonjezeka kwa 2 cm. Kuyang'ana ngati SASS imatseguka mosavuta, lokoyo imayatsidwa bwino komanso yosawalika.

Kuthamanga kulikonse kwa bokosilo kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi ma dumels osachepera mu mfundo zitatu, ndipo mukamagwiritsa ntchito mbale zobisika, kuchuluka kwa malo ophatikizika ndikofunikira kuti muwonjezere anayi pa vack.

Zitseko zitseko

  • Tsegulani Sash 45 °. Pamene unit yaikidwa molondola, idzalandidwa motere.
  • Voterani ntchito ya latch. Lingatsekeredwe, kulira kwa lilime sikuyenera kumveka.
  • Onetsetsani kuti kutsekedwa mukatseka sikubisa bokosi la Bar. Zoyenera, m'lifupi 3-4 mm mm mm ziyenera kupangidwa mozungulira kuzungulira kwa SASS.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_12

Pomenya

  • Kukoka nsaluyo pansi. Ngati ikuyenda movutikira, ndipo mawu owombera amveka kuchokera pansi, zikutanthauza kuti njanji yakomweko ndizosadalirika.
  • Yerekezerani mipata pakati pa khoma ndi intaneti. Ngati ndi osagwirizana (mwachitsanzo, pansipa ndi okulirapo kuposa pamwambapa), maofesiwa amaikidwa molakwika.
  • Dziwani nthawi zingapo kuthamanga ndi kutseka mapangidwe - simuyenera kumva kutentha ndikulumpha, komanso kumva kulira kwa mikangano komanso mizimu.

Maupangiri atsatanetsatane omwe ali pamakomo amtunduwu: Kodi ndibwino kusankha bwanji kuti muwonetsetse bwino 13980_13

Werengani zambiri