Memo kwa kasitomala wamkulu

Gwirani ntchito polojekiti: Mabungwe ndi zachuma komanso zachuma kwa zomangamanga, zobisika ndi malingaliro a kuwunika ntchitoyo. Zitsanzo za moyo.

Timagwira ntchito

Chifukwa chake, mukufuna kupanga nyumba yanu yokongola komanso yabwino, ndipo ngati muli ndi mwayi ngati luso lopanga dziko lapansi. Vuto lalikulu pamsewuwu ndi kusankha kwa wopanga. Kei anaganiza zokhala chimodzimodzi monga kusankha kwa theka lachiwiri, chifukwa mkati mwa kuyesetsa kolumikizana komwe mudzakhala, mwina kwa zaka zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kumayenera kulankhulana mokwanira kulumikizana ndi wopanga, osachepera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (polojekiti + ya wolemba). Kutsimikiza mikhalidwe yophatikizira zipatso ndi kudalirika komwe kumagwirizana komanso kudalirika. Ngati mukufuna ntchito ya womanga, koma mwachilengedwe simumukhulupirira Iye, ndi bwino kufunafuna wina. Palibe amene amapatsidwa inshuwaransi posankha, kotero timalimbikitsa kupanga mgwirizano waukwati womwe ungapulumutse ndalama ndi nthawi ngati mukulakwitsa.

Kuphatikiza pa zojambula zokongola za utoto, ntchito yopangidwa ndi manja athunthu iyenera kukhala ndi zojambula ndi njira zofunika zaukadaulo.

Makina osambira (mawonekedwe apamwamba):	Onani chipinda chochezera:
	Kumira. Rapel sitima yapamadzi. Chovala chovalachi. Kanyumba kanyumba. Chimbudzi. Kusamba. Kukhazikitsa kwa chimbudzi pakhoma. Bokosi Lalikulu. Kukhazikitsa kwa chimbudzi mu podium ya kanyumba kamasamba ndi mu theroob yabodza.	Bokosi la Glok Podium pansi pa kanyumba kanyumba (konkriti).

Pofuna kuti musafesedwe m'miyoyo yovulazidwa ya orpictions ochokera ku nyumba yopanga kukaikira pamaso panu ndi mawu olimbikitsa a mgwirizano, ndizotheka kutanthauza mphamvu yachitatu yosawoneka bwino (mkazi, amayi, mkati -Lala, Bank), yemwe adakutumizirani ngongole yokonza ndikuumirira kumbuyo kwa mlanduwo. Pamapeto pa malekezero, mabanja ambiri otukuka amalowa mu mgwirizano waukwati ndipo sakuwona wina aliyense amene wakhumudwitsidwa. Ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti ngakhale mikhalidwe yokhwima komanso yovuta kwambiri ya mgwirizano sizingapangidwe ndi zojambulajambula zojambulidwa kuti zipangitse Mbanderi. Chifukwa chake, yang'anani kaye talente yense.

Njira imodzi yodalirika yosankha kuyankha kwa anthu pafupi ndi inu, omwe adapanga kale womumanga uyu. Choyamba, mutha kukhala m'malo omasuka komanso osaganizira zonse zabwino komanso zotsatira zake za ntchito ya womanga, yomwe ndi yovuta kuchita ndi mikate ya mphindi 10-20 ya nyumba. Kachiwiri, pemphani abwenzi kapena abwenzi pazokhudza kusintha konse kogwira naye ntchito.

Ngati mulibe mwayi wotere, kutsatira luso la kusankha kwa wachifundo, chifukwa chake likhale pojambula (forpoekt). Malingaliro, kuchuluka kokwanira kwa otenga nawo mbali. Ndi "Ofunsira" ndi zovuta kuzindikira zomwe amakonda kwambiri, komanso kuchuluka kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali, kusanthula zoposa zitatu za ntchitozo kumakhala kotopetsa. Mpaka pano, wodziwana komanso, motero, okhala ndi bwalo lokhazikika la makasitomala, zomangamanga zapakhomo kapena makampani sizingatheke kuvomereza kuchita nawo mpikisano kwaulere. Kukula kwa foreproekt tsopano kumawononga ndalama kuchokera $ 500 ndipo pamwambapa, chifukwa chake, kuti akwaniritse zomangamanga zokwanira omwe mungafunikire ndalama zosachepera $ 1500. Chifukwa cha mpikisano womwe uyenera kupeza malankhulidwe atatu a nyumba yanu, kuphatikiza:

1. zojambula;
2. mapangidwe ambiri;
3. Mapulani pansi mapulani, denga, kusesa makoma osonyeza mitundu ya zomalizira;
4. Kukhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa zida zotukwana, khitchini, kumatentha ma radiators;
5. Mikomemes ya mpweya wabwino komanso mpweya.

Zokhudza zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa kwa momwe mungapezere zokambirana (ntchito zazikulu zomanga) zidzafotokozedwa pansipa.

