Mbale zamatope: Mbiri yopezeka; Mitundu yamakono ya utoto wamtali; Zinthu zomwe zimawonetsera mtengo wa mbale.
"Watsopano Russia" Watsopano "akudandaula za wina:" Ndinagula tsiku lina lomwe lino la Duwa la Dzuwa la Dzuwa, ndipo ine ndikuganiza - China idatulika! "
M'malo mwake, aliyense amadziwa kuti porcewer adapangidwa ku China. Zaka mazana awiri zopitilira, olamulira achi China anali "ogulitsa" zakudya zapadera "zopezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi ziwonetsero zingati zopsinjidwa mozungulira chinsinsi cha zinthu zosalimba iyi! Koma achi China adatha kusunga zinsinsi, ndipo azungu sanasiye chilichonse, momwe angatsegulire chinsinsi chawo popanga nkhunda. Izi zidachitika m'bwalo la Emperor wa Saxon mu 1708. Ivkore ku Germany, kenako ku Europe inayamba kutsegulanso zopanga za porphateya. Zina mwazomwe zidalipo ku Europe zomwe zidachitika ku Europe zidabuka ngakhale pamenepo. AVOT yaulemelero wa Porceuya ya Chinese idatsala kale - m'nthawi yathu ino, abwino kwambiri amapangidwa ku Europe.
Germany ndi United Kingdom ukhale ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo mpikisanowu udalibe kuseri kwa Ajeremani. Kukumbukira akatswiriwo, zoperewera za zakudya za Chingerezi sizikanatha koma zimakhudza michere ya Chingerezi (teapot mkati). Wheel sadzayiwala kuti zinali ku UK kuti "fupa" lowoneka bwino, loonda kwambiri komanso lolimba limapangidwa ku UK. Britain imuyitane helchina. Chifukwa chake, atawona cholembera pansi, musaganize kuti inu "China chinasiyidwa". Ali m'njira, tinene kuti: Zotsika mtengo komanso zotsika mtengo, zomwe zidawoneka zaka zingapo zapitazo, koma palibe mbale zowonekera ku "fupa" lotchedwa lorinwer. Amapangidwa ndi galasi lalikulu ndipo ili kumapeto kwa mawonekedwe.
Ubwino wa porcewer umatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zinayi: zakuthupi, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe ndi kuwoloka. Polankhula za nkhaniyo, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti "CAMramics" ndi dzina lonse la zinthu zonse kuchokera ku dongo lotchedwa. Mawu awa amamasuliridwa. Ceramini imagawidwa kukhala mitundu yambiri, yomwe ili pamalo oyamba, ndipo pamanyazi omaliza. Ubwino wa porcelain unkatengera zomwe zalembedwako (dongo loyera lomwe likukhudza mtundu wa malonda), kuchokera zazing'ono za chopukusira, zomwe dongo lidawoneka, komanso magawo angapo aumusi. Mtundu wa mbale za porcelaria uyenera kukhala wodekha komanso wofunda (wonona). Ngati mithunzi ya buluu-buluu imalamulidwa mmenemo, imalankhula za zinthu zochepa. Ubwino wa kupera ndikusavuta kuyang'ana poyang'ana m'maso pa mbale, "zodetsa zilizonse" zimawerengedwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake porcewer sudzaphimba utoto. "Thupi loyera lauto", monga akatswiri amatchedwa, liyenera kutsimikiziridwa, ndipo osabisidwa.
Ponena za mawonekedwe a chinthucho, amamvetsetsa pano osati kapangidwe kake (ndi kulumikizana kwapadera), koma kudzipereka wamba. Kuyang'ana mozondoka mbale kapena chikho iyenera kukhala yosawoneka bwino kumtunda kwa tebulo lonselo ndikusasunthika.
Malinga ndi njira yojambula, porcelain imagawidwa mwapakati pake (kapena, monga amatchulidwira, kupanga) ndi delol. Kalikonse ndichinthu chofanana ndi zithunzi. Zachidziwikire, alinso ndi mitundu yawoyawo, koma mfundo ngati izi zitha kukhala ndi chidwi ndi akatswiri okha.
Wopangidwa ndiuto wopangidwa umakhala wamanja nthawi zonse. Zimakhala ndi CXWEK, ndipo munthawi yathu itapangidwa kokha. Zakudyazi sizili konse kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo m'dziko lathu adangoyambiranso. Mtengo wa ntchitoyi umafanana ndi roll Royce.
