Zosalimbikitsa pamutu wa mzanu mu zamkati zamakono. Ntchito zogwira ntchito ndi zokongoletsera, zida, kumaliza mawonekedwe ndi mitundu ya zokongoletsera.
Panthawi yakukonzanso, monga lamulo, safunsidwa kuti ndi gawo liti ndipo, makamaka, pamafunika nyumbayo. Anthu odzikongoletsa sangakhale kulumikizana m'moyo (onse mwachindunji komanso mophiphiritsa) ndi chozizwitsa ichi cha zomangamanga. Komabe, nkovuta kuganiza za mawonekedwe a banjali kuposa mzati. Palibe zodabwitsa kuti nthawi zonse zimazunzidwa komanso kulikonse - mnyumba, m'nyumba yachifumu, m'Kachisi, paki ndi m'bwalo. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe chosavuta kwa womanga, kuposa kubisa zolephera kapena zokongoletsera, kukonza zitsamba zomvera pamenepo.
Njira ndi pafupipafupi zamitundu pakati nthawi zina sizingachitike. Timachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama nthawi ya nthawi ya zophunzitsidwa kwambiri kuchokera ku mtundu wa kamene ka anthu. Makamaka chifukwa kudakhala chizindikiro, chodziwika cha mkati mwa kalauni. Kugwira ntchito imeneyi ndikuyesera kulingalira za mawonekedwe ake a tectonic ndi zokongoletsera. Magaziniyi idaperekedwa chithunzi cha kusiyana pakati pa zojambulajambula ndi kalankhulidwe. Lero tikambirana za zomwe anali ogwirizana - za dongosolo ndi mzati.
Zojambula
Classiciscism idachokera komanso kudalipo muukadaulo wa XVI - koyambirira kwa XIXV. Pempho la mitundu ya mamangidwe akale ngati kalembedwe kake kopangidwa m'njira inayake, kufotokoza njira zokongola ndi zokongola za nthawi. Nthawi zambiri imasiyanitsa kamtengo wa campical XVIIV. ndi kalasi ya XVIII - koyambirira kwa XIXVV. (Chomaliza chimadziwika kuti neoclassicism). Komabe, mu maluso apulasitiki, zomwe kalembedwezo zidapitilira kale theka lachiwiri la XVVIV. Vitaly - chiphunzitso cha Nkhondo ndi Plladio Kuchita ("malingaliro a nyumba yanu" N9 ya 2001).Chachikulu pa kalasi la Xviiv XVIIV. Zinali zakukula mwachangu kwambiri za ofukula zakale komanso kukula kwakale zazakale zachi Greek komanso zachiroma, pompeii, ndi olemba mbiri, ojambula adatsegula mgwirizano padziko lapansi).
Ku France, kalembedwe kaziwonekera ku XVII. Nthawi zambiri mkalasi woyamba XviIv. - Zophweka, zosavuta komanso zopatsa chidwi, zimatchula za louisvivi. Kuphatikiza apo, kumapeto kwa XVIIIIIIIIIIIIiv, zowongolera ziyenera kutsatiridwa (deglator), wotchedwa Mediory Yaufupi (1795-1799). FOstori wa France ndi nthawi yosinthira pakati pa zaka zosinthika, nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Boom's Boxtan Bovarte. Katunduyu ndi gulu lomwelo la Louisvivili, lokhalokha komanso lolimba komanso lolimba. Mitundu yoyera ndi imvi imalamulira kuti iumbe, ndipo zokongoletsa zonse zimachepetsedwa ku mzere kapena lamba. Lawi la mipando yopanda mipando ndi kapangidwe ka mipando yonse imanena kuti fakitale ya Yakobo.
Kalasi yakale ya Britain nthawi zambiri imagawika kwa Adamu ndi kugwedezeka (m'ma 70s. XVIIV) ndi kalembedwe ka Sheraton (pambuyo1790). Womanga Robert adawa anali chisonkhezero chachikulu pa kanthawi kena ku England. Anagwira ntchito kwambiri m'derali ndipo anafalitsidwa B1776. Kusonkhanitsa ndi mapulani a mipando ndi kapangidwe ka zomangamanga. Ntchito za mipando R. Aadam makamaka adatsogolera mawonekedwe a mafashoni a miyambo yakale ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira.