Ngati kasitomala sanakonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pachabwino komanso amakhulupirira malingaliro ake osagwirizana, kenako ndikuchezera zomangamanga 5-7 kenako ndikuchezera zomangamanga 5-7 ndikuwerenga zotsatira za ntchito yawo (osati papepala, komanso zinthu zenizeni), Adzathetsa funso lofuna kusankha. Kuchokera pazinthu ngati izi, musachoke kwa omwe akufuna kupanga mpikisano, kungosanthula kudzakhala kusankha kwa ofunsira.

Mutha kupatulapo chotsatsira mwa kufalitsa kulengeza kwa wachifundo mu umodzi wa madera otsogola. Kenako akatswiri adzakupezani, bola kuti chilengezo sichili chochepa kwambiri (kuyambira 1/8 tsamba) ndipo chidzawonetsedwa kuti wopanga mpikisano ndi kasitomala wamba. Ambiri mwa mapundila amakamba ndi zokumana nazo zowawa m'makampani akuluakulu komanso m'magulu aboma, omwe, monga lamulo, wopambana, wopambana, wopambana amadziwika pasadakhale. Mtengo wa malonda otsatsa a mtundu wofunikira mu "magazini a" akunjenjemera "amafanana ndi mtengo wa mpikisano. Koma ndalamazo pankhaniyi ndizosatheka kukhala bwino, chifukwa zotsatsa zazing'ono kapena zotsatsa panyuzipepala zomwe zingachitike. Chifukwa chake, ngati sizotheka kupereka chilengezo chodzala ndi zonse, ndibwino kuphunzira mapulojekiti omwe amasindikizidwa m'magazini omwewo ndi kukaona zomangamanga zodzikongoletsera.

Posankha otenga nawo mbali, chidwi chiyenera kulipidwa ku mabungwe angapo ndi zachuma komanso zaukadaulo.

A. Gulu ndi Zofunikira zachuma za zomangamanga

1. Kupanga chinthu chanu kuyenera kukhala womanga ngati ntchito zomwe mumakonda mukamaonera. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti womanga uwu wasiya kale kapena wotanganidwa nawo pantchito ina, ndipo kayendetsedwe ka kampaniyo amapereka winayo. Ntchito yomwe simunawone.

2. Dziwani zomwe zikuchitika ndi ntchito yomaliza komanso kufunikira kwake kwa kampani iliyonse. Ndikofunikira kuti gawo laukadaulo lilowa pamenepo, kapena izi ndi zokhazokha zokhazokha; magawo omwe amapezeka mu gawo laukadaulo; Kodi kampaniyo imagwirira mgwirizano wa kutsambulidwa ndi chilolezo. Sosoce 2002. Mtengo wotsatirawu wapanga pamsika wa ntchito za Project kuti agwirizanenso ndi nyumba (mkati mwapakati: Kusankha "ma netring" otsika, mpweya wabwino):

   • Zomanga zapakhomo (magalimoto opanda zilolezo, chifukwa ndizokwera mtengo kwa iwo) - $ 20-30 kwa 1M2;
   • Makampani omanga nyumba (ziphaso zopanga ntchito) - $ 40-100 pa 1m2;
   • "Wotchuka" (nthawi zambiri wopanda zilolezo, chifukwa saona kuti ndikofunikira kuti awatsegulire, kukhala ndi mbiri yochititsa chidwi) - kuyambira $ 100 ya 1M2.

   Pangano ndi wopanga, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza ndi oyang'anira a wolemba. Pali zifukwa ziwiri zokha zomwe kuyang'aniridwa ndi wolemba ndikofunikira. Chomanga choyamba cha Woyang'anira Wolemba Wolemba sakufuna kwa kasitomala lidzalondola pantchito yomwe mwalakwitsa. Womanga wachiwiri adzatsutsa polojekiti kwa omanga, ndipo amayesa kuti asinthike kuchitika ndi zaposachedwa kuti athandizire tsogolo lawo. Mtengo wa kuyang'aniridwa ndi wolemba kumayambira ndi $ 150 pamwezi pochezera chinthu cha chinthucho 1 kubzala sabata.

   Ngati kampaniyo imangopanga gawo lomanga, liyenera kusonkhana kuti "zidutswa" za pa ntchitoyi pa chipinda cha 100m2 chidzawononga:

   • zamagetsi- $ 300-700;
   • maukonde otsika-$ 100-200;
   • Kupaka (kupezeka kwamadzi + kuwonongeka) - $ 100-300;
   • Kutentha kwa Loggias, makonde- $ 100-300;
   • Mpweya wabwino ndi kuwongolera mpweya- $ 200-400.