Nambala yomwe ili m'gululi ndilo. Kusayansidwa, kungoyang'ana ntchito yofananira yomwe ili mu malo otchuka ku Moscow pa nyama mumsewu, omwe kale ku Kuznetsovsky. Wopanga wina wazomwezi, adapangana ku Austria, ku Hungary ngati Medison. Tsopano iyi ndi bizinesi yodziyimira pawokha, koma apa zojambulajambula zake, zikakhala kuti zimapangidwa pameni. Conservatism idathandizira kampani yabwino ntchito: pakati pa makasitomala akumuwona mfumukazi ya Chingerezi ndi Rothschild.
Mwambiri, ku China, mosiyana ndi madera ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro, osati zatsopano, koma chikhalidwe. Omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa amatsutsa opanga ku France ndi ku Italy, zabwino kwambiri, zimakhala zokonda kwambiri zoyeserera, zimakhala zamafashoni. Mwachitsanzo, zopangidwa ndi mtundu wa taitu (Italy) zawonetsedwa ndi mafomu achidule komanso zokongoletsera zamakono zamakono. Komabe, ku France pali mtundu wa sevres, womwe waperekedwa pamsika wokha ndi mawu okha. Koma ambiri okhala ndi mahutomoni amatoma omwe amapereka ndalama zatsopano chaka chilichonse. Izi zimatchedwa kofanana kwamakono, mfundo yoti limoges ya Livioges mu pordet limagwirabe ntchito nthawi zonse ku Louvre.
Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti, imodzi mwazithunzi za matope zoyambirira sizichokera ku French. Adatsegulidwa mu 1842 Hevielt, American, yemwe adayamba kupanga wamphamvu akadali kwawo. Sunthani fakitole ku Europe, ndipo zinali m'malime omwe zidamupangitsa kuti achite ngozi: Aristocrat wokalamba adapempha kuti apange saiyu wosweka. Chifukwa chake woyambitsa kupanga adakumana koyamba ndi limoges Porin, yemwe adamgonjetsa kwathunthu. Tsopano Heviland ndi amodzi mwa mafakitale akulu kwambiri, ndipo mutu wosweka kuchokera ku ntchito iliyonse, yomwe idatulutsidwa pano, ndizotheka kupanga zitsanzo zonse munyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale.
Mawu akuti "Lilogs Work" anamva chilichonse, komanso mawu akuti "Metil Tile". Analandira dzina lake kuchokera ku tawuni yaying'ono ya amadzi ku Germany, komwe kuyambira pachiyambi cha Xixvek ndi likulu la villeroyboch. Apa tikuchoka ku gawo la luso lalikulu la zopangidwa ndi malo opangira matope, ndiye kuti, zakudya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Zomwe sizosangalatsa, chifukwa kuphunzira zowonetsera zakale sikunakopedwa kwa onse, koma aliyense amakonda kudya patebulo lokongola.
Villeroyboch, yemwe ndi weimear, amakhala pamwamba kwambiri mu malo opangira tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma ndikoyenera kutsimikizira kuti mtengo wa mbale uwu udzapangitsa kuti eni athu ambiri aziwerengera zambiri pa parade. Mtengo wofanana wa ntchito yodyera kuchokera ku "fupa" la "($ 1000-1300, ndipo mawonekedwe omwewo ndi owundani adzawononga $ 500-700. Mtengo wake ndi wolungamitsidwa ndi mtundu ndi kapangidwe ka mbale. Palibe, ngakhale chidutswa choperekera utoto, sichidzatayika, chidzatayika, chifukwa dengul yonse ku Dorcely imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja pamanja. Kumbz, kupanga mitengo yabizinesiyi ilibe mbiri yosangalatsa kuposa Opanga China Opanga China.
