Ponena ndi tsogolo la zomangamanga

Ubwino wa conolithic, mawonekedwe ndi mitundu ya nyumba zoolithikic, malingaliro aukadaulo.

Masiku ano, zomangamanga zomanga ndi imodzi mwamisamu yodalirika yomanga nyumba zokhalamo. Malingaliro ake ndiophweka ndipo mwina amadziwa bwino anthu ambiri, pa mfundo zomwezi kutsanso maziko a nyumba. Munyumba yonse, zikuwoneka ngati kupanga zopangidwa kuchokera ku konkriti yokhala ndi konkriti yokhala ndi kusakaniza kwapadera molunjika pamalo omanga. Kuyankhula za mawonekedwe a nyumba za monolithic, tidapempha wogwira ntchito yomanga ndalama zomanga, msika woyenera ku Russian Greet andrei viktovich Kuptorovich Kupriyavich

Mbiri Yakale

M'dziko lathu, kwazaka zambiri, zokonda zidaperekedwa kwa nyumba zokonzedwa. Ngakhale m'ma 1930, panthawi ya Convicism, zojambulazo za Monolithic zidapezeka kale. Koma idalandira kufalikira pazaka 10 zapitazi. Ino, ngakhale kuti zomangamanga za monolithic, ndizopeka kwambiri, chiyembekezo chokwanira kuchepetsedwa kwa zinthu komanso kukonza zodalirika za nyumba nthawi zonse zakhala zikugwirizana. Chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwa ma 70s, nyumba yokhazikika ya hotelo yaolithic ukadaulo womwe unamangidwa mu sochi. Kapangidwe kake ndi sinkrete kumagwiritsidwa ntchito malinga ndi "Krane-Baraja". Konkriti zidamalizidwa m'masiku 15 okha. Kupanga hotelo yotere kuchokera konkriti ya Prescay kumafuna kuwonjezeka kwa ma conrete a 30.7%, zitsulo - by24.5%, kenako mtengo wake ungawonjezeko ndi 20%. Koma nyengo yovuta ndi matekinolo ocheperako akhala ochepera kugwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga za Conolithic pamsewu wa Russia. Mavuto akuluakulu anali kuchepa kwa mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri komanso chisamaliro chovuta nthawi yozizira, chofuna kumwa kwambiri kutentha. Sanali zaka khumi, ukadaulo usanachitike ntchito yomanga monolithic isanayambike kwambiri kotero kuti kunali kotheka kukambirana zachuma.

Kukwezeleza kwa ntchito ya Monolithic mu Betch Cons of Russia kunatheka chifukwa chowonjezera zowonjezera zapadera zomwe zimathandizira kuumitsa konkriti, komanso simenti, nthawi ya kutentha kwambiri . Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono (ngakhale kuti mtengo wake ndi wotsika), zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kuteteza konkriti ku -15с komanso kumawonjezeranso nthawi yomanga nyumba zomanga za Monolithic.

Kufalikira kwa kapangidwe ka korolithic kunathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a kufufuza, komwe kumatha kusunthidwa kumagawo atsopano pakatha masiku ochepa. Izi zidapangitsa kuti kuchepetsa ndalama, sinthani zokolola ndi zomangamanga.

Ubwino wa Conolithic nyumba

Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ntchito yomanga nyumba zachilengedwe sikungakule m'zaka zaposachedwa mpaka nthawi iyi ngati ukadaulo ulibe zabwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyumba yomanga nyumba. Pakati pawo, choyambirira, kusagwirizana ndi njira za nyumba zopangira ziyenera kudziwidwa. Ntchito yomanga zachilengedwe, mapangidwe onse ali ndi miyeso, angapo ku gawo linalake. Tekinoloji yopanga mapangidwe a fakitaleyi simakulolani kuti musinthe mawonekedwe a chithunzithunzi. Ndiye chifukwa chake mamangidwe amisiridwe ndi opanga adamangidwa m'mitundu ina ya kukula ndipo amangokhala ndi zisankho za polojekiti.

Kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe opangidwa poyerekeza ndi ntchito yayikulu yokwera 12 mpaka 15-16 m, ndipo nthawi zambiri mpaka 20m adayambitsa kukonzekera nyumba zatsopano. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikuwonjezeka m'lifupi mwake, ndizotheka osati kungowononga zida, komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwamoto potenthe ndi 20-30%. ITo ndi mikhalidwe yomweyo yazinthu zodzikongoletsera.

Nyumba ya Monolithic ilibe seams, yomwe imawonjezeranso ziwonetsero za kutentha kwake ndi mawu ake. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri, zimakupatsani mwayi wowongolera nyumba nthawi yozizira, muchepetse kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa zida zophimba (makulidwe am'manja ndi zowonjezera zimachepetsedwa kwambiri). Zotsatira zake, nyumba zosungira monolithic ndi 15-20% yopepuka kuposa njerwa. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha mpumulo wa nyumba, mphamvu zakukhazikitsa zomwe zimachepetsedwa ndipo chipangizo chawo chimachepetsedwa.