   Kuvomerezedwa ku MVK (Kuphatikizika kwa Chigawo Chanu) kwa Kuyambitsidwa Kwanu (mwachitsanzo, zotseguka za makoma onyamula, enc.) obisala otsika mtengo. Kuvomerezedwa kwakutali kotereku kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo yoti misonkhano ya MVK imadutsa kamodzi pamwezi, motero ndikofunikira kuyamba koyambirira momwe mungathere. Gawo la mkango la ndalama zovomerezeka ndi mtengo wa polojekiti yowonjezera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti olemba ambiri okha a nyumbayo ali ndi ufulu wolowererapo, momwe muliri osangalala kukhala, kapena 1-2 deti yapadera ku Moscow (ngati nyumbayo yakalamba ndikupeza Wolemba ntchito yake sikotheka). Ndiye kuti, pali mogwirizana ndi zotsatira zonse za zotsatira zachuma. Okokha, ntchito yolimbikitsira ndi chinthu chachilendo. Koma ngati muyesera "kusangalala" kwa iye pawokha komanso mwalamulo, mwina simungatilepheretse kufooka chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwa nyumbayo.

   Nthawi zambiri, vuto la kusokonekera mumitundu yothandizira ili ndi chilolezo chachitatu. Choyamba, limodzi ndi womanga, pezani njira, kupereka zofuna zanu, koma kukulolani kusiya kuvutitsa nyumbayo ("yotsika mtengo komanso yokwiya"). Kachiwiri, kulumikizana ndi kampani yapadera kwa omwe ali pamwambawa ("okwera mtengo, inde okongola"). Wachitatu ndi mainjiniya oyenereradi omwe adzatsimikizira akatswiri a Institute kuti chimbalo chanu sichimawopseza nyumbayo (yothetsa zopambana). Titha kungoganiza za mtengo wokhudza mtengo wa nkhaniyi komanso nthawi yokwaniritsa. Ngakhale panali nkhani imodzi yotha kukumbukira pamene kampani yapaderayo silingagwirizane ndi gulu lopanga madera omwe sanafune kutenga udindo ndikusintha miyoyo yawo ndi kuwerengera kwakukulu. Katundu wina pakuwona kasitomala adagona modzidzimutsa ku ntchito zake modzidzimutsa, zomwe zidasinthidwa kukhala, zomwe zatulutsidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi monopolist Institute. Zimatengera kasitomala katatu wotsika mtengo kuposa wokhazikikayo adapemphedwa. Koma nkhani imeneyi imangopereka lamulo lalikulu ndipo silingatheke, popeza odziyesera odziyesa okhaokha akufunafuna. Komabe, ngati inu nokha muli ndi maphunziro aukadaulo ...

   Nthawi zonse imakhala yokhazikika kuyitanitsa gawo la zomangamanga ndi luso la ntchitoyi pamalo omwewo. Ngati wokondedwa wa womanga kapena kampaniyi siyikupanga luso, liyenera kukhala ndi mwayi wokumbukira kuti mtengo wa "uinjiniya" ndi 20% ya mtengo wa gawo lamanga. Kuphatikiza apo, mudzakopeka ndi magulu pakati pa mabungwe awiri odziimira - wolemba wa polojekiti ya zomangamanga ndi wolemba ntchito yaukadaulo. Chipani chilichonse chimatsimikizira kulimba mtima kwake, chifukwa cha zomwe mungataye nthawi yayitali ndi mitsempha, ndipo lingaliro loyambirira lisintha kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe sizingatheke.

Kotero kuti izi sizichitika

1. Ntchito yolipira iyenera kugawidwa m'njira:

   • Patsogolo (makamaka 25%, ngakhale mapulojekiti omwe amafunsidwa nthawi zambiri amafunsira 50% ya zonse);

   • 50% ya ndalama zonse zikakwaniritsidwa limodzi ndi gawo laukadaulo (zilibe kanthu kuti ndani wa gulu lantchito zomwezo kapena gulu lachipani lachitatu lidzakwaniritsidwa) komanso kuvomerezedwa kwa boma mu Zoyenera (ziribe kanthu ngati malo osungirako adzachita izi kapena adzagwiritsa ntchito ntchito za anthu ena); Gawoli limatha kugawidwa m'maulendo awiri ofanana (po25%): Choyamba, kutha kwa gawo la zomangamanga, chachiwiri - pambuyo pa "urning" ndi mgwirizano;

   • 25% ya ndalama zonse pambuyo poti avomereze ntchito yomanga yomanga ndi chiwonetsero chovomerezeka mu mgwirizano, zomwe zikuyenera kuwoneka ngati izi:

     "Ntchitoyi ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa mokwanira mkati mwa zida za nyumba yomwe ili pa ____________. Mtengo wonse womanga ndi zochulukirapo (zokhala ndi zida) zomwe sizingasinthidwe ngati kasitomala angachite Osasintha polojekitiyi yapangidwa. Ntchito zimapanga kuti mukwaniritse _____ miyezi ingalandire. Mtengo wothana ndi ntchitoyo umagwiritsidwa ntchito muzomwe zili pamwambapa. Kuchulukitsa kutuluka kwa zovuta za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwirizana pakukhazikika kwake pakukhazikitsa kwake komwe kumachitika limodzi ndi opanga ndalama sakuwonjezera mtengo wake komanso nthawi. "

   Zachidziwikire, omanga mapuka ndi omanga sangasangalale ndi mawu, koma ngati akatswiri ogwiritsa ntchito ndi odalirika komanso oyenerera, alibe chilichonse chochita mantha. Oyankhula ndiwabwino kuposa bizinesi konse, sadzatha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi nthawi ndipo zonse ziyenera kuwunika. Kwa omanga nyumba zazikulu zakukhulupirira kwanu mogwirizana ndi iye zingakhale bwino kusankha tsiku lomaliza la ntchitoyi, mgwirizano ndi zilolezo ndi kusankha kwa bungwe lomanga. Pa "engineer" nyumba ya nyumbayo nthawi zambiri zimatenga masabata 4-6, kumalumikizana ndi makoma obwera ndi miyezi 1.5-4, pakusankhidwa kwa mabungwe omanga - 2-4 milungu. Chifukwa chake, kudziwa tsikutu kumagwirizana ndi MVK. Koma zimapulumutsa zomwe zingayambike pafupifupi nthawi imodzi ndi zomangamanga, popeza lingaliro la nyumbayo limakonda kucha masabata awiri oyamba. Pambuyo pake, ndikofunikira kuthamanga nthawi yomweyo pamapulogalamu a chiwonetserochi mu chiyembekezo chodzapeza zilolezo zonse nthawi yomweyo ndi kukonzekera komaliza kwa ntchitoyi.

   Inde, miyeso yomwe ili pamwambapa siyikupulumutseni ku zolakwikazo, koma angathandizire kuzindikira zolakwa izi musanayesetse kuyesayesa ndalama ndi mitsempha yanu. Kuphatikiza apo, mudzakhala ndi chidziwitso chonse chokhudza mtengo wake ndi nthawi yokhazikitsa dongosolo la zomangamanga zamalingaliro ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, athe kusintha ntchitoyi.

   Iyenera kuchenjezedwa ngati gulu lomanga popanda kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane la polojekitiyo likuvomereza kusaina mgwirizano ndi mapangidwe ake. Mwachidziwikire mukulimbana ndi zopanda phindu zomwe sizikumvetsa zomwe zimaphatikizidwa. Imakuopsezani, kutayika kwa nthawi pa ntchito yokonzekera, yomwe ndi opanga zolakwika adzavumbulutsidwa (akuwona pansipa). Koma pofika nthawi yovomerezeka ya zochitika izi, mulipira kale ntchito ndikungokopeka kapena munthawi yovuta yobwezera ndalama, kapena pazovuta zothetsa zoperewera pazoyeserera zomanga ndi omanga popanda mtengo. Ngati mtengo wa kusinthaku ndikofunikira, ndiye kuti zokongola ndizotheka kokha. Apretetic - kampani yomanga imatha kutseka, anthu ake omwe amagwira ntchito ndi zomangamanga amasowa kuchokera kudera lanu ndi zovuta zonse zomwe zawonongeka kuchokera pano. Zochita zina zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zomangamanga kapena zomanga zomangira ndi kusaina mgwirizano ndi makasitomala adzaonedweratu m'nkhani zotsatirazi, ndipo tsopano abwerera ku Omanga Opanga.

2. Mgwirizano wolimba uyenera kufotokozedwa ndi aliyense pantchito yomanga zomangidwa muzochitika zawo mu chigonjetso chake mu chikondwerero, komanso amatchulanso zinthu za polojekiti. Kulipira kwa chikondwererochi kumaphatikizidwa ndi mtengo wonse wa kapangidwe kake.

B. Conft Confetties of Project ndi malingaliro a kuwunika kwake

Makina amatentha nthawi yomweyo: idzakambirana pakuwunika kwa gawo laukadaulo ndi ukadaulo wa polojekitiyi. Kuwona kwa luso la zojambulajambula ndi zokopa mbali ya chilengedwe ndi chanzeru, ngakhale akatswiri nthawi zambiri amatsutsana munthawi yomweyo. Tidzakambirana zinthu zothandiza komanso zosasangalatsa.

Chithunzi chogwiritsira ntchito madzi chopanda madzi, omanga mapulani sakulakwitsa chifukwa cha cholinga choyipa, koma chobisika. Kapena kukhala mu kukhudzika, pomwe ndizosatheka kutchera khutu kwa zopanda pake ngati osakhazikika osati ndege mu nyumba inayake, osowa "osazindikira Chikhumbo chobisa chitolirocho kulowa khoma laonyamula ... ndipo pali mapaipi ati pomwe sizingafanane pa mbiri yakale ya World Duniction! Koma kuchokera pakuwona ndalama zachuma ndi zosakhalitsa pakuyamwa "STEV" "zopanda pake" izi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake nthawi zina zimakhala zothandiza kutsitsa wopanga chifukwa cha mitambo ya dziko lochimwa. Njira zotsatirazi yogwira ntchito yolumikizirana mwaluso kuthandizirani komanso kukhala ndi wopanga (pofufuza zomwe zalembedwa kale).