Pofuna kulingalira malowo ndi gawo la mzere womwe uli m'gulu la danga la danga ndikuwonetsa kalembedwe kake, kumbukirani mitundu ya madongosolo a nthawi yakale. Aliyense wa iwo anali ndi kapangidwe kake komanso kachitidwe kake. Dongosolo lakhala maziko a gulu la zomangamanga za kalainitso, m'magulu ndi mafomu, limafikira zitsanzo zakale.
Mzere ngati ntchito
Tiyeni tiganize kuti ndi cholinga chotani chomwe munthu amamanga mzati. Mwachidziwikire, nkhani yake imapita kale. Osangosiya phangalo ndikumanga denga pamutu pake, bamboyo adasamalira thandizo padenga. Komwe nyengo inali yabwino kwa kholo lathu, makomawo sanasewerere udindo, atha kusinthidwa ndi thandizo, kubweza, mzati. Zonsezi zili pafupi, ngakhale abale aluso a zachitsanzo zachilengedwe ndi mizati. Koma, monga mleme wake wososa, mzati uja umathandizira kuti apitilize kukhala wolunjika, padenga, khonde, kuloza.
Komabe, panali zosiyana. Aroma odziwika bwino ochita chizindikiritso cha kutchuka ndi masautso, chifukwa cha zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale pa zomangamanga, ndipadera. Malingaliro a Stitks a ntchito yamphamvu ndi chinthu chosabereka. Makamaka maonekedwe ake mu chikhalidwe cha Roma, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi chifukwa chodana. Kuyimirira mu kusungulumwa monyadira pakati pa lalikulu la mzati umachirikiza kumwamba kokha. Koma ndizoyenera izi, pogwiritsa ntchito mosavuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito, mawonekedwe omangirawo atsegula mwayi wokhala ndi bungwe la malo. Zomwe zimakwaniritsa cholinga chake ndi cholinga chake. Kutalika pakati pa lalikulu, mzati woterewu udatchedwa Truimpl. Anayenera kutsimikizira wopenyerera kuti ulemerero wapadziko lapansi sumadutsa nthawi zonse popanda kufufuza. Mitundu yapamwamba kwambiri yazambiri zomwe ndikufuna kuwunika Trian Colum formung Stratice, ku Alexandria pamtunda wa Paris Square ndi Nelnovskaya Square ku Trafalya.
Opambanawa amakongoletsa nthawi zonse amakhala ophatikizika ndi chidwi, koma osati malo. Maina awo amphamvu ndi opanda pake, apangitseni kukhala moyo ndikupumira malo. Wam'mwambamwamba, mizati yopambana yopambana imakhala mtundu wa zizindikiro za Mbunzawo. Space Square moyo wowoneka bwino, woyang'ana pafupi ndi mzati, akukumana ndi vuto lakelo, koma pamapeto pake ndikumvera ukulu wake womwe sunachitike.
Chifukwa chake, nazi ntchito ziwiri za mzatiyo: kutumikira ku china chake chothandizira ndikupanga malo. Ntchito yokonza danga la mzati, inde, sasankha kokha mu malo akunja, komanso mkati mwa nyumbayo kapena chipinda.
Kulumikiza kwa mizamu ndi masamba osiyanasiyana kunayambitsa mafashoni osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, "nkhalango". Koma colonenade yakale si nkhalango yolima mwachisawawa, koma mtundu wotsutsa malingaliro ndi dongosolo lachilengedwe. Kutchuka kwa zoyeserera m'paderali kuli kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti mukukumbukira mawonekedwe a akatswiri ojambula, monga a Claude Lorrene, molimba mtima anagwetsa magulu am'miyala ndi ma poltures. Malo abwino anali osweka mwaulere. Kalasi ya Chifalansa kale XVIIV. Onetsani mitundu yatsopano ya nyumba, yomwe ndikofunika kuwunikira nyumba yabwino kwambiri paki. Colonenade adalumikiza malo awiri-otsekeka (nyumba) ndi kutseguka (park). Classcism idatsitsimutsidwa komanso yotchedwa theka-lotseguka kapena nsanja, yocheperako kuchokera mbali imodzi kapena zingapo za colonnade (the Ardique Port Prototype).
Mkati mwa kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kameneli ndi zomveka komanso zomveka. Kolalayo imayambitsa bungwe la rhythmic minofu yamkati. Mtunda pakati pa mizamu, mafayilo ndi kutalika kwake imatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa chipindacho.
