Zabodza komanso zopindika zomwe akugula ma tazac. Miyezo Yabwino, Opanga, Backstage, kapangidwe ndi mtengo.
Tilankhula za mbiri yakale kwambiri yakale zakale, matayala a ceramic. Tidzauza opanga, njira zamakhalidwe, zolimba, kapangidwe ndi mtengo. Ndimadzuka nthano zingapo kapena, ngati mukufuna, stereotypes omwe sapereka mpumulo kwa makasitomala ndi ogulitsa
Nthano ya msika
Msika wa ku Russia wa ku Russia unayamba kupanga mawonekedwe mu 1996-1997. Kenako ogula amatha kutanthauzira matayala okha, Chitaliyana, Chisipanishi kapena Czech, popanda kupita mwatsatanetsatane za mapangidwe, zabwino ndi mitengo. Ogulitsa anali okwanira kubweretsa zinthu m'mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi stamp, ndipo kupambana kwa malonda kunaperekedwa. Masiku ano, chinthu china: Wogula amabwera waluso ndi kukulunga.Malinga ndi ziwerengero za miyambo ya 2002 ndi boma ziwerengero zimaphatikizanso, gawo la zomera zapakhomo mu Russian yomwe ili pamsika wa Russia. Ikani chotsirizira pake: 29.2% yogulitsa imachokera ku Spain, 25.4% kuchokera ku Italy, 13.7% kuchokera ku Poland. China, Slovakia, maakaunti a Turkey pa 5% ndipo, pamapeto pake, pa Lithuania, Germany ndi Czech, ochepera 2%. Maiko monga France, Britain Great, Iran, etc., usadutse malire a bukulo, kotero iwo ndi ogwirizana, 5.5% yonse yogawana.
Italy, dolide yamafashoni ya matailosi azaka zana zapitazi, yokhala ndi zida 95% yonse yopanga zinthu izi. Zoposa 350 nsalu ndi zolemba zambiri zopangira zopangira zopangira anthu padziko lonse lapansi m'derali zimatchedwa Modo. Chaka chilichonse kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, amapikisana pa chiwonetsero chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse la Italy Certaie ku Bologna. Zinthu zatsopano zimagwera pamitu ya nsomba za ku Russia ndi mashopu a mwezi wa February - Epulo chaka chamawa. Monga m'munda wamalonda, simudzakumbukira jekete likugulanso, koma osayiwala mitundu yolimbana ndi mafakitale, ndipo poopseza nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsa mayina a ku Italy, koma ulemu woyera Zosangalatsa: Condiateiva Citomica, Marazzi, Atlarlorde, Stadel, Arian Corona, Ricchetti, ndi Estani, etc.
Spain - Dziko Lapansi Padzikoli Pankhani ya Wopanga Voliyu - adayamba kutsatira Italy zaka 50-60 zapitazo ndipo amagwira bwino ntchito paukadaulo ndi zida. Chilichonse chofanana: nsalu za 350 zomwe zili mu Castellon mtunda wa kuchitika kwa Spain International Cevisama, yomwe idachitikira ku Valencia kumapeto kwa February ndi kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Kuwonongeka kwa matailosi oyang'anizana ndi mafakitale angapo 12. Pakati pawo, Apirimboni, Viceci, Ma Metropol, Diago, Venus, Venus, Pertarti, Earti, etc.
Wopanga nyumbayo adamva bwino kuyambira 1998, pomwe adapita kukagawanizo. Koma m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, pambuyo pa kusintha kwa kusuta kwa ogula, adayenera kukonzekera kupanga, kukhazikitsa utoto wa ku Italy, umagwiritsa ntchito utoto wa ku Italy komanso ngakhale kukopa akatswiri azaukadani. Mwachitsanzo, timapatsa "sokal" (kdenovsk, dera la Moscow), "Velow" (Bralia "), sikisi yoyesera), Liramics" yoyesera). Kuphatikiza apo, mizere itatu ya ku Italy idakhazikitsidwa ku Ojsc "Stroyfarfor" (G. Shechta, Ristov) kuyambira 2001. Mizere itatu ya ku Italy idayambitsidwa. Posachedwa Llc "Bashkerama" (equanka ya kukomera mitengo ya OktysCaya tarramic) ndi ojsc "ceremics" "Sungani, Comrades !!!" Komabe, sikofunikira kunyalanyaza zomwe akuitanitsa omwe afikira voliyumu yowonjezera mu 2002.
Wopikisana naye wamkulu mu Niche wazogulitsa za ku Russia ndi matabwa akum'mawa kwa Europe, Poland ndi Czech Republic. Mitengo zaka zisanu zapitazo idadutsa bwino kwambiri ndikupanga matabwa osiyanasiyana pamsika womwe uli pamsika wapakati pa Central European ($ 10-15 kwa matailosi 1m2). UNAS amadziwika ndi mafakitale asanu a popushi: Opoczno ndi Tubadzin, kutsatiridwa ndi ceramika-koonskie, paradyz ndi polcolorit.