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi zida zoyezera. Pazifukwa zina, amakhulupirira kuti ngati masanjidwewo ndi miyeso ya mtunduwo "472MM", Wopangayo ndi katswiri woyenereradi komanso wowerengeka omwe "onse amawerengera millimeter." Chifukwa chake musadabwe kuti ntchito yotereyi siyokayikitsa kuti ipangidwe mu mawonekedwe a pristine. Omanga owona sangasamalire ntchito ya "kukhwima kwa chiwerengero", popanda kubweretsa kuti akakhale ndi zomwe zidamanga zomwe zimapangidwira zimasintha kwambiri.

"Kupatuka kwa Kutalikirana Kwambiri" Kwa kalasi yakale (kalasi yachitatu yolondola) kwa kukula 472mm ndi 1.2mm (post 7502). Iyo "pamtunda wozungulira wa 20c ndi kusamvana kwa tepi yoyezera ndi mphamvu ya 101n" (rateni kuchokera ku grost). Ndiye kuti, ngakhale polumikizana ndi mikhalidwe yabwinoyi, 472mm "mukamayeza ndi rolelete imodzi imatha kukhala yolingana ndi njira imodzi ingakhale yofanana ndi 4719.2m, 4722.2m. Zokongoletsa ziyenera kuwonjezera (1mm) ndi cholakwika) chopangidwa ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika (mulingo wokhazikika pa rolelette nthawi zambiri sizigwiritsidwanso ntchito, ngodya yolunjika "ndi kutentha kwa kusamvana sikukudziwika bwino). Zotsatira zake zimapezeka kuti kusamutsa kukonzedwa ndi zojambulazo ku chinthu chomwe chili ndi chitsimikizo cha zomangamanga zomangira molondola, ndizotheka 5mm, sizotheka. ITO imachitira umboni kuti sagwirizana ndi zotsekemera za omanga, koma za zenizeni zowopsa, zomwe mmisiri ayenera kuganizira. Kupatula apo, kuti apeze mamangidwe abwino kwambiri, sikofunikira kupusitsa mutuwo kwa omanga ndi mamilimita. Ngati mtundu wina wa kukula ukuyenera kuchotsedwa ndi kulondola kwa millimeter, polojekitiyi iyenera kuyang'ana pa izi. Pofuna kuti kontrakitalayo ayesedwe ku zilembo za zilembo ndi zida, ndipo kasitomala anaphunzira pasadakhale za zomwe zikubwerazo (malo). Chifukwa chake, poyang'ana polojekiti ndiyothandiza kukumbukira:

Lamulo nambala 1.

Ngati mulingo woyenera (waperekedwa mu mamilimita) amathera "0" kapena "5".

Tsopano zolekerera. Olowetsa kapena gulu lanyumba, kulelekerera kwa geometric kwa geometric mkati mwa nyumba ya 100m2 ndi masentimita (omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi zigawo). Ogwira ntchito zokwanira "ogwira ntchito achilendo", kupatuka kumeneku kumakulira kumapiri. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyanasiyana kwa masentimita a 7-15 m'madzi am'madzi a stat totat "- osakhala opanda chidwi. Kupatuka kwa 3-5-can-canter kuchokera kumakoma a makoma ndi mbale zopingasa za kuchuluka kwa zochulukirapo kumapezeka pafupifupi m'chipinda chilichonse.

Izi zimapangitsa kuti zifukwa zina pazifukwa zina zimalepheretsa chidwi cha mapulani. Nthawi zambiri amapita kukayeza ndi tepi. Miyeso imangopangidwa pokhapokha magawo awiri kapena atatu a zojambulajambula ndipo amangiriridwa mosaganizira kukhoma kapena mbale yonse (mkuyu. 1, 2). Monga lamulo, opanga alibe chikhumbo (muyeso wodalirika udzasowa masiku atatu), kapena zida (kuchuluka kwa munyumba ya pa 10m,) kuti mukwaniritse " cha chinthucho. Mawu oti "kukhala" amatanthauza kuwona vetication ya makoma, mzati, etc., "Milingo yolumikizidwa" ndikuyang'ana mbale yodumphadumpha, ndi zina zambiri. Kumvetsetsa zovuta ndi kubuula kwa ntchito ya chinthucho, mapulomani ena amamanga mabizinesi apadera omwe ali ndi zida zonse za izi. Chipatala, njira imeneyinso siyipereka chitsimikizo chochokera ku zolakwika. Ngati akatswiri a kampani ndioyenera muyeso moyenera, koma nthawi zambiri palibe zothandizira ndi nthawi. Ntchito yomwe yachitika imangotheka pomanga pomwe zolakwika zimaphukira. Ndalama za kampani pofika nthawi ino yalipidwa kale komanso ziphuphu zosalala ".

Kuthetsa "Mphamvu" zovulaza pa ntchito yolakwika m'njira ziwiri:

1. Kuyesera kukhazikika mopusa komanso molondola.
.
2. Kutsatira kapangidwe kake ka lamulo. 2.

Lamulo nambala 2.

Kukula kulikonse ndi kukhazikitsa kwake kuyenera kukhala ndi "kubwereranso" mkati mwa ma centimita angapo (nthawi zambiri kumasuka kumayikidwa mu pulasitala) Unyolo uliwonse wa sizs uyenera kukhala ndi "waulere" wokha (kapena "wowuma ndi asterisk"), zomwe sizili zopweteka polojekiti zitha kusinthidwa mkati mwa 5-10 cm.