Mkati mwa kakhalidwe ka malo ndi nyumba yachifumu, ndipo malo a mzerewo amadziwika ndi ntchito za malo. Zofananazi zitha kunenedwa za mawonekedwe ake akunja, zimasinthanso kutengera ntchitoyo. Clowninade wonse, wolekanitsidwa pang'ono ndi ndege, ndipo, monga lamulo, kuthandizira edgeges kapena kwayala, kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwa zipolopolo ndi mahola. PoPIAL Frod Stations inali pazigawo za ku Korinto kapena Ionia. Mkati mwa mitu ya casoment omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zokongoletsera zokongoletsera kwambiri za zokongoletsera, masamba a Acanta, mabasiketi, ndalama.
Mafashoni pamtchuthi adafika pachimake pakadali pano pomwe gawo lokongoletsa linayamba kukongoletsa mipando. Miyendo ya matebulo ndi mipando ya makabati ndi zinsinsi zosemedwa ndi milu ya ionic ndi Colonels Miniature Version. Iwo, limodzi ndi ma pilasters ndi zipatso, kutsindika za omanga mipando. Chipilala chokhala ndi likulu lamkuwa nthawi zambiri limakhala lothandizira pawokha pa tebulo.
Mzere wamakono wamkati
Nchiyani chomwe chimafotokoza kutchuka kosalekeza kwa zomanga zapachipembedzochi kuchokera kwa opanga amakono, Omanga ndi zokongoletsera? Monga kale, ndipo tsopano ndi mzati (kapena gulu la mizati mu mitundu ina) imagwira bungwe la danga. Koma ngati mbiri yakale yophunzirira iyo imagwiritsa ntchito mwachangu monga thandizo, mawonekedwe amakono amagwiritsa ntchito zokongoletsera zamkati kapena kugwera chigwirizano chake. Komabe, magwiridwe ake samayiwalika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kubisa kulumikizana kulikonse, ndibwino kuposa mzati pazinthu chilichonse chifukwa chaichi sikunapangidwe. M'makola okongoletsa komanso kukothako, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lililonse kapena mizati yambiri. Maanja atha kukhala angapo - 2.3 ndipo ngakhale 4, ngati malowo alola. Ntchito zogwirira ntchito mnyumba yamakono ndi motere:imodzi. Chilengedwe kapena kulimbikitsa bungwe la rhyhymic la malo oyandikana nawo.
2. Kusintha kochititsa chidwi pakulowa kwa chipindacho. Zinthu zomangajambulayi ndizopambana kuposa ena chifukwa cha ntchito zovuta zomwe zimawoneka kapena kuwonjezera malo.
3. Kukhazikika m'chipindacho.
Mwachidziwikire, mzatiyo nthawi zambiri amakumana muzolowera za nyumba yachifumu. Ndi amene amapereka chipinda chokhazikika komanso chodzikuza. Chifukwa cha mzati wanyumba, zikuwoneka kuti alowetsedwa ndi zithunzi za kukongola kosalekeza kwachuma.
Zipangizo zomwe mizati imapangidwira lero
Pafupifupi, izi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa nthawi yakale, ndipo pofika nthawi zambiri: mtengo wake sunakhale ndi zojambula zambiri zazomwe zimathandizira monga gawo lokongoletsa mkati. Kuchokera apa, mtundu wa mizamu ndi zinthu zomwe zidachitika ndizofunikira kwambiri. Maukadaulo amakono apeza mwayi wowonjezera kuposa momwe ulilimo. Tsopano palibe chifukwa chodzipangira kukhala cholimba (kunena, kuchokera ku Marble kapena granite). Komabe, zinthu zachilengedwe siziyenera kukana.
Zipangizo zomwe mzamba zimapanga, zitha kugawidwa mwachilengedwe komanso chojambula. Pakati zonse ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya marble, granite, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi nkhuni. Mutha kugula mzere mu miyambo yabwino kwambiri ya nyumba yachifumu yomwe ili mu miyambo yabwino kwambiri ya nyumba yachilengedwe: kuchokera ku zachilengedwe kapena miyala yapakatikati pakati pa malalanje ndi miyala yamiyala. Kuchokera ku Traminine adamanga Balosseum wakale wachiroma. Zinthu ndizotsika mtengo kuposa marble achilengedwe. Ndikokwanira kuti mudziwe zokhazokha za mtundu wa mtundu wautoto.