Zopinga Zikuluzikulu ku Gussia ku Russia ku Russia (villerokyboch, Hoba chitsulo, etc.) ndi 1m2) ndi ogula. Kandachiriki waku France pamaso pa fakitale ya Cerabati, yomwe ndi gawo la GUPPO Marazz (Sennaya Inviover mu 2002, 7600mlre), mawonekedwe ake ku Russia kokha mu 2002 ndi mawonekedwe ake pa Russia kokha mu 2002 ndi mawonekedwe ake pa Russia kokha mu 2002 ndi mawonekedwe ake ogulitsa ndalama Niche $ 20-25. Ngakhale zili bwino, kapangidwe kabwino, mavolito othandiza ndi kutchuka kwa matailosi aku Turkey ku Germany, chifukwa cha ogula a Russia kupita ku katundu wa ku Turkey, izi sizinakhalepo ponseponse. Kummawa kwa Russia, matayala aku China atuluka kalekale, tsopano pang'onopang'ono amalowa kumadzulo. Izi zimadziwika ndi mtundu wambiri (akatswiri aukadaulo), mtengo wotsika mtengo (ngakhale kunyamula katundu wambiri (ngakhale paulendo wokwera mtengo kumawononga $ 10 pa 1M2 "" Zophatikiza Zosasangalatsa. Sipezekabe kwa gawo la verirrine la izo, koma pali chizolowezi chowonjezera kubadwa chifukwa cha mafashoni a onse akum'mawa.
Nkhani za mtundu
Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa matanga a matanga amkati sangafanane ndi mataondo apansi ndi ndege yambiri. Malinga ndi European Einsono ndi Post 2718-2001 Maumeting'ono "Njira Zoyeserera" Malinga ndi zofunikira za dokotala ndi en cerami yoyang'ana pamakoma, mayamwidwe a geometric ndi kukhazikika kwa glaze kuti ayambe kuvala, koma osayesedwa ndi zakunja (malo ogona a Street " ).
Zofunikira en iso mpaka zaukadaulo wa matailosi oyang'anizana
| Zolemba zaluso | Wokhazikika ndi gosst | Kupatuka kovomerezeka |
|---|---|---|
| Kutalika ndi Kutalikirana | En98. | Zokwanira0.8% |
| Kukula | En 98. | Zapamwamba 8% |
| Kuwongoka | En 98. | Zokwanira 0,8% |
| Malo | En 98. | Zokwanira 0.6%(Gost sakutanthauza) |
| Madzi Madzi | En 99. | Ochepera 16% (ochepera24% ya carbonate misa ndi doymuneral dongo) |
| Mphamvu Zoyenda | En 100. | Ochulukirapo 15mm |
| Kukana kwa abrasion | En 101. | Ma 6ball ochulukirapo pa ma moos |
Kuyang'ana mtundu wa ma tambala oyang'anizana ndi ma tazamiyo amachitika pamaziko a magawo angapo. Kupatuka m'lifupi komanso m'lifupi osapitilira 0,5% kumagwirizana ndi kalasi yapamwamba. Minga imatanthauza kupatuka kwa ngodya kuchokera kwa osagwirizana kwenikweni ndi 0,3%. Miyezo ya mzere ndiomwe imayambitsa kulondola kwa zomangamanga, molunjika ndi kufanana kwa makulidwe a ma seams oyembekezera. Chomera cha pamwamba pamtunda ndi matailosi makamaka chifukwa cha mtundu uliwonse wa aliyense payekha. Zogulitsa zomwe zimakhala zopanda pake zokhala ndi gawo kapena m'mphepete mwa gawo kapena ndege zosafananira. Kuphatikiza pa zizindikiro za mzere, kukhazikika kwake kwa mankhwala kumathandiza gawo lofunikira pakuwunika kuchuluka kwa matayala. Popita nthawi, zinthuzo zitha kufooka, zomwe zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake otsika. Kanema wina wosafunikira ndi wokhoza kuyamwa madzi. Tile nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito zipinda zonyowa, ndipo yomwe imayamwa mosamala ndi chinyezi, imasintha mizere yake, kuwononga zinthu zomangirazo, kenako ndikugwa. Mkhalidwe umafunikira kuti kuwonjezeka kwa mawonekedwe a mayeso omwe ali ndi chisanu sichinapitirire 0,1%. Kuphatikiza apo, matailosi amayang'aniridwa kuti azitha kupaka mphamvu komanso kukana zakumwa zowopsa, monga hydrochloric acid, potaziyamu alkali, mankhwala apakhomo.