Ubwino wina wa woolithic ndikuti kuzungulira kwake konse kumachitika pamalo omanga, mosiyana ndi zomangamanga zonse, kenako zopangidwa ndi ma cranes ndi njira zina zolemera . Ntchito yomanga nyumba ya Monolithitic imakhala ndi magawo angapo: Kukonzekera ndi kutumiza kwa konkriti (grames 200-400), kukonzekera molondola. Mlanduwo umakhala wovuta kwambiri, ngati mungathe kupanga sizenera pamalopo. Kupatula apo, nthawi zambiri mukamamanga nyumba zotukuka, kutumiza ndi kusungirako mapanelo sizingatheke, mabatani a sitima ya sitima yamiyala. Chuma chopanga zopangidwa ndi zopangidwa chimaganiziridwa ndi kulolera kwa magawo onse aukadaulo, omwe ndi chifukwa chake ndalama zowonjezereka zimachitika mukamaliza mafupa. Chifukwa chake ngati zomangamanga za Monolithic zimachitika panjira yovomerezeka, kumanga kwa nyumba kumachitika nthawi yochepa. Ndikofunikira kuti ntchito yoyenerera yovomerezeka mu monolithic imathetsa kufunikira kwa "chonyowa" njira ndi matayala ali okonzeka kumaliza kumaliza.

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, nyumba zake za monolithic ndizogwirizana ndi zovuta zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chilengedwe, kugonjetsedwa kwina kwachilengedwe, kugonjetsedwa kochulukirapo. Ndipo, zomwe zili zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, zolimba kwambiri. Ngati moyo wopangidwa ndi nyumba zamakono ndi zaka 50, kenako zimapangidwa ndi ukadaulo wa monolithic si wochepera 200.

Mawonekedwe ndi mitundu ya nyumba za monolithic

Mu zomanga zoolithic pali mawonekedwe ake. Mpaka pano, palibe mafakitale ambiri omwe amatha kukhala nyumba zapamwamba za Monolithi. Kupatula apo, ichi ndi ukadaulo watsopano womwe umafuna chidziwitso cha maluso ndi njira zomanga. Dongosolo latsopanoli likufunika. Nthawi yayitali idapitilira makampani apanyumba asanakhale ogwira ntchito moolithitic yomwe idapeza zowonjezera.

Udindo wokulirapo mu zomangamanga amasewera mawonekedwe. Ndi ndendende zomwe zimatsimikizira nthawi ndi mtundu wa ntchito yomanga nyumba. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono kumapangitsa kuti kuwonjezera zomangamanga kwa woolithic, kuti apange mpikisano. Masiku ano, mafomu opanga amakonzedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito (kwa makoma, kwa maenje, a mizata, ndi zina), kudzipatula, kukweza, kukweza, kukweza), kukula ndi zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Pomwe mawonekedwe adziko lonse lapansi sanapangidwebe m'dziko lathu, motero opanga akunja akulimbana ndi msika womanga Russia.

Omanga omwe ali pano amatsatira matekinoloje awiri: okhala ndi mawonekedwe a chishango komanso mawonekedwe akomwe. Liwiro loyambirira kwambiri, limakupatsani mwayi wolandila zigawo zochokera kwa nyumba ndikumanga nthawi yomweyo makoma amkati ndi kuwonongeka kwa kusintha kulikonse. Mothandizidwa ndi mafomu achiwiri aukadaulo, mutha kumanga nyumba zokhala ndi mawonekedwe opanda mitengo. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zenizeni zomwe zikuwoneka bwino. Chifukwa chake, wogula amatha kuyitanitsa malo ofunikira pantchito yomanga, kapena kukonzekera mkati mukamaliza kumanga. Komanso, kukula kwa nyumbayo kumakhala kokha kokha kokha.

Malinga ndi mtundu womanga, nyumba zapadera za monolithic komanso zosonkhanitsa zimasiyanitsidwa. Anayamba monolith amapanga zinthu zonyamula zinthu, ndipo makoma akunja amachitidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zodziwika bwino, monga njerwa kapena mapanelo. Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito njerwa kumakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere ogula a chinthucho, maubwino a mapaneli ndi oganiza bwino kwambiri, seams yomweyo ndi zovuta zina zomanga nyumba zazikulu.

Poyamba, mtengo wa ntchito yomanga zachilengedwe unali wokwera kwambiri kuposa gulu. Izi zidapanga nyumba zapakhomo za olemera kwa olemera. Komabe, pazaka zapitazi, mtengo wa "Monolith" wasintha kwambiri, tsopano ndi 20-40 kokha kuposa "mapanelo". Zotsatira zanyumbazo zidakhala zopatsa mwayi wogula, chifukwa kutsimikiza kotsalira pamtengo ndi chidwi kumalipidwa ndi mtundu wa nyumba zotere. Kutsika mafayilo pomanga nyumba za Monolithikic.

Kukwaniritsa ufulu womanga chaka chilichonse komanso chovuta kwambiri, pokhapokha ngati nsanja yaulere mumzinda umachepetsedwa. Otulukapo amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe ali ndi kubwerera kwambiri.