Tonse tikukumbukira holo ya malachite yanyengo yozizira, mizere yokongola kwambiri ya wobiriwira wandiweyani. Mphamvu yamitundu yachifumu ikhoza kukhuta lero. Makampani angapo amapereka olixes, zobiriwira komanso zakuda zochokera ku India, Indonesia, Indonesia ndi Egypt, zikutenga malamulo kuti apangire ma piplo, a Balkrade ndipo, ndi zigawo. Tsuka wa Mwala wachilengedwe - kaya ndi orklucent payx, khwangwala yofinya kapena malachite odabwitsa safanana ndi chilichonse. Zipangizozi zimalimbikitsidwa kuti muzikongoletsa nyumba, chifukwa okwera mtengo kwambiri oti awonekere ku nyengo zoyipa komanso kusintha kwa dziko lakunja. AVTOT granite ndi miyala yamiyala ndiyoyenera kumizamu yomwe ili kunja.
Granite mwala, wopangidwa ndi Mica, Spat ndi Quartz. Pali a Granites okhala ndi njere yayikulu, yapakatikati komanso yaying'ono. Ndi mawonekedwe amiyalayi omwe nthawi zambiri amamenya malonda. Katundu wa granite, monga kutsika kwamadzi ndi kukana kwa Abrasion, adavotera kwa nthawi yayitali. Musakayikire kuti mizamu ya idzakutumikirani inu ndi mbadwa zako za zaka mazana atatu.
Banja lolimba lolimba. Nthawi zambiri amayamba mwa miyala ina, yofewa (mwachitsanzo, agate, oneyx, Jasper).
Mabulo, ngati a Granites, mitundu yamitundu. Zolimba kwambiri pazovuta zamakina zamiyala yabwino ndi yapakatikati. Marbles ndi homogeneous mu kapangidwe (choyera ndi imvi) ndi ishomugeneous (mitundu yonse ya mabulosi). Kukongola kwamiyala kumadalira zosanja. Marble sakulimbana ndi chiwonetsero chakunja kuposa granite, amatha kudzaza, chikasu, ngakhale kutha. Kupatula komwe kumapangitsa mitundu yotere kukhala "akani", "Moscow" kapena ku Italy "Blunca Carrara" (pansi pa maudindo a miyala yachilengedwe). Marble amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yomanga ndi yomanga. Imbani marble omwe adavomerezedwa ndi mawonekedwe ake kapena mawonekedwe ake. Mwala wabwino kwambiri unali pachilumba cha Paros, mu mikangano yotchuka ya karrara ku Tuscany (Italy). The Egypt a Marble ndi madontho akuda a humer ndi mitsempha yachikasu achikasu amabwera kuchokera ku zonunkhira ku Liguria (Italy).
Mitundu yoona yoyera bwino kwambiri yokongoletsa malo amkati mwa nyumbayo. Lero mutha kupereka zinyama zopangidwa ndi miyala yodula kwambiri yomwe yaperekedwa pamsika, - Rosso Rosso Porbsene Marble, loyera Blanca Carrara kapena Lilac Slome. Pali mitundu yotsika mtengo: "ronansky" - zonona, zoyera kapena zowoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino "- zowoneka bwino ndi zingwe zofiirira zakuda.
Mafuta obiriwira obiriwira, ofananira ndi agate. Anamupeza dzina lake ku Greek "Malaxi" - Malva, chifukwa mtundu wake umafanana ndi masamba a masamba awa. Malachite ndilofunika. Chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa mkuwa kumakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira. Pezani ku Urals, ku South Australia, ku Chile.
Jadit, nephritis, anyper, jasper, lazuli, rodinonis ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali kapena yosiyanasiyana ndikungopita kutsanulira miyala.
Ndipo komabe tikukhala m'zaka za matekinoloje atsopano ndi zida zopangira. Apoto tiyeni tikambirane njira zaposachedwa kuti tipange mizati. Masiku ano amatha kupangidwa kuchokera kumakanikizidwa kapena kuphatikizika konkire, polyiretha, mwala ndi zida zophatikizika.
Maziko otchedwa mwala onga ojambula ndi gawo lamiyala kapena mwala, kuti, kuwonjezera pa chofunda, kuwonjezera pigment, quartz mchenga, ndi zina. Chinsinsi chouma chimatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mzati woyang'anizana ndi mwala woyang'ana mwala womwe umawathandiza. Polyester, atamangiriridwa ndi fumbi la fiberglass ndi fumbi la mabulosi, ndi zinthu zopanda pake, zolimbana ndi nyengo ndi chinyezi komanso kukhala ndi kulemera pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, mzatiyo wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 244cm ndi mainchesi 20cm kumatha kupirira malo okhazikika a mpaka5.5t. Juvet nthawi yomweyo 25kg! Msika wogulitsa umaperekanso zinthu kuchokera ku polyurethane, pulasitala ndi fiberglass. Mitundu yonyansa iyi imatha kutembenuka kuchokera ku zokongoletsera kwa onyamula. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri ndi kudzaza konkriti kapena chitsulo.
Pamwamba ndi kapangidwe
Pamwamba pa mzerewu ukhoza kukhala wosalala kapena wofunikira. Zojambula zakale zofanizira ndi mabodza aulere. Koma mzati wapamwamba ndi wodziwika bwino pa mawonekedwe osalala. Itha kukhala yosalala, kokha pang'ono pang'ono kwa granite kapena miyala yamtengo wapatali yokhala ndi zida zokhala ndi chida. Kukongoletsa uku kumafunika makamaka, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kuzindikira kukongola kwa mwala wachilengedwe, kusunga mtundu wake ndi kapangidwe kake.Mitundu ya zokongoletsera
Tiyeni tinene nthawi yomweyo: Pakukongoletsa zokongoletsera, zokongoletsa mitu yamiyendo, zida zopangira zimakhala ndi maluso okwera kuposa achilengedwe. Njira yogwirizira zamiyala imafunikira ndalama zambiri. Koma lero, kapu ya mzatiyo, kaya ndi wochokera ku poureurethane kapena sandstone, wokulungidwa ndi masamba a Acanta kapena Palmette.
Zokongoletsera, luso la mawonekedwe, chuma cha zomangamanga ndi mwayi wapulasiting'ono zidapangitsa mtundu wa wokondedwa wapamwamba ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa m'makono.
Buku lopanga mabuku ku Russia
Lamulo . Crescent ndipo ndi mzati.
Malayini - Chomanga, chimatchedwanso kuti "thupi la kuzungulira". Ndi mawonekedwe mu mawonekedwe a mzati wapamwamba, womwe umagwira ntchito ngati chithandizo m'nyumba kapena chipilala chosiyana. Ili ndi maziko, mbiya ndi cartures.
Maziko - maziko omwe mbiya ya mzati imakhazikitsidwa.
Mtengo - Thupi la mzati, lomwe nthawi zambiri lingalingalire za mzati weniweni. Ndi gawo limodzi la zonse.
Chitolilo (SPR. Cannel) - ofukula mitengo pachinthu cha mizati kapena ma pilates. Classiciscim nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito mitengo ikuluikulu.
Kuma - Kumaliza kwa mzati kapena Pilasters. Tsopano, titaona Kapiteli, titha kunena kuti ndife athu onse.
Osapindulitsa - zokongoletsera, zokongoletsera zokongoletsera mu mawonekedwe a curl, mizere pamitu ya Ionia.
Palmetta - Zojambula zowoneka bwino masamba a kanjedza. Ntchito zokongoletsera za ku Korinto.
Doric dongosolo - Wokhazikika, loyimira, wamphamvu, "wamwamuna". Mzere wa Doric unali ndi thunthu lalikulu, linali lililonse lopanda maziko ndipo anali odziwika ndi osavuta, opanda chidwi chopanda tanthauzo.
Dongosolo la IIAN - Mwa manja, wamakono, "mkazi". Nyanjayi imakhazikika pamtunda, imakhala ndi zingwe zokongola komanso kapu yokhala ndi zokongoletsera mu mawonekedwe a mimbulu.
Dongosolo Laku Korinto , komanso Ionic, imadziwika ndi magwiridwe antchito ndi kukhalapo kwa maziko. Amadziwika ndi katundu wobzala. Aroma adapereka malamulo achigiriki omwe amapangika mokongoletsera kwambiri omwe amaphatikiza zinthu za ku Korinto ndi inonol. Malamulo omwe atchulidwawa adatsimikiza kukhazikitsidwa kwa masitaelo otsatira aluso padziko lonse lapansi.