Wosanjikiza wa glaze pa matailosi amayang'aniridwa chifukwa chokana zingwe kuchokera ku michere, kuuma komwe kumadziwika. Khalidwe limatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi ma moos (zimaphatikizapo maluso 10-ottilka mpaka diamondi). Zofunikira zochepa zakukhazikika kwa matabwa owoneka bwino - Mohs6, yomwe ikufanana ndi dippip.
Kachiwiri, nthano yomwe kalasi yachiwiri ndi yachitatu imatengedwa kwa ife kuchokera kunja, kutaya mtima kwathunthu. Zogulitsa zimatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zokongola komanso zogwirira ntchito. Malinga ndi zovuta zokongola, malinga ndi en98 muyezo, mawonekedwe a tile ayenera kuwoneka olimba. Kwa kalasi yoyamba, kukhalapo kwa 5% ya matailosi ndi zolakwika mu phwandolo ndizovomerezeka. Malinga ndi njira zogwirira ntchito, kulondola kwa mphamvu, kukana kuwonekera kwa mankhwala, abrasion, etc., - - magawo omwe afotokozedwa muyezo patebulo ili ayenera kukhala patebulo ili pansipa. Kalasi yachiwiri imalola magawo ang'onoang'ono a matayala a mataombo kuchokera ku zinthu zovomerezeka mu gawo lachinayi la batch. Pansi pa kalasi yachitatu, akumvetsa matayala onse, omwe sanalowe nawo gawo loyamba ndi lachiwiri.
Wopanga aliyense payekha amasankha mitundu ya zinthu zake. Ogulitsa akuluakulu samakumana ndi lingaliro la kuchuluka, chifukwa pamndandanda wamtengo wa mafakitale akuwonetsa zogulitsa zokhazokha. Kuphatikiza pa izi, kalasi yachiwiri imatuluka, monga lamulo, yoposa 10%. Sizingathe kuneneratu mitundu ya maphwando pasadakhale, popeza ukwati ndi wosankha. Chifukwa chake, mbewu sizingatsimikizire kuti kusapezeka kwa matayala achiwiri, omwe sadzakonzanso wamkulu. Kalasi yachiwiri ikugwira ntchito zazikulu, mabungwe aboma, malo a sitimayo pomwe kontrakitala amatenga mavuto omwe amakhudzana ndi miyeso yofalitsa. Nthawi zina matatchire ang'onoang'ono achiwiri amagwera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amagulitsidwa ndi magwiridwe ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, mtengo wogulitsa wa chomera pamtengo wa kalasi yachiwiri siwokulirakulira poyerekeza ndi zovuta zomwe zingachitike panthawi yomwe ikuchitika. Vitoga yogulitsa ndalama zogulitsa zanyengo yachiwiri ndi yotsika kuposa mtengo woyamba wa 5-10%. Kulemba chizindikiro, kuwunika ndi mawonekedwe a matayala amtundu wachiwiri ndi omwe amafanana ndi magawo ofananawo, ndipo akatswiri amakhala amazindikira mitundu. Komabe, kodi pali katswiri pakati pa anzanu, ndani adzachotsa chilungamo?
Chachitatu, ku Europe kwathetsa vuto la mtundu wa matabwa motero. Kukhala ndi chuma, ingogulani mzere wa ku Italy ndi zotayika, ndikulemba ntchito yaukadaulo. Vuto laubwino limathetsedwa pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa zida zimayang'aniridwa ndi zida zoyambirira zam'madzi zogulidwa mu GDR (izi ndi ziwonetsero komanso zingwe). Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zimalowa m'malo atsopano (ngakhale ndizotheka, osati zatsopano - pali msika wachiwiri) zida zamatsenga. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu pakupanga matayala pamaso pa mzere wamakono ndizolondola kutsatira ukadaulo pamagawo onse ndi makina owongolera. Chifukwa chake, popanga chomera cha mdenga, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito akatswiri azaukadaulo ndi komwe kachitidwe kaziwongolera kumatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse iso9001, simungathe kukayikira. Koma zonsezi ndizokwera mtengo, ndipo kulibe bizinesi imodzi ku Russia, ngakhale pali magulu ena azaukadaulo ochokera ku Italy lero (a primemmer, timatcha fakitale "Lira Miramini", "Velor"). Tiyembekezere kuti posachedwa mtsogolo momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mogwirizana ndi "akatswiri", omwe adapereka gawo lolimba.
Nkhani Yopanga
Magawo aluso a tiile amakhala okhazikika ndipo sazindikira theka la mtengo wake. Theka lachiwiri ndi mtundu wa kapangidwe - gawo limakhala lothandiza. Komabe, ndiye amene amapanga bwino malonda a chopereka (mndandanda), chifukwa chotsatira, tiles zimasankhidwa malinga ndi zokhudzana ndi zizolowezi payokha. Izi zikugulidwa ndikugula mankhwalawa ndi zosonkhanitsa (mndandanda), zomwe zimatsimikizira mkati mwa chipinda cholumikizira (neo-free salfeayans). Kutalika kulikonse kumaphatikizanso chophimba cha makoma 80% cha makoma a makoma, ndi zinthu zokongoletsera. Mkati, mitundu yonse ya maluso abwino aphatikizidwa: zojambula, zojambula, zosemphana, zojambulajambula.