Chifukwa chake, Franco adakhazikitsa kupanga kwake mu 1748, patadutsa zaka 40 atalandira kulandira utoto ku Europe. M'badwo wachitatu wa Bohov United United The Reffprise ndi Makoff a omwe adayamba kuchita Nicolas Willero. Bizinesi iyi idakhazikitsidwa ndi ukwati wa Nicholas ndi Ezhen Baha. B1797 Joseph Boh adapanga mapangidwe apadera a ng'anjo yowombera, yomwe idalola bizinesi kuti ichitike kuderali. Mapangidwe a ng'anjoyo sanasinthe mpaka lero. Masiku ano kampaniyo imatsogolera m'badwo wachisanu ndi chitatu zam'chimaliro cha Booh. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, director yopanga ndi yoimira banja la Alexander foblech. Mwambiri, kumvetsetsa kuti ndi wojambula yemwe amapeza maziko opambana, adawonekera pa bizinesi iyi kumayambiriro kwa xixvek. Mu 1921, sukulu yaluso idapangidwa pafakitale, yomwe maphunziro ake adalandira mutu wa wopanga. Mwina adakhala opanga oyamba m'mbiri ya anthu. Tsopano, popanda kusokoneza miyambo ya kalasi Yake Yojambula, kampaniyo imagwiranso ntchito ndi Keno ndi Luig akuda. Zotengera zapadera za mbale zikupitilirabe kungopanga chithunzi cha Paloma, mwana wamkazi wa Great BUBLO. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Villeroyboch kokha ndi Wedgwood yomwe ili ndi mitu yonse ya matope okhala ndi zigawo zina zonse za tebulo: piribulo, zida, magalasi avinyo, zoyikapo nyali.
Yemwe nthawi ina adakhazikitsa ntchito yophimba tebulo lokongola kwambiri, amamvetsetsa momwe zimakhalira zovuta kupirira bizinesiyi. Taphunzira kale momwe mungasungire mwatsatanetsatane suti yanu, tazindikira kuti zamkati ziyenera kukhala zolimba komanso zogwirizana. Koma bwanji pa magome a tchuthi? Magalasiwo, okongoletsedwa ndi mitsempha ya stember, ndi mbale zomwe zili ndi vignette? Tidzayesabe kundiuza zambiri m'zinthu zotsatirazi za magazini mwatsatanetsatane. Koma ngati zinthu zonse patebulo zizikhala zovuta. Kodi amaphatikizapo chiyani kwenikweni? Zimatengera zizolowezi ndi miyambo ya banja lililonse. Kaya mumayamba kudya chakudya chamadzulo ku msuzi, kenako mumafunikira msuzi (wazamagulu (wazamagulu) kukhitchini, ndipo simudzaika mphika patebulo). Kwina katswiri wazomwe amachita zachinyengo - Lasagna, kotero mukufunikira fomu yapadera kuti mubere mbale patebulo, apo ayi itataya kaonedwe ". Katundu kwinakwake kumapita kukacheza ndi anthu khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, ndipo kwinakwake kumakondwerera banja lopapatiza.
Zonsezi zimapangitsa kugula kwa ntchito, ntchitoyo sikogwirizana kwambiri. Ndibwino kuti musankhe zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazoyenera zomwe zimapangidwa mu kapangidwe kake. Mwayi Wamawa Waliyonse mu Dongosolo ili, monga tanenera, amapereka villerocyboch. Iliyonse mwa magulu angapo a kampaniyo imayimiriridwa ndi mbale zonse za matope komanso zida zonse zofunika.
Porceular (WTK China) amatulutsa Chijeremani ku Germany, lomwe limakhazikitsidwa ngakhale mu 1814 ku Bavaria wolemba wachinyamata wachinyamata wa Karl Couchroner. Mu msika wathu, wopangayu amaperekedwa pansi pa mkango. Chidwi cha Hutchety chimaphatikizaponso mafakitale angapo opanga, pakati pazinthu zina, mbale za mahotela ndi malo odyera (ngakhale osakira nawo).
Zopezeka pamitengo ya China ku Germany Firms "yozizira" ndi Khala. Koma pano kusankha si kupanga tsatanetsatane wa zokongoletsera za tebulo liyenera kudzipangira okha. Zowona, ku Moscow Pali malo amodzi enieni "nyumba ya Slavic", komwe mungapeze mbale zamitundu yambiri yaku Europe, ndipo nthawi yomweyo mumamusankha mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri onse omwe mumafunikira.
Chotsika mtengo chotsika mtengo ndi malo abwino a Czech. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale zamadothi. Izi ndi "Bernadot" (kuti asasokonezeke ndi msewu wapamwamba wa French Branch) - mbale zoyera popanda mawonekedwe, zokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsera zophatikizika, ndi "Zwibl" - Blue-Blue.
Mwambiri, dziwe loyera lokhala ndi zojambula zamtambo ndizopanda malire. Wokongoletsa uyu adachokera ku China. Koma ngati ku China, zokongoletsera zinali chipatso cha makangaza, ndiye kuti azungu, osadziwa chomera chotere, adachitengera anyezi kuposa momwe adayamba kukongoletsa mbale zawo. Chifukwa chake dzinali. Chipatala, mu Nyanja yayikulu ya Pouni yomwe yabwera kuchokera ku Czech Republic, "Zwibral" ndizosowa kwambiri. Akhungu, chifukwa mtundu wake uli ndi zinthu zoposa mazana anayi.
Kuphatikiza pa Chekhov, buluu-buluu wa buluu amapanga nthawi ya Chingerezi, koma mbalezi ndizokayikitsa kuti mwina musankhe zodetsa tsiku ndi tsiku. Zowona, masikono owundapo ndi osakanikirana, osati osapanga, koma dokotala amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa njira yapadera yofananira, ndipo izi zimachitika zokha. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti mtengo wa ntchito kwa anthu khumi ndi awiri akuyandikira $ 50,000. Ukadaulo wa zokongoletsera zokongoletsera zokongoletsa za zokongoletsazo zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zidabwera ndi zaka zoposa mazana awiri zapitazo zomwe adayambitsa zhosaya agwedezeka. Talekha yosiyanasiyana ya munthu uyu, yemwe nthawi yomweyo anali bizinesi ndipo wojambulayo, adathandizira kulimba kwa zaka zana limodzi. Opangidwa ndi kusonkhanitsa - "Blue ku Italy", "Tower Tower" ndi "msondo" - amapangidwa mpaka lero ndikupitilizabe kuchita bwino. Antell amayesa kuyerekezera matebulo apamwamba kwambiri, ndiye kuti ntchito ya Blue Italy imayima pa iyo. Mwinanso, chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwa Chingerezi kokha ku miyambo ndi mzimu wapadera wapamwamba, matembenukidwe amakhalabe mtundu wogwira ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mapangidwe apamwamba a kapangidwe kake ka kapangidwe kake ka kapangidwe kake kamaphatikizanso China mtundu wa reichenbach ndi wedgwood. Mitengo- $ 3-10,000 kwa chiwerengero cha zinthu. Kuzungulira gawo lomweli ndi ROSALH, komwe akupanga ma velgace ndi Bulgari adagwira ntchito. Mwa zina mwa zosonkhana za mtunduwu mutha kunyamula mbale za chidziwitso chamakono.
Hermes amatenga niche yapadera. Zogulitsa zazikulu za kampaniyi zakhala zikuyenda bwino nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake China sizimapanga pano modziyimira pawokha, koma dongosolo mu limoges. Kuphatikiza apo, kucokera kwa mndandanda woyamba wa mtunduwu kunakopeka kuchokera kumutu (maluwa amaso kuchokera ku masamba mpaka omaliza). Hermes safuna kupanga zipinda zodyeramo, ndikupanga zinthu za payekha, zoyenera kupereka mphatso.
Pomaliza, sizingatheke kuti musatchule zaombengo wathu wa ku Russia. Chomera choyamba cha purlia choyambirira ku Russia chinamangidwa pafupi ndi St. Petersburg Pansi pa Mdzupandu wa Elizabeth mu 1744 ndi dzina lachifumu. Akasitomala aku Russia, atatsala pang'ono kuchedwa kumadzulo kwa European, chinsinsi cha porcetan chipolopolo chimafa. Wotulutsa muulamuliro wapakhomo anali Dmitry Ivanovich Vunogrodov. Mu1750, makamaka chifukwa cha kugwederera pafakitale, ntchito "yake" inapangidwa ndi chiwerengero chodabwitsa cha zinthu. Onsewa anali opakidwa ndi gululi lofiirira wokhala ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono. Zofanana za zokongoletsera izi zikuwonekera mu Meas Service "Cobat Gridid" idatulutsidwa nkhondo itatha. Mwina pano ichi ndi chinthu chosakanikira kwambiri cha chomera cha Lomonosov.
Mwa opanga akuluakulu adziko lapansi ku Russia, chomera cha dminry awiri mu vervilki pafupi ndi Moscow (wakale pabomu) ndi chomera chochokera ku Dulytovo (kale adayang'ana wogula wamkulu. Amakhalanso ndi malo oyambira, kuyambira Sxviiv, ndi villeroyboch. Koma zotsatira zake zomwe makampaniwa zafika pachibwenzi siziyenera kufananizidwa. Komabe, tonse tikudziwa kuti panali zifukwa zake. Zimