Ubwino ndi zovuta za mawindo okhala ndi mafelemu amtengo, njira zopangira, mtengo wa mawindo osiyanasiyana.
Ndi mizere ya kutentha, anthu omwe amakhala m'zigawo zathu zolimbana nthawi zonse. M'mbuyomu, zidutswa ziwiri zolowa m'mazenera m'mawindo, ndipo zidutswa za makala zidazikidwa ngakhale pakati pawo. Anthu ambiri owunikiridwa adayikidwa pamenepo ndi slurry ndi ochepa a asidi wa sulfuric. Makhalidwe onsewa adatengedwa kuti akweretse mlengalenga pakati pa mafelemu ndipo potero amanjezani kuchuluka kwa mawindo.
Masiku ano, malasha ndi sulufuric acid adalowa m'malo mwa chinyezi ndi chinyezi-chodzaza (silika) mkati mwa galasi la hermetic. Mafelemu omwe ali ndi awiri, kapena ngakhale atatumindapo atatu, kotero kuti mafuta okumba azithunzi amawonjezeka pafupifupi kawiri. Iwindo yatsopano iliyonse imapulumutsa pafupifupi 50 malita a mafuta wamba pachaka. Ngati osachepera theka la mazenera mdziko lathu adagwirizana ndi zofunikira zamakono, osati Yenise, komanso mitsinje ina yambiri ya ku Siberia ikadayenera kupitirira.
Thabwa
Zinthu zazikulu zamiyala yapa zezeyi zinatipatsa zachilengedwe zokhazokha. Kapangidwe ka nkhuni kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri, ndipo mpweya womwe uli mu capillaries umapereka mawonekedwe ake otsika kwambiri. Sitikulankhula za zabwino zabwino za mtengowo, zomwe zidakali kunja, ngakhale kuti ndizopambana zodziwikiratu zomwe zikufuna kukopera kapangidwe kake. Bangirland yama windows imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi mitundu yotsatirayi: paini, Fir, spruce, larch, cedar, thue, mahochy. Ku funso lomwe ndiyabwino, ndizosatheka kuyankha. Oak, Beech ndi larch ndi wolimba kwambiri komanso wolimba kuposa pine ndipo chifukwa cha mawonekedwe, koma chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amphamvu kwambiri ali ndi mawonekedwe ochulukirapo, ndiye kuti amalimbana ndi kutentha. Mtengo wofiyira wotentha umatsutsidwa bwino ndi kusintha kwa chinyezi. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti n'komveka kutsata mawu odziwika bwino "komwe amabadwa, komweko ndipo anagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mphepete mwamitsempha. Ndiyenera kunena kuti ogula omwe ali ndi ambiri omwe amatsatira malingaliro omwewo. Zotsatira zake, zinthu ziwiri zimakhala zotchuka kwambiri popanga zenera lazenera: paini (zotsika mtengo) ndi Oak (okhazikika).Kumpoto kwa Europe, pakati pa zida za mafelemu pazenera, mtengowo umalimbana kwambiri. Chermarnia, yemwe adakwanitsa kuchita za PVC, amatsogolera pulasitiki (pafupifupi 52% ya chiwerengero chonse cha mawindo). Koma zomangira zamatabwa ndipo sizimapereka udindo wanu, malo achiwiri (30%). Zikuwoneka kuti dziko lathuli ndi nyengo yake yozizira, nkhalango zopanda malire komanso miyambo yomanga zaka chikwi ikhoza kukhala imodzi mwa atsogoleri akupanga zopangidwazo. Komabe, zaka 70, tinathetsa ntchito zina zomwe zili lero timagula mawindo m'chigawo chathu chakale - Chifinishi, ndi makina ootata-wootata - Chermannia - Italynia. Zomera za Alavos zidamangidwa ku Finland mu 1917.
Koma kubwerera kumtengo. Ngakhale zili zabwino zake zonse, zimakhala ndi zovuta zambiri. Mtengo umatenga chinyontho kuchokera kumlengalenga, zomwe zimakhudza machitidwe a ulusi wake - zomalizidwazo, monga amanenera, "zotsogozedwayo", ndizotayika, ndikuwumitsa) kuti zisasokoneze. Zotsatira zake zikuikiratu kwambiri katundu wawo wamafuta. Monga zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, mtengowu ndi ubongo wabwino kwambiri wa microorganisms, bowa, tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo, chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa iye ndi bowa wotchedwa nyumba, wokhoza kwa miyezi ingapo kuti "idyani" nyumba yamatabwa. M'mbuyomu, nyumbazo zidagunda m'midzi m'midzi yoyatsidwa kuti iteteze ena onse. Kuphatikiza apo, mitengo yamasann imatha kukhala ndi zofooka zake, ming'alu, ming'alu, masamba otembezera.
Tekinoloji yamatanda imakulolani kuti musunge katundu wake ndikuchotsa zovuta zambiri. Koma zinthu izi zimanenedweratu ndi ukadaulo waukadaulo, motero zimakwera mtengo wa chomaliza.
Kodi ogula amalipira chiyani?
Choyamba, nkhuni zimayipitsidwa kambiri, ndipo izi ndizochulukirapo. Poyamba, zinthu pafupifupi chaka zimawuma mwachilengedwe (pansi pa canopey). Kenako imayikidwa mu vauum kukhazikitsa, komwe madzi onse amachotsedwa. Choyamba chimatulutsa chinyontho chotchedwa capillary, kenako chomwe chili m'maselo. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kuyendetsa madzi onse kuchokera kumabodi. Koma kenako zopangira zikanabwera ndipo, kukhala panja, kumatenga chinyezi, ngati chinkhupule. Chifukwa chake, yesani nkhuni zouma mpaka 122% chinyezi. Chizindikiro ichi chimawonedwa bwino. Kenako zinthuzo zimasungidwanso kuti zisungunuke munthawi yonse ya nkhuni. Zikuonekeratu kuti pambuyo pakuwonekera mwakutali ndi kuyanika zopangira ndiokwera mtengo. AVALA ayenera kuchotsedwanso, ming'alu, matumba ndi zofooka zina zachilengedwe - chilichonse chomwe chingakhudze mtundu wa zinthu zomalizidwa.
Ngati tsatanetsatane wa zenera lopangidwa ndi nkhuni yolimba (Alavus), ma supuni ndi okwera kwambiri. Zomveka kwambiri ndikupanga mbiri kuchokera ku bar wamba. Ikufika kuti chipinda chofiyira chofiyira chambiri chimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya katundu ndi mphamvu yayikulu kuposa malo ophulika. Billets (Lamellalas) amaphatikizidwa ndi fugu yosalala kapena pa spike wowotcha (capoferri). Ndikotheka kugwiritsa ntchito maulala ochepa omwe amapezeka pambuyo pa mafupa onse ndi magawo osalongosoka adachotsedwa pazomwe zidayambira. Ganizirani za bar yapamwamba kwambiri, nkhokwe yayifupi imakhala mkati. Zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi makonzedwe amaloledwa mbali yakutsogolo, mtengo wa 10-20% wotsika mtengo. Kuti mafelemu ochokera ku ser bar, amadziwika, zinthu zake zimasankhidwa kuti mphete zapachaka za lamellae zimadutsa pafupi kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, pakati pa msipu wamatabwa, monga gawo lotayirira kwambiri komanso loyera kwambiri, siligwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zapamwamba (ndizosavuta kudziwa mphete zolira). Mwa njira, nkhuni za Ural kapena Piberian pine ndi yolimba komanso yamphamvu kuposa mitundu ina, ndipo mphete za pachaka zili pafupi ndi wina ndi mnzake.
Malingaliro awindo amapangidwa kuchokera ku mipiringidzo yambiri, ndipo mafelemu ndi omanga amatengedwa kwa iwo. Zina zatsopano muukadaulo wa Windows zopangidwa ndi opanga zapakhomo. Mwachitsanzo, masharubu, olamulidwa ndi Rus Svag (dzina lotchedwa "SVIG-lolumikizana"). Mphamvu ya kapangidwe kake imatsimikiziridwa ndi plugi-mu pini yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a "kumeza mchira". Chifukwa chake, malo otetezeka kwambiri (malekezero a mipiringidzo) amakhala ovala mwamphamvu wina ndi mnzake koma osalumikizana ndi chilengedwe. Zotsatira zake, chinyontho chimakhala ndi mwayi wochepa wolowa mkati mwa mbiri yamatabwa.