Pali matayala apamwamba komanso amakono a matanga a ceramic a khoma m'nyumba.
Mbiri yakale. Kusonkhanitsa kwapamwamba kumapangidwa ndi opanga onse chimodzimodzi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala matani awiri a matani atatu owoneka bwino ndi mabala (kumatsanzira mwala winawake). Dziwani kuti mawu amdima, monga lamulo, ili pansi pa khoma, kuwala kwina kuposa. Kuphatikiza apo, zokongoletsera mu mawonekedwe a matailosi okhala ndi mawonekedwe, kulekanitsa malire ndi zokongoletsera ndi mizere yopyapyala, mikwingwirima, Plassis. Mapangidwe amachokera ku mitundu ya mayiko a wopanga zojambula.
Mu zoseweretsa za ku Italy mu mawonekedwe amodzi kapena china pali mutu wakale (zotsatira zoyipa, mawonekedwe a marble, zokutira zamaluwa za curb). Mitundu ya utoto ndi utoto wokongola. Whisin wa ku Russia amalamulira ku Beige, blown, kuwala terracotta, kamvekedwe ka buluu. Komanso, kalasi yakale ili pachimake pazinthu zonse za ku Italy. Kusankhidwa kwakukulu kwa Ariana, Marazzi, Tagina Corona, Iris, Bamba Laurmaade Wonyamula Manja, Ngati Mukuganiza, Ngati Mukufuna Tile Kuchokera mndandanda wa Filuotofi mndandanda wa The The Mageria. Komabe, izi zimafuna ndalama zambiri - kuyambira $ 1,000 mpaka $ 5,000 zokhala ndi bafa 20m2. Kutanthauzira kochepa kosakamira kumeneku kumatsimikiziridwa mu zosonkhanitsidwa kwa Ariana ($ 22 ya 1m2 "". Apa tale satsatira mwala wachilengedwe, ndipo mtengo wake umakupatsani mwayi wosunga ndalama pa mitengo. Mwambiri, kusankha kophatikizana ndi malo ophatikizika ndi ochulukirapo (pospom ndi mawonekedwe). Momwemonso, chuma chakale ku Italiya ndi katundu wothamanga kwambiri, kotero chimapangitsa kuti chilichonse sichili aulesi kwambiri, kuphatikiza ku Spain, Poland ndi Russia.
Ma Spain ali ndi mataing'ono owala kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito utoto wonyezimira, golide, metallization. Chithunzi chofalikira, Kutukula kwa matailosi akumbuyo kwa mayanavas ku Apurini ($ 24), jaaz ndi a atsamunda kuchokera ku Ziphuphu ($ 20) kutitsogolere. Chikongoletsedwe chakale chimalamulidwa ku Tau Factory Treamaties, ndipo ma mediterranean a Mediterranean adzawerengedwa mu zototo za Toscana kuchokera ku Persanta. Mu Mawu, mu zofalikira za mataoto, mutha kudziwa chisinthiko chonse cha luso lakale la Spain.
Mu The Melthon Collins mndandanda wochokera ku Johnson (United Kingdom) anachititsa mtundu wa Victoria. A Britain sadzasungidwa pa zotupa ndi kapangidwe kokongola. Pali m'misika yathu ndi matailosi omwe ali ndi zokongoletsa zakale za Russia. Mwachitsanzo, kutengera kamangidwe ka kacisi ka kachisi wa ku Russia kunapangitsa kuti "mphete" yagolide ". Pano pali makoma omwe makoma a mitundu ya XVI-XVII zaka zokongoletsedwa.
Mu mbiri yakale yakale yakale yoposa $ 15 kwa ma tales 1m 2 akumbuyo amayendetsa chithunzi cha mawonekedwe a zachilengedwe, makamaka miyala. Kuphatikiza apo, "zapamwamba" zambiri zimapereka matayala a sharchetbati mwadala ndi mtsinje ndi chamfer adapanga kuti msozi usapukusa msoko ndikosakhazikika. Nthawi yomweyo, mbali yovuta ndi yabwino, zotsatira zake zimapangidwa kokha chifukwa cha gawo lowoneka. Chikhalidwe ichi pansi pakale pa chotsimikizira cha wopanga chimakulirakulira ndi misozi yolimba (mpaka 100cm) komanso osagwirizana. Ndiomwe amakhala ochulukirapo, curpickinar ndi tile, kuyandikira kwambiri ndi koyambirira (mwala), mtengo wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Zomwezi ndi zophatikiza, pafupi kwambiri, kwa Mlangizi wopukutidwa ndi zojambula zake zokongola (monga imrmudi kuchokera ku Immididi kuchokera ku Siponta, Spain). Zimatengera 1M2 za zinthu zotere pafupifupi $ 35.