Zenizeni za Moscow

Kugawa kwakukulu kwa nyumba zoseketsa kunapezeka ku Moscow. Pali zifukwa zingapo za izi. Choyamba, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa nyumba zomangidwa ku Moscow. Chaka chatha mu capital 3600 itamangidwa. M2 zonse zokhala ndi nyumba. Mphamvu ya Moscow DSC ilibe malire, ndizosatheka kukulitsa kupanga mapanelo. Momwemonso, kuchuluka kwa nyumba zapakhomo sikungakule. Umu ndi momwe zingathere kufotokozera za kusintha kwa gawo pakati pa conolithic ndi nyumba. Ngati zaka 3-4 zapitazo zinali 10:90, ndipo mu 1999- 30:70 mokomera "gulu", kenako mu 2001 zinakhala 50:50. Kuyika kwa 10-15% kumayembekezeredwa koyamba mokomera kapangidwe ka Conolithic.

Chinthu china chomwe chimalimbikitsa kumanga korolithilic kunali kuti ku Moscow kunalibe madera ochulukirapo oyenera kukula. Zoperekedwa kwambiri mpaka pano komanso lingaliro la akuluakulu aboma za chiletso pomanga nyumba zamakono mu gawo lodziwika bwino mumzinda. Kupatula apo, ndiye ukadaulo wa zomangamanga zoolithic zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyana ndi zomanga thupi ndi kukonzekera, zoyatsa bwino, zoyatsira zinthu zomwe zidalipo kale. Zotsatira za kupanga nyumba za gululi zinali zotsalira kunja kwa Moscow. Koma apa, nyumba zodzikongoletsera zimapanga mpikisano wofunikira kwambiri, osati m'malo okhazikika, komanso madera omanga misa. Ma projekiti payekhapayekha kwa nyumba za monolithic zakonzedwa bwino ku Mitino, North FOTHOVO, Marymino, Kuzminokh, Maziko. Makamaka kuyambira pomanga monolithic, zinthu zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito sizili zachilendo. Pali malingaliro kunyumba, momwe, monga mwa otsatsa, nyumba zokhala ndi zipinda zomwe zimafunidwa mokwanira ndi ogula zikukwaniritsidwa bwino. Chilichonse ndi mzere, umakupatsani mwayi wochepetsa mphamvu yomanga ndi zomangamanga.

Kukula kwa Monolith pakati pa owongolera ndi ogulitsa ndalama kumathandizira kuti ofuna kukulitsa madera omwe alipo, onjezerani kuwonongeka kwa nyumba zatsopano ndikupeza phindu lililonse, ogula amakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu ndi zipinda zapamwamba). Monolith amalola wopanga kuti 'kufinya "kuchokera ku nyumba yatsopano kukhala malo okhala chifukwa chochepetsa malo. Chifukwa chake nyumba zambiri zipinda za Monolithitic nyumba, - kprimueru, nyumba yogona imodzi ili ndi gawo lonse la 90m2. Zotsatira za Kukonzanso koteroko ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa nyumba.

Mbali ina ya Moscow ndi kuchepa pang'onopang'ono kwa nyumba yatsopano yotsika mtengo. Chaka chino likuyembekezeka kuti chaka chino cha "Typovyshek" mu likulu lidzachepa mpaka 1,200 M2 (nambala yamkati 4000 chikwi2). Koma ngakhale malo a gulu latsopanoli sadzakhala osasinthika, motsutsana ndi maziko oyambira kupitirira nyumba ku Moscow, gawo lawo lidzacheperachepera. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wa mita imodzi ya Monolithic ndi Panel House mu capital pang'onopang'ono amabwera pafupi. Tsopano mtengo wa 1m2 wa nyumba yamakono ndi pafupifupi $ 250, ndi monolitic- $ 330, pomwe zaka 2 zapitazo, kusiyana kumeneku kunali kochulukirapo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizomwe zimayambitsa miyeso yambiri yomwe imasiyana pamsika wa mizere ya bwalo la Corolithic ndi nyumba yosiyana ndi mtengo wawo - $ 80-100.

Nyumba yopanga monolithic imadziwika. Ena mwa nyumbazo m'nyumba zoterezi zimagulitsidwa pa $ 450-500 kwa 1-5-5 (mwachitsanzo, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Moscow, komwe gulu, amagulidwa bwino). Madera otchuka, amasangalala kwambiri ndipo amagulidwa kale pamtunda wa $ 800 pa 1m2.

Komabe, kodi msika wapadera wogulitsa katundu ungatengere nyumba za monolithic zotere? Ikak idzakhudza kukula kwa mafakitale omanga pamtengo wa omwe amaperekedwa? Ichi ndi lingaliro pa akaunti iyi A. Kupriynova: "Chuma chimakula. Msika umakhalapo. Kugulitsa Boom, chaka chatha, timachita osayembekezera koma kufunikira kwa malo okhala kudzakhazikika kwambiri. "