Thermal mawonekedwe a pawindo
| Malaya | Thermal Issocivity, W / (MS) |
|---|---|
| Mkunguza | 0.14-0.18 |
| Myengo | 0.18-0.23 |
| Pvc | 0.25. |
| Galasi | 0,3. |
| Chiwaya | 220. |
Utoto
Zenera lamatabwa limafunikira kutetezedwa ku mitundu yonse ya bowa, ndipo zosokoneza zambiri. Kuchulukitsa kwa chinyezi chomangira ndi 5% yokha (C15 mpaka 20%) kumabweretsa kuti mtengo wa ro umachepetsedwa pafupifupi 20%. Katundu wamadzi amkati mchipinda nthawi yozizira m'masiku 20 amapitilira zomwe zili kunja. Chifukwa chake, kutetezedwa kwa zenera uyenera kukhala wodalirika osati ndi wakunja kokha, komanso kuchokera mkati.Pa chitetezo chotere, zopereka zapadera zomwe zili ndi, makamaka, antiseptic amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kulowa mkati mwa mtengo ndikuthamangira ma cell, kuperewera kumapangitsa zigawo zake ndi njira yopanda madzi. Mwa njira, kuphatikizidwa moyang'anizana ndi vacuum mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri kuposa kupsinjika, - funsani njira yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafayilo omwe mumasankha. Kenako malonda ali ndi tode kapena pansi ndikukhazikika. Pambuyo pa opareshoni iliyonse, pamwamba ikukupera - kuchotsa "kubuluka". Utoto wa utoto kapena kununkhira sikuyenera kungopatsa zenera lokondedwa, ndikuyika kapangidwe ka mtengowo, komanso kuteteza chimango ndi kusenda kwamvula, chipale chofewa. Kuchokera pa kuthekera kwa oonda (150-200 μm) wa chophimba kuti chikhale ndi luso pazaka zonsezi, pawindo lazenera la pazenera ladalira kwambiri. Pakati pa opanga apanyumba a mawindo matabwa, gawo lonse losiyanasiyana la dothi, kuphatikizapo, utoto ndi zooms, opangidwa ndi kampani yotchuka kwambiri. Finns amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogulitsa zawo kuchokera ku Tikkurila. Komabe, ngakhale kulumikizana kovuta kwambiri sikungakhale kwamuyaya. Gawo lam'munsi la SASH limavutika kwambiri ndi mvula yambiri ndi chipale chofewa, ndipo kuchokera ku radiation ya Ultraviolet ya dzuwa, mazenera ku Western ndi kumwera kwa nyumbayo. Chifukwa chake, kamodzi mu zaka 3-4, ndikofunikira kukwaniritsa mawu a prohylactic. Kenako kapangidwe kake, malingana ndi Alavus akatswiri azaukadaulo awo adzakondwera ndi zaka zawo pafupifupi 30-50.
Windows yamatanda yamakono, komanso pulasitiki, yodutsa mnyumbayo osakwanira mpweya (malo osungirako 30679-99 "ndi mawindo a Windows" amapereka ndalama zomwezo Ya kupumira kwa mazenera 1m2 kuposa 3.5 m3 / h). Chifukwa chake, ngati mpweya wabwino umalowa mu nyumbayo imaperekedwa kuzenera zamakono, ziyenera kuperekedwa ndi mavavu oyendayenda. Kenako mpweya wowonongera ndi chinyezi chachikulu ndi mpweya woipa suchotsedwa pokhapokha mpweya wabwino, komanso wokhala ndi phula lotsekeka. Mwa njira, kukhazikitsa kwa mavumbo kwa mpweya wabwino kumaperekedwa ndi opanga mawindo opangira matabwa, ndipo makampani olimba amakhala nthawi zambiri amapereka ntchitoyi kwa ogula.
Mukamakumana paakabuku otsatsa, zonena kuti Windows Windows, mosiyana ndi pulasitiki, "pumira", musamvetse izi. Akatswiri osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito verebu losiyanasiyana: ena- kuti agogomeze mphamvu ya mtengo kuti athetse chinyezi champhamvu kwambiri, chomwe chimathamangitsa katundu wambiri, womwe umatha kuwoneka ngati bowa ndi nkhuni Kuzizira kwa mbiri; Ena - ngati mawu onena za mitengo yamitengo yodutsa madzi awiriawiri mchipinda; Ndipo chachitatu "chodutsira mpweya". Izi ndi zomwe akatswiri a kampaniyo "cranes" adanena pakanthawi yopanga mawindo a mitengo:
"Zovuta za mafelemu amtengo ndizopumira. Koma sichoncho, chomwe chimaganiziridwa molingana ndi GOST 26602.2-99" Masamba a pawindo. Njira zakutanthauzira kwa mpweya ndi madzi othirira, "- m'lingaliro ili. Zizindikiro za mbiri iliyonse ili pafupi (yomwe, mutha kuwerenganso pawindo la 10,000,000"). Izi zikutanthauza mpweya - kusinthana kudzera pa pores yaying'ono kwambiri ya "Live" Wopanda Matanda.. Zimakhalabe ndi zomangira zotetezedwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda wamadzimadzi. Kukula kwa maziko a 0.15- 0.4 mm ndipo amachepetsa mwachilengedwe pomwe mawindo a Zbel, 0.01m pachaka chokutira, nthawi yomweyo, sachita kusokoneza mawonekedwe opumira "kupumira" ndipo potero amasintha, kutengera nyengo, chinyezi chotere "ndichokwanira kuti tisunge dongosolo lopangidwa mu chipinda. iwini zenera la wochititsa windo. "
Mapangidwe
Windows yamakono yamatabwa imapangidwa makamaka m'mapulogalamu atatu opanga:
- Osakwatira.
- Ndi state yolekanitsidwa.
- Ndi malaya otayika.
Chifukwa chake, Eurol- STtrobel (Germany), capoferri, Rindiusriale (Italyriale (Italy) - makampani angapo aku Russia amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku chiwembu chimodzi. Gawo lalikulu la opanga zapakhomo ("Bamo", Spics, "European Windows") Sungani zinthu zomwe agulitsidwa, kapena kutumiza (Rus-SVIG), "Kutchuka"), "nyumba ya Bavaria", "anyx", "anyx", "Lukn", Docn1, Docn9, kuyambira ndi kuyanika kwa mtengo ndi kusonkhana.
Domis, Alavos, TIIVI (Finland), SSC Joinex (Sweden) amatulutsa mawindo olekanitsidwa ndi galasi limodzi la chipinda chimodzi ndi galasi la tsamba (2 + 1). Galasi imayikidwa mu supuni yamkati, ndipo galasi kunja. Masiku ano, njira zonse zopanga zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'dziko lathu. Kukhala ndi zabwino zake.
Ro (M2C / W) - Kusanja kwa kutentha komwe kumayambitsidwa ku Russia kukayezetsa minyewa yamoto kapena kapangidwe kake. Pakuwunika konse kwa kapangidwe kake (zenera), kuchepetsedwa kwa kusamutsa kutentha - ROPR (M2C / W) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chizindikiro ichi, chocheperako kutentha kudzera pamapangidwe. Malinga ndi zikalata zapamwamba ("kusintha4 kupita ku SniPu II --79 * *), chifukwa cha zigawo zakumpoto kwathu, ROPR ya dziko la 0,5 mpaka 0.8m2c / w. kwa Mhns 2.01-94, ROPR = 0.55M2C / W
Mawindo amodzi
("Eurowekna")Ntchito yomanga iyi imagawidwa osati pazenera lamatabwa, komanso mwa anzanu omwe apukutira. Illya, ndi kwa ena, pafupifupi zopangidwa zomwezo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ena, zimapangidwa ndi makampani omwewo: Maso (Austhaus, Rotus), ndi zina zowoneka bwino zimangoyesedwa malupu. Zowonjezera zowonjezera zimapangitsa kuti tisinthe kwa nthawi zonse kuti tisungitse chikho. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kuwonjezera ma glazing, chifukwa chake kuwunika kwa chipindacho. Ntchito yapadera ya mpweya wabwino wosemedwa imalola kutsegulidwa kwa kusefukira kwamitundu ingapo, kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wabwino umalowa mnyumba. Ntchito zonse pa kutsegulidwa kwa ma flaps (onse mu Swivel ndi mu mtundu wokutira) amachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chida chimodzi chokha. Misonkhano ya "Europon" ikhoza kutchulidwa kuti ndikofunikira kutsuka awiri okha, osati anayi a magalasi.