Zonyamula zamakono. Maonekedwe awo amagonjera kwambiri kuti wopanga amaganiza, ndipo palibe malire a zongopeka. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndizofananira, kupatula kuchuluka kwa zojambula mu Gallery kapena hermitage. Kuphatikiza apo, matekinono amakono amakulolani kuti mupange zithunzi za zojambula.
Neoclassic amamangidwa pamatoni omwe amatchulidwa m'mbuyomu: gawo lomwelo lomwelo, malire omwewo. Koma mitundu wamba imadziwika bwino, monga penti ya Chanxix-kuyambira kwa Xxvek kuchokera ku Frescono wakale. Chovala chamaluwa chimasinthidwa kukhala zithunzi zamitundu (Mirado kuchokera ku Cerabati, France ($ 22); Moderno Scaramics "($ 10)," Eldorado "kuchokera ku" Carastora "($ 10), zonse - Russia). Zokongoletsera zakale zamisala zimasandulika kukhala mawonekedwe a geometric, mmawa wofanana ndi sinusosoids, USograms kuchokera ku Tau- $ 20), makona achikuda (rifwise shule). Mukamapanga matayala oterowo, njira zonse zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. Itha kutsanzira kuyamwa pamadzi (agghic kuchokera ku ATAS Concorde- $ 29), kukhala oyenda bwino ($ 21) kapena yosalala ku TURADZIN - $ 15 ) kapena "Phwadzin" (sikhik-kubik kuchokera ku Perpand- $ 22).
Kafukufuku wapamwamba amawonetsa kuti ndi njira yofiyira yofikira ku Tile, yomwe imafotokozedwa m'matumbo am'mbuyo komanso osavomerezeka, zokongoletsa, nthawi zambiri zokongoletsera za monochrome. Maluwa ocheperako "Nordic" ndi udzu ukufuula pa matailosi a ku Germany aku Germany kuchokera kwa Stesur. M'magulu ambiri, mapiri ofukula akuwoneka, amatha kuwonjezereka kutalika kwa chipindacho (mwachitsanzo, mu chopereka cha Griffe Pergamo kuchokera ku Sant'gogostino- $ 35 pa 1m2). Metallization imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri kuposa ku Neoclasic, zojambula zosiyanasiyana zapamwamba zimaphatikizidwa. Dziwani kuti pakalibe zokongoletsera zowala, kapangidwe ndi kayendedwe kazigawo kamene kakuchokera (Bravo kuchokera ku Vives- $ 22, Cuir Tabacko kuchokera ku Diaca- $ 22).
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma tani angapo a monophophic (cococco kuchokera ku bardelli) kumathandiza kuti muwoneke malo. Pa cholinga chomwecho, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zotchedwa matayala otchedwa omanga (wopanga). Ili ndi gawo losavuta la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake (1010, 1515, 2020cm). Zimalola wopanga mmene mmene mmene mmene mmene amakhala kuti akomere zokongoletsera.
Kusintha kwa magazi kukupeza mphamvu ndi chiwonetsero chilichonse chatsopano. Mutu wa Africa umawoneka mwatsopano munjira yatsopano kwambiri ya IRIIS Transteren. Zinthu zokongoletsera za Katanga mndandanda wa Stesur ($ 22) zimapangidwa kutengera masks a Totm ndi zokongoletsera zachikhalidwe za mafuko a ku Africa. Maonekedwe osavuta a geometric ndi utoto wowoneka bwino umapereka mwayi wokhala ndi phokoso komanso mphamvu yakuthengo ya nyama zamtchire.
Dzina la chopereka cha Savanna (Cerabatani) amadzinenera okha. Monga gulu la zingwe zazing'ono, pakati pa matako okongoletsera, adatsamira polimbana ndi zojambulajambula za zikopa za zikopa. Pansi pa Chizindikiro cha Universal "YAN-Yan" Panali matanthauzidwe amitundu umodzi wa Japan ndi African (Yang-Yang mndandanda wa Marazzi).
Zochitika ndi zatsopano. Masiku ano, mafoloko akulu akuyamba kutchuka: 3040, 3060cm. Wogula akuwoneka kuti akuyesa kuiwala kuti zaka 15-20 zapitazo, matanga onse anali ndi miyeso ya 1010 ndi 1515 masentimita. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kutalika mpaka 3: 1.
Mu 2001, ku chiwonetsero cha ku Italiya ku Italiya, mafakitale ena adalengeza zonyamula za pseudo-. Inali taramic tambala ya 2020cm ndi ma pseudo-zitsanzo za mabwalo okhala ndi mg wa 1 kapena 2 cm. Kuti apititse patsogolo kumverera kwa Mose, chinthu chilichonse chinali chosiyana ndi ena. Mu Okutobala 2002, pafupifupi makampani onse anayamba kubala pseudomosis ngati maziko kapena kutanthauzira. Ikulongosolani: Lero Gogoda ndi yotchuka kwambiri, yomwe, sinathe kugwiritsa ntchito opanga matayala a zikhalidwe. Kuphatikiza pa matailosi owoneka bwino, pali mapangidwe a mizati yolunjika pagawo losinthika kwambiri kotero kuti malo opindika amatha kuchitika. Kulumikizana kwa mapangidwe athu (otchedwa atrat gatrat atayika ndi mosdac) tili ndi kuwala kwa nyenyezi kuchokera ku tagina- $ 60 (RETY), etc. Opanga ena amapereka zokongoletsera za Mose (mwachitsanzo, zopereka za Renova kuchokera ku Fap).
Mu 2002, mu Seantada (Italy), ku Elle), kuchokera ku Ariana (Spain), Ceramica Bardell (Italy) ndi mafakitale ambiri ali ndi matabwa, omwe amalemekezedwa bwino. Zithunzi za mitundu ya mitundu ndi ngakhale kutulutsa zojambulajambula kumayikidwa njira yake yowonetsera silika. Tiyerekeze kuti kuchita bwino kumachitika ndipo mu 2003 mu zotengera zonse zopanga kudzaonekera zithunzi za anthu kapena kubereka kwa waluso pa mataulidwe.
Mwezi umodzi ndi theka zapitazo, mu Januware 2003, zopereka ziwiri zidafotokozedwa pachiwonetsero ku Munich, yomwe imaphatikiza mbali ziwiri za chitukuko cha Tile. Malangizo oyamba alembedwa kale pazinthu zina, izi ndi zopatsira kapena kudula zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kudula kwa hydrophofic. Chitsanzo cha mawonekedwe amtunduwu chitha kukhala matayala a metropol (Spain), komwe kuli zotseguka kumbuyo, komwe mungayikenso zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokongoletsera. Mapiko ndi kuyenda kuchokera ku ma envulopu a Steili ndi omwe sanapatulidwe ndi ma ubweya olekanitsidwa kuzungulira m'mbali mwa zigawo zakumbuyo. Kuchotsa m'mphepete, mutha kupanga msoko wa sinulonal, komwe kumakhala kosiyana kwambiri ndi gulu lazikhalidwe zoyambira. Malangizo achiwiriwa amakhazikitsidwa m'malire omveka bwino, kubwereza zomwe zimayambitsa mipata. Chikwangwanichi chimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito madandaulo ophatikizidwa mu makulidwe a zinthu zowonekera. Mitambo inayi yolumikizidwa mogwirizana ndi mabotolo osiyanasiyana amalumikizidwa ndi magetsi amodzi ma network.
Mapangidwe a mafakitale aku Russia akadali akhanda. Ngati kusonkhanitsa koyenera kumaphatikizapo kusankha kwa mitundu ya 4-5, opanga apakhomo sangakhale ndi Master3. Ntchito yayikulu ya "PLitePom" yomwe ili lero ndi chitukuko cha kapangidwe kabwino komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wokweza mitengo, ndipo zitatha izi, kukwaniritsa phindu la kupanga ndikupanganso kwina kwa malonda. Kutulutsa kumatha kupezeka poyesa kulera opanga anu, monga momwe amathandizira opanga "chukol", kapena pokopa opanga ku Italiya, akalowa "Lira Cemerama" ndi "Velor" Kerama "). Iyo ndi inayo ibwere kale zipatso zawo, kuti wogula sayenera kudikirira kwazaka zambiri.
Nthano ya mtengo
Choyamba, kuwonetsa kwa ogula omwe mtengo wa chimbudzi chidzapezeka chifukwa cha kuchulukitsa kwa mtengo wa matanga am'mbuyo m'makoma, sichoncho. Mtengo womwewo wankhani, osawoneka ngati chimbudzi chanu? Kuthandizira Kukongoletsa mtengo wa mita imodzi kumawonjezera osachepera 30% pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito matailosi aku Russia, ndipo kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri. Izi zikufotokozedwa chifukwa chakuti matako okongoletsera nthawi zambiri amakhala ofunika nthawi zonse kuposa momwe amawerengera 1M2. Mwachitsanzo, chinthu chokongoletsera cha kupangidwa kwa Russia kwa kukula kwa 620cm mtengo wa $ 1.2 powerengera 1M2. Iyo pamtengo wa "Mbiri" $ 8. Kwa zotengera zakunja, mutha kupanga maubwenzi angapo okhala m'gawo logulitsa pakati "(1M2) / Bordur (1pc.): $ 11 / 3.5; $ 15/5; $ 20/8; $ 35/13. Zachidziwikire, malo okwezeka, otsika mtengo wake pa malo ake ndi mtengo wake.Mukunena kuti ubale wolunjika pakati pa mtengo wa zinthu zamunthu ndi mtengo womaliza woperekera. Tiyeni tione chitsanzo: mafayilo a 2m 2020cm 2020cm ofunika $ 20 pa 1M2 amalekanitsidwa ndi kupindika kwa matailosi asanu kukula 520cm, pamtengo wa $ 8. Mukakhala ndi kuwerengera kosavuta, timapeza kuwonjezeka kowirikiza kawiri konse pakubwera kwathunthu.