Kufunika kwa vutoli lomwe tafotokozazi kumatsimikiziridwa kuti kwa zaka 20 zogwira ntchito pokonza, wolemba ndakatulo amenewa sanakwaniritse njira zopanda cholekanira. Pamalo aliwonse, mabomba oyenda pang'onopang'ono amaphulika, atayikidwa ndi opanga pansi pa muyeso ndi mayankho aukadaulo. Mwachitsanzo, timapereka zikhalidwe ziwiri.

Chith. chimodzi Njira zokhala ndi index (a) zimapangidwa ndi wopanga, kukula ndi Index (P) ndi zenizeni. C, d- chonyamulira cha monolithic omwe ali pachimake choposa 90	Chiyu.2 Kusandulika kwa monolithic kunyamula, Dr kudzera m'mabokosi am'mudzi, kugawana gawo, C, B, M-Eolithic

Mu mafiko 1, 2, zoyambirira komanso zofananira zokhazikitsidwa ndi womangayo amalembedwa ndi kalatayo "A", kukula kwake kwa "P". Palinso malo oyezera. Chithunzi1 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe owonetsera nyumba yakukonzekera kwaulere m'nyumba yatsopano. Kumanja, pakhomo la khomo, bokosi lomwe lili ndi niche ya magetsi opangira magetsi ndi mawaya a Nynque ku Italy. Womangayo adapangidwa ndi muyeso wa 3-uncertic (malo akuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi cha khomo lakutsogolo, lomwe limasiyana mu 5mm yokha, mpaka yaying'ono yomwe adangirira pansi. Khoma lomwe lilipo ndi denga lidaganiza kuti sakanakonda pulasitala, koma lotopa, chifukwa zimawoneka bwino. Bokosi lopangidwa lidapangidwa kuchokera ku dringwall. Malinga ndi contour pakati pa khoma, denga ndi nduna, gulu la tarred 5mm lidakonzedwa.

Omangawo adachita ntchito yofunika, kutsutsana ndi mawonekedwe, wopanga adawasanthula ndikuvomera. Wovala zovala bwino "anabwera" kuchokera ku Italy. Koma atayamba kumanga, zinachitika kuti mu gawo lalikulu silimadutsa kutalika, kuyambira pomwe padenga la denga lafika "limasunga" mpaka 13mm pokhudzana ndi miyeso. Ndinayenera kusokoneza ndunayo kachiwiri, kuyang'ana mwachangu kwa JoneEry Phokoso, lomwe silimawopa "fumbirani" bala lake lotsika, osaphulitsa chinthucho. Zikuonekeratu kuti mutatha kulowererapo kwa ambuye am'nyumba, kapangidwe kake ka nduna za ku Italy sizinayende bwino. Makasitomala adatsitsidwa kale ndi tsoka lake ndipo adayang'aniridwa mokha, monga "nyumba yosoka idatsukidwa kachiwiri, yolumikizidwa ndikujambula padenga. Makasitomala amaphulika pokhapokha ngati zonse zinali zokonzekereratu "zoyenerera" yotsatira, kachiwiri "kachiwiri" - tsopano m'lifupi. Tidzatsitsa maina onyansa, zolumikizira ndi mawu omwe kasitomala adapereka mowolowa manja omanga nyumba ndi omanga, ndikubwerera kumbali ya mlanduwo.

Zinapezeka kuti kunalibe makondo 90 pakati pa onyamula khoma ndi d, ngodya idatsala ndi 20mm kumanzere (moyang'ana kutsogolo kwa nduna) kuchokera ku khomalo ku khomalo lomwe limakhala nthawi yayitali. Khoma la Bokosi la Lasterboard of the Magetsi yamagetsi limadziwika ndi makoma. Chifukwa chake, khomali linali pansi pautoto pachimake kuti D (nduna za nduna). Chifukwa chake, nkhani ya nduna ya ndunayo sinathe kupezeka pofananira. Chilichonse sichingakhale chowopsa ngati makomawo ndi denga silinali monolithic (zonyamula zonyamula zidatsegulidwa pambuyo pa 50mm koloko) kapena osachepera iwo anali opaleshoni. Ndiye kukula kwa nicheyo pansi pa nduna kumakhala ndi olemba masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso opingasa (Werengani nambala nambala 2), kulola kuti musakhudze mipando yomwe. Kuphatikiza apo, pokhazikitsa ma BUCRADUON, omangawo angazindikire kuti "kusamba" kwa denga, theka la vutoli lidzachotsedwa. Koma makhoma ndi ochulukitsa anali onyamula komanso pang'ono chabe. Chifukwa chake, kunali kofunikira kusokoneza bokosi la pulasitala la chikwatu chamagetsi ndi zotsatira zonse zomwe zikutsatira, kuphatikizapo boma.

Chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri ndikuti adasamutsira osachedwa sabata ziwiri popereka chinthu ndi kuvulala kwamakhalidwe, komanso kulipira zomwe zimachitika, ndipo omangayo anali ndi zomangamanga Zinatheka kutenga ndalama zawo kokha, iye anali atalandira kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amalipira ndalama sizinafunike kuti "kufikirika kwakanthawi." Thandizani ndi Iye chifukwa cha madola mazana angapo omwe kasitomala amawona zosafunikira.

Chithunzi 2 Chingatithandize kumvetsetsa zovuta zina, zowononga "zomwe zingakhalepo kukhalapo kwa" waulere "mu unyolo (onani nambala 2). Kukula kwa mawonekedwe ndi ofanana ndi chithunzi, ndipo adawonetsedwanso malo olowetsa nyumba. Kudodometsa kwakukulu kwa womangayo anali "kiyi" yopanda tanthauzo (kudutsa pansi) ndi kunyamula zosasinthika za monolithic. Pambuyo poleza wautali, lingaliro lokhala ndi malo osasunthika osasunthika a Holway, khitchini ndi chipinda chogona ndi chipinda chokhala ndi zokutira ndekha adabadwa ndi mafashoni lero. Kukhitchini ndi mu holowa, adaganiza zoyika tile mu chipinda chochezera - parquet. Mzere wa gawo la matailo ndi parquet uyenera kulumikizana ndi axis ya kuphweka. Zowona, gawo lochokera ku Kinyal kupita kukhitchini lidapezeka mopambanitsa, koma likufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zovomerezeka malinga ndi miyezo 850m. Gawo ndi kulowa kwa mabokosi osokoneza bongo kumayesedwa kuti apange njerwa ndi shuffle. Niche yokopa ku Germany idalamulira kukhitchini. Mphepo yake ya Womanga, kuchotsedwa ku chizindikiro cha 3050m makulidwe a stew pulasitala (20mm). Muyeso umodzi pakati pa khoma ndi chinthu chosavuta kwambiri chomwe chidawoneka kuti cha iye mokwanira, makamaka kuyambira nthawi ina kuyambira muyeso womwe umalepheretsa kuyimilira kwakale.

Omangawo atasokoneza mipanda yoyitanitsa ndipo adayesa kutumiza zatsopano, zidapezeka kuti kuphweka sikuli kofanana khoma. Mtunda pakati pawo, woyesedwa kumodzi, adayezedwa ndi 50mm: 3050, (onani milandu). Kuphatikiza apo, Woyerayo anali "wothiridwa" kukhoma pa 20mm, chomwe, chomwe, "anadya" chobwereza chonsecho ndi chosavuta. Zinali zosatheka kukhoma makhoma - atatha kupaka mpweya wakale, kupatuka kwake kwa ndege ku ndegeyo kutsegulidwa. Zotere zomwe ngakhale mapangidwe a kugunda wa 20mmm adakhala pang'ono, ndimayenera kuwombera konkriti. Chepetsa mtunda pakati pa a ndipo e sanalole miyezo ndi makasitomala.

Njira yosavuta kwambiri pankhaniyi ingaoneke ngati ntchito yomanga magawo ndi yosavuta ndikunyamula khoma la mbali ya Chuduki. Masentimita angapo a njerwa, "kunyezimira" nthawi yomweyo pa vercourt, akhoza kugwetsedwa pansi. Koma si kulikonse kuti muchoke pa tikena. Wedge ndi wosagwirizana ndi ma taam a msoko (ma board, parquet riveting) khoma (kapena mipando), ndiye kuti, mtunda wosiyana ndi wosamalira kukhoma. Makomo a Tile akafanana ndi kuphweka, m'lifupi mwake m'kholi linali 120 mm, m'khola ndi M- 50MM. Polemba chizindikiro, makoma ofananira m'mbali mwa zitsanzozi ndi 50mmm (onani CRIS.2). Kwa matailosi kukula 2020cm, izi, sizovomerezeka.

Zachidziwikire, pofika nthawi ino, Ajeremani ayamba kale kupanga ndunayo ndipo mosamala anakana kusintha miyeso yake. Kukula kokha mu unyolo komwe angapeze mwayi kupeza 5cm zosowa, adakhala makulidwe a gawo. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti njerwa ndi zosakaniza zowuma zidagulidwa kale ndikuyika kwa chinthucho, gawo lidayesedwa kuti lipange makulidwe a 160 - 500mm kuchokera ku dringleam, komanso kusavuta kuchita kufanana ndi makoma. Tsopano talingalirani za kutaya:

• Kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wogula komanso kugulitsa kwa njerwa:

  1200pcs.1.3 Rubles. = 1560 Pruf.;

• Molingana, osakaniza owuma:

  25 matumba opaka. = 500 ruble;

• Kupititsa: 1500 ruble;
• Kutsegula ndi kutsitsa ntchito: 1600 rubles.

  Zonse: 5160 rubles.

Monga nthawi zonse, ndimalipira kasitomala. Kuwonongeka kwa ndalama ndi kuwonjezeka kwa tsiku lomaliza la ntchito ya ntchito yake sikunakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti vutoli lidathetsedwa.

Koma zidangoyambira chiyambi chokha. Makina a gypsum adayika magawo ndi mabokosi opanga, ndikungopeputsa kuti alowe m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mukamayesa kumiza chitoliro cha kumira m'makoma a makhoma, ndinapeza zoyezera zamphamvu mkati mwake. Khomalo linakhala lonyamula, kudula zolimbikitsidwa mwa iyo- sindisamala zowona zowonera. Makamaka chifukwa nyumbayo inali pamalopo a nyumba yachitatu yosungika.

Apanso, kunali kofunikira kuyang'ana 35m (mulifupi, m'mimba mwake ya PVC kukhetsa kwa squab - 60mm, koma kupulumutsa plaster 20mm sitete ndi zolimbitsa thupi ndi 10mm. Isnov malo okha omwe angapezeke, adakhala makulidwe a magawo. Tinaganiza zomuchotsa, m'malo mwa mbiri ya 75th pa 50 ndikupanga pang'ono. Makoma anali amaliseche mpaka 3mm kuti abise chitoliro chomenyedwa. Kschastina kwa iyemwini, kasitomala wake sanachite chilichonse. Wopanga nyumbayo adalimbikitsa omangawo kuti akumbukire zonse zomwe ali nazo pamtengo wake, kuwalimbikitsa kuti aziwatsogolera pa zinthu zawo zamtsogolo ndikuyang'anitsitsa zolakwika zina. Womanga wachichepere kwambiri amakumbukira kuti ndi moyo:

Lamulo nambala 3.

M'makoma okhala ndi konkritic konkriti, ziphuphu ndi zamadzi sizikhala kubisala. Sitingatopenso ndi zitsanzo ndi zitsanzo za moyo komanso kungopereka malingaliro enanso otsimikizira kuti mapangidwewo amatsimikizira njira yomanga ndi zosintha.

Lamulo nambala 4.

Niche pansi pa mipando iyenera kuchitidwa ndi katundu wolingana kuti akonzekere (kutchulidwa kuchokera kwa otola mipando).

Lamulo nambala 5.

Magulu omwe adapangidwa kumene kumene omwe akasupe, nyazi ndi kulumikizana zina ndizobisika, ziyenera kukhala ndi makulidwe omwe amapangitsa kuti azitha kukhala ndi zipinda zokhudzana ndi zovuta.

Lamulo nambala 6.

Malo obisika obisika ndi mpweya wabwino uyenera kukhala ndi miyeso yomwe imakulolani kuti musayike okha, komanso eyeliner kwa iwo okha (mpweya mabatani a fren, magetsi) kuwerama.

Lamulo nambala 7.

Mukamapanga zinthu zoyimitsidwa, zotsekemera ndi zolumikizana zina, ndikofunikira kulingalira kukula kwa mbiri yokweza pulasitala.

Lamulo nambala 8.

Ndi kuyika kobisika kwa zida zaukadaulo (mu chiwerengero cha mavamu), kulowa ndi kukonza kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa icho.

Lamulo nambala 9.

Nyali zodulidwa mu denga lokhazikika, zotenthetsedwa ndi zida zoyaka (thovu, thovu, kutentha ndi ena), ziyenera kukhala zokomera anthu ena), ziyenera kukhala zokongoletsera.

Lamulo nambala 10.

Makulidwe a "keke" ya kupaka padenga la loggia (kutchinjiriza + 2 sec Hop Tatokorton) ayenera kukhala osachepera 100mm.

Lamulo №11.

Kulumikiza Osatekerer Kupeza Madzi ndi Zonyansa (Zinyalala) Ziyenera kulembedwa pa ntchitoyi ndipo zimaperekedwa kwa chinthucho kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yomanga, chifukwa gansa yolumikizirana imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka. Maphunzirowa amapezeka kuchokera ku zojambula zoyenera. Ma module a zitsulo, ophatikizidwa ndi khoma (osakaniza a samba, malo osambira, masinthidwe a makina oimba mimba, etc.) ayenera kuperekedwa kwa chinthu musanayambe kuyikaponda.

Pa malamulo onse ali pamwambawa, onjezerani chenjezo la mkuntho:

Mavuto osayembekezereka komanso osadziwika bwino ali ndi njira yokhazikitsa magawo omwe amapangira zomangamanga ndi othandizira, chifukwa chotchedwa "osachokera ku lingaliro la" Zojambula Zakale "). Pali mavuto onse omwe adzaganizidwe munkhani. Tsopano tidziletsa tokha kuti chikumbutso chakuti kulengedwa kwa munthu m'modzi "kosawuluka kumakhala kochepa komanso kosavuta, nthawi zambiri kumadutsa mtengo wotsiriza chipinda chonse.

Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhani yathu idzakhala yothandiza komanso makasitomala ndi mapulani. Ndikufuna kuti asawope zovuta, kuwerenga nkhaniyi, ndi kungokhala ndi malingaliro ofunikira pa ntchitoyi.