Mawindo amtunduwu popanga chimango ndi SASH imagwiritsa ntchito gawo la 78mm, nthawi zambiri 90mm (capoferri). Pano ziyenera kudziwitsidwa kuti, ngakhale mtengowo uli ngati mafuta othandizira ndipo amapitilira ma pvc, pvc ma pvs obwezeretsa zipinda ndi mpweya, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku mitengo yolimba. Ili ndi umboni, zimatengera chisankho cholondola chagalasi, kaya ndi chinthu chosankhika chofanana ndi miyezo yamakono yamitundu yamagetsi. Tinene kuti, pofuna kuti pakhale pazenera kuchokera ku malowa kuti akwaniritse zofunika zomwezo, zikuyenera kuyimilira magalasi owoneka bwino ndi ro = 0.54-0.56m2c / w.
Ndipo mfundo zoterezi zimatha kungopeza galasi lotsika. Opanga mawindo opanga nkhuni omwe ali ndi kupanga kwa nthawi yayitali, kuchuluka kwa njira zoyesedwa kumakupatsani mwayi wopulumutsa mizere yopanga kawiri. ITo imapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzipanga kukhala zazitali kwambiri zamagalasi otsika kwambiri-statis otchedwa I-Stolas (kapena galasi ndi chophimba chofewa). Mwachitsanzo, kampaniyo "nyumba ya Bavarian" imatulutsa mawindo ake otsika kwambiri chifukwa cha galasi lotsika kwambiri makamaka popanga nyumba ("chomera cha magalasi), Sankt-petersburg). Sizovuta kugwira nawo ntchitoyi, koma pamakono odziyesa amakono amathera. Kugwiritsa ntchito i -galasi ngakhale mumphepete mwa chipinda chimodzi kumakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera kutentha kwa kutentha kwa windows mpaka 0,64-0.67 m2c / w. Poyerekeza: Windows-windows yokhala ndi chimbudzi champhamvu kwambiri chokwanira 0,52-0.53m2c / w. Chizindikiro ichi chikufanana ndi miyezo yonse ya Russia yokha ya pakati ndipo sakukwaniritsa zokambirana za Moscow - 0.55m2c / w. (Werengani zambiri za phukusi lagalasi - zoletsa "komanso mu Fla, ndi mbiri.")
Pachitsanzo cha "Euromoni" Ndikotheka kudziwa ngati ndalama zambiri zogulira mazenera matabwa nthawi zonse zimakhala zomveka. Kuchokera patebulo ili m'munsiyi, imatha kuwoneka ngati chinyezi chambiri cha mitengo yomangira (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chokweza nkhuni, kugwiritsa ntchito zojambula zapamwamba kapena kusowa kwa kuphatikizika, komanso kusankha Phukusi lagalasi ndi mfundo zochepa za RO Oak Ciot of $ 2000 omwe ali ndi zenera lazikulu kawiri pofotokoza zizindikiro, padzakhala paliponi pang'ono ndi mawindo akale a Sampor of Soviet.
Makhalidwe a ropp a Windows ndi SASS imodzi
| Mawindo agalasi | Mawindo a Roup ndi kumanga, M2C / W | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mtundu | Ro, m2s / w | Kuchokera paini | Kuchokera ku Duba | ||
| Ndi chinyezi cha mbiri,% | |||||
| fifitini | makumi awiri | fifitini | makumi awiri | ||
| 4m1-12-4m1-6-4m1 | 0.5. | 0,55 | 0.53. | 0.53. | 0,50 |
| 0.47 | 0.53. | 0.51. | 0.51. | 0.48. | |
| 4M1-16ar-4k. | 0.59. | 0.62. | 0,60 | 0,60 | 0.57. |
| 0,55 | 0,60 | 0.57. | 0.57. | 0.54. | |
| 4M1-16ar-4i. | 0,65 | 0.67 | - | 0.64. | - |
| 4m1-12-4m1-6AR-4i | 0.72 | 0.73 | - | 0,68. | - |
Zindikirani. Magawo a phukusi lagalasi amafotokozedwa mwachitsanzo 4M1-16ar-4i, pomwe ma 4m1- kukula ndi galasi ndi galasi. 16 M'lifupi pa kusiyana pakati pa magalasi odzazidwa ndi Argoni; 4-00 makulidwe ndi mtundu wa kutukuka kwake kochepa.