Dziwani kuti mtengo wapadera wapamwamba umakhala pazinthu zakale komanso za neoclassical (ma bordirs, mawonekedwe okongoletsa).
Kachiwiri, pali malingaliro osakhazikika kuti chosungira choyambirira chopangidwa ndi bizinesi yaying'ono nthawi zonse chimakhala chokwera mtengo kuposa zopereka zambiri. Nthawi zina sichoncho. Opanga zazikulu zakunja makamaka amapanga "maziko", ndipo zinthu zonse zokongoletsera zimalamulidwa kwa ogulitsa thandizo, motero mtengo wa zinthu izi umawonjezeka. Aschen ndi mafakitale ang'onoang'ono amasunga mtengo wa dokotala kuti uwonjezere phindu. Chifukwa chake, sipangayerekeze mophweka. Kuti mukonze kusankha, lingalirani za kuyerekezera kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, pamtengo wotsika "ku Marazi Factor fakitale ya Marazzi imatha kukhala yokwera mtengo kuposa yopanga zokongoletsera ku Tagina.
Matayala amtengo wapatali ogulitsa matailosi
| Chinthu chamtengo | Gawani,% |
|---|---|
| Mtengo wa Conter | 100 |
| Ntchito | fifitini |
| Misonkho Yowonjezera (kwa maphunziro 100 + 15 = 115%) | makumi awiri |
| Malipilo | 10-15 |
| Mtengo wokwanira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendera ndi zolipirira miyambo | 148-153 |
| The Onelesele Tchiop | 25-35 |
| Mtengo Wawo Wogulitsa | 1858. |
| Kugulitsa | 10-25 |
| Mtengo wapa ritelo | 185-213 |
Nkhani za zinthu
Ogulitsa ambiri, otamandira malonda awo, onani dongo loyera, kuwonda kawiri, kuyerekezera zinthu izi ku mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa. Tiyeni tiyesetse kufotokoza zomwe akulakwitsa.Matayala amapangidwa kuchokera ku zofiira ndi misa yoyera makamaka ndikukanikiza. Unyinji wa misa imaphatikizapo dongo lofiira kapena loyera, quartz mchenga ndi aluminosililostils a calcium ndi magnesium (staterium) ndi / kapena carbonates. Malinga ndi omwe amasankhidwa kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kuyenera kukhala mtundu wa matailosi otayidwa. Kutsogolo, imapezekanso kuwetcha, ku Beige yoyera kapena yoyera. Ndondomeko yayikulu ya zojambula za kulemera ili pointhu mphamvu zamakina ndi kuyamwa kwamadzi kwa chinthucho. Madzi apamwamba, amadzi ambiri amadzina ndi mphamvu zochepa. Mtundu wa zinthu za mataile ungafanane ndi kuyesa mayamwidwe amadzi.
Matayala owombera amachitika kutentha kwa 900-1250c kwa mphindi 40-70. Kuchokera kutentha ndi nthawi yayitali ya kuwotcha kumadalira chifukwa chodzaza ndi tulo, osati kuchokera koyambirira kapena kuchuluka kophuka. Kuphatikiza apo, misa imachimwa nthawi yomweyo ndi icang (monga yowombera imodzi) kapena padera (monga awiri) - zilibe kanthu. Ili ndi nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse zotsatira chimodzi. Mtengo wokulirapo ukukulira: Kukazinga kwambiri kumayendera magetsi - kuposa matayala.
Chifukwa chake, ma tales a chingwe chamkati cha makoma kutengera misa yofiyira kapena yoyera, chifukwa, palibe chosiyana ndi mitundu ndi mitengo yomweyo ya Bioni kuti ikhale yolekerera . Komabe, dongo loyera (kaolin) ndi pulasitiki yambiri ndipo amalola kuti mupeze kulondola kwakukulu kwa kukula kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina, mukamagwiritsa ntchito zikopa zowoneka bwino kapena matailosi ovomerezeka, mtundu wa maziko ndi wofunikira. Kalina amapezeka ku France, Britain wamkulu ndi Germany, kotero kuti ndi dongo loyera lomwe limapangidwa nthawi zambiri limapangidwa kuti apange matako osiyanasiyana.
Chachitatu, chikhulupiriro choganiza bwino chakuti ku Spain kuli kotsika mtengo ku Spain kumachitika chifukwa chakuti ambiri a ma tanish omwe amaperekedwa pamsika waku Russia ndi zopangidwa ndi mapangidwe a pakati komanso omwe amapangidwa. Popanga, matekinokidwe okongoletsa omwe safuna ndalama zapadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, ngati mukufanizira kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu, adzakhala ndi mtengo wofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi Komiti yazochitika, chaka chilichonse kusiyana pakati pa mitengo wamba kumachepa. Malinga ndi zotsatira za 2002, ndi 3.5%, ndiye kuti sayenera kuyankhula za kusiyana kwakukulu.
Chachinayi, m'misika yomanga, matayala sikuti nthawi zonse amakhala otsika mtengo kuposa m'sitolo. Izi ndizowona pokhapokha zinthu zapakhomo zomwe zitha kugulidwa pang'ono komanso mwachindunji. Monga lamulo, ogulitsa ochepa amatenga matailosi ochokera ku zogulitsa zazikulu zokulirapo, chifukwa chake sangathe kumenya mtengo m'masitolo omwe amawagawanitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, pamsika, mutha kukumana ndi vuto lomwe simungathe kutola matayala kuwonjezera pa zomwe zasowa kapena zosweka.
Tiyembekezere kuti nkhani yathu yayifupi ikuthandizirani kuyenda pamsika wa matanga watha osakhala kuti mulowe mu cabins, mwaluso kwambiri panjira ya wogula.
Mndandanda wa opanga aku Russia andalama
| Dzina Fakitoli | Dera | KUSINka,% |
|---|---|---|
| CJSS "Velor" | Chigawo cha Oryol | 17.7 |
| OjSSS F Valgagrac cell | Chigawo cha Valcogract | zisanu ndi zinai |
| CZSS PKF "Voronezh Ceramic chomera" | Chigawo cha Voronezh | 7.6 |
| Ojsc oscco electomegical kuphatikiza | DZIKO LAPANSI | 6.6. |
| Chomera cha Dooo "Zoyesera za Ceramic" | Chigawo cha Moscow | 6.8. |
| Ojsc "nefriritics" | Lembedrad dera | 6,1 |
| Ojsc "Chomera cha Ceramic" | Sverdlovsk dera | 6,1 |
| Aoot "Falcon" | Chigawo cha Moscow | 5,7 |
| Ojsc "stroyfarfor" | DZIKO LAPANSI | 6.9 |
| LLC "Kuchinsky Ceramico-Tile" | Chigawo cha Moscow | 4.8. |
| CJSC "Kulumikizana" | Lembedrad dera | 4,2 |
| Cjsc "quartz" | Lembedrad dera | 2.6 |
| CJSSS PSKOVKISKISKISKEPOR | Chigawo cha PsKOV | 2,1 |
| CJSS "Cheboksarskaya Ceramics" | Chuvash Republic | 1,2 |
| CJSS Glebichevsky ceramic chomera | Lembedrad dera | 1.5 |
| LLC "Kupanga kwakukulu" | Chigawo cha Moscow | 1,6 |
| Ojsc popanga zida zomangira "Nsancho" | Chigawo | 1.5 |
| CJSS piastrla | Sverdlovsk dera | 1,7 |
| Ojsc "bunkovsky chomera cha ceramic" | Chigawo cha Moscow | 2,3. |
| Cjsc "Angserk Ceramic Centive" | Dera la Irkutsk | 0,9 |
| Osoo "Taz-Ceramics" | Chigawo cha Saara | 0,9 |
| October ceramic tiles ndi fano | Republic of Bashkortostan | 0,6 |
| Ojsc terstek | Dera la Tver | 0.8. |
| CJSS "Tomsk Zomera za Ceramic Zisonyezo ndi Zogulitsa" | Tomsk Oblast | 0,3. |
| CJSS "Kirov Stroyfarfor ' | Chigawo cha Kaluga | 0.4. |
| Mafakitale a Lipetsk | Lipetsk dera. | 0 |
| LLC OP "krasnoyarktroyrmay" | Krasnoyarsk dera | 0.1. |
| LLC "Makhalinskoe" | Chigawo cha Peza | 0.1. |
| Ojsc "bez" | Chigawo cha Moscow | 0.1. |
| Zonse | 100 |
Zikomo chifukwa cha thandizo lanu pokonza kampaniyo "Wokalamba Hottabych", "Kerama", "Printrama", "TD", "Seva", "seva" . Pokonzekera nkhaniyo, chidziwitso cha Institute of Institute of Phunziro la magawo ndi zophatikizira za njira yothetsera njira "Oistor".