Windows ndi osiyana ndi sush yolumikizidwa
Ngati kuchuluka kwa mawindo amodzimodzi kumapangidwa m'dziko lathu, kenako mawindo okhala ndi zingwe zopatukana ndi zopotoka zimabwera chifukwa cha Sweden ndi Finland mu mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mawindo owoneka bwino. Kuzizira kwa Scandinavian nyengo yayandikira "ofunda" opangidwa awiri. Mawindo a mtunduwu amapanganso opanga nyumba (Docn1, "nyumba ya Bavaria"). Mu kapangidwe kazinthu, malawi akunja amakhazikika mkati. Kuti muwulule iwo, ndikokwanira kutulutsa zikhomo zingapo. Penyani Windows gwiritsani ntchito njira zofanana ndi zomwe zili mmambo limodzi, chifukwa chake njira yotsegulira Swivel ndiyotheka. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwa "Eurocams". Nthawi yotsatira mazenera ndi zovala zolekanitsidwa, dzina la "Chifinishi" linazimitsidwa, ndipo ndi cholunjika ". Kwa "Chifinishi" chimadziwika ndi bokosi lalikulu (120-170mm), mbali yakunja ndi mkati mwake yomwe imapachikidwa pandekha. Kuchokera apa ndi dzina lazenera lazenera - sush yozungulira. Kunja kumaonekera pafupifupi mphepo yonse yamkuntho, mvula, chipale chofewa komanso gawo lalikulu la radiation ya Ultraviolet ya dzuwa. Pofuna kuti mkati mwagalasi, chemet sichinapangidwe, mu Zisindikizo Zake, zotchedwa "masinthe" (izi ndi zopatsira malo opanda pake).Kutali kwa 120mm kuchokera kunja komwe kuli sesa yachiwiri, yamkati yokhala ndi chidindo awiri. Ili pafupi ndi malo obiriwira obiriwira, ngakhale mvula kapena kuvulaza kapena kusiyana kwa mpweya pakati pa sasiri kumatsimikizira kutentha kwabwino komanso kumasuka. Chifukwa chake, malo omwe ali pachipinda chimodzi chokha-chatch omwe adayikidwa mu izi ndikwanira kupanga chinsinsi cha zenera ili kukhala 0,58m2c / w. Kugwiritsa ntchito mipweya yotsika ndi mpweya (mwachitsanzo, argon kapena Crypton) mu tsamba lowirikiza kawiri Makulidwe a galasi makulidwe ndi 3 mpaka 4-6mm ndikudzaza zipinda za chipinda cha mimbulu ya sulufure (sf6) kuwonjezera mikhalidwe yotsekemera kuyambira 30-32 mpaka 42dB. Mapangidwe awiri amapangidwa kuti athe kuyika ma sunscreen akhungu mkati mwa zenera. Kuwongolera komwe kumaduka pamenepa kumawonetsedwa m'chipindacho kuti chitsegule ndikutseka pomwe zenera latsekedwa.
Kwa Windows ndi sush yolekanitsidwa, njira yotsegulira yokha, yotsegulira ndiyotheka. Maonekedwe a sash amagwirizana, amatsegula "zenera la Finland" potembenuza chida chimodzi. Mapangidwe ake amatha kukhala ndi choletsa chomwe chimalepheretsa zenera kuti lisamenye, mwachitsanzo, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ntchito za mpweya wabwino zimatha kutenga ruruugakuga (koma ndege zoterezi zimawerengedwa kuti ndizokwanira), kale kapena kuti mutsegule ndi chipata, kukonza kandapusa. Mtundu wawindo wa Scandinavia uli ndi kutentha kwambiri ndikutha kumveka kuthengo. Ndikotheka kuphatikizidwa ndi zikwama zophatikizika, pamene wina, wolumikizidwa ndi iyo imakhazikika pamtunda wamkati. Zenera ili limatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ovuta kwambiri. Komabe, zimapindulitsa, idzakhala yodula kuposa masiku onse.
Kutsutsa Kusamutsa Mindandanda
| Mbiri | Bokosi makulidwe, mm | Kusamutsa kutentha ro, m2c / w |
|---|---|---|
| Mbiri ya PVC (kapangidwe kake) | ||
| 3-Chamber | 50-80 | 0.55-0.64 |
| 4-5-Mpando | 70-80 | 0.65-0.8 |
| Chinyezi,% | Mkunguza | |
| fifitini | 80. | 0.74 |
| 120. | 1.0 | |
| makumi awiri | 80. | 0,61 |
| 120. | 0.84. | |
| Myengo | ||
| 10 | 80. | 0,61 |
| 120. | 0.84. | |
| fifitini | 80. | 0.52. |
| 120. | 0.69 |
Mitengo
Monga mukudziwa, kuposa ubweya ndi wabwino, wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Chifukwa chake Windows - mtengo wawo umatengera mtundu wa malonda ndi tsiku lomaliza la utumiki wake wamtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, posankha mawindo, sitikulangizani kuti musunge pa "zilonda" ngati magalasi otsika agalasi. Makamaka kuyambiranso galasi pazenera lamatabwa limakhala lovuta kuposa pulasitiki, chifukwa kuphedwa nthawi zambiri sikukhala ndi zisindikizo zapadera. M'malo mwake, chisindikizo cha Suricone chomata chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chomwe chimati chimati mikwitsa pamtengo ndi galasi. Ndizosatheka kuzichotsa ndipo sizikuwononga, kotero pokonza phukusi lagalasi nthawi yomweyo liyenera kulamulidwa ndikulipiritsa zotayika zonse.Amakhulupirira kuti mawindo a Euro, opangidwa makamaka mdziko lathu muukadaulo waku Germany, wotsika mtengo kuposa Scandinavia. Koma ngati mumayerekeza zinthu zomwe zili ndi maofesi omwewo otentha ndi kusokonekera kovuta, kusiyana kwake kumakhala kofunikira. Gome likuwonetsa mitengo yazenera zokhala ndi intaneti yokhala ndi 1.451.8m (mtundu wamba wawindo mu nyumba yamakono) yokhala ndi ma flap atatu otsegulira. Euroko ndi m'modzi wa iwo. Zimatembenuka kuti zenera ndi ropr = 0.6-0.63m2c / W ndikumakhala ndi chiyembekezo cha 30- 35, chomwe chimachepetsa $ 1000.
Komabe, ngakhale izi osati zinthu zonse zotsika mtengo zimatha kupanga mavuto atsopano. Nthawi zambiri, adzakhala ofanana ndi mawindo apulasitiki, popeza amayamba chifukwa cha zifukwa zofananazo (werengani m'nkhaniyo "komanso mu mbiriyo"). A Stabicas amatha kupewedwa ngati kuyika mawindo kumachitika chifukwa chongopanga zinthu molimba, komanso kukhazikitsa zenera lawiya. Kupatula apo, cholowa chomwecho m'chimwala ndi nyumba yamatabwa imayikidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zinsinsi za ambuye nthawi zonse zimakhala.
Mtengo wa Windows kutengera kulembedwa, $
| Zinthu za zida | Ndi sishi imodzi | Ndi osiyana shash |
|---|---|---|
| Zida zoyambira (145180cm, paini, 3ss) | 700-850 | 800-900 |
| Osamva | - (70-100) | 800-900 |
| Mbiri ya Oak, Beech | + 500-1000) | + 700-1000) |
| Mbiri ya lach, mahogany | + 250-300) | - |
| Fortochka | + Ndi 50-70) | + Ndi 50-80) |
| Kutumiza, Kukhazikitsa | +100 | +100 |
| k-, i-Glag | +60 (20-25 / M2) | +60 (20-25 / M2) |
| Anasintha mawu omveka | - | + 110-150) |
| Mafunde ochepa | + 12-18) | + 12-18) |
| Sill (pulasitiki, laminate) | + 60-90) | + 60-90) |
| Wajaya | - | + 85-100) |
| ukonde wa udzudzu | 25-35 / PC. | 25-35 / PC. |
| Mapiri | + 5-12) | + 10-20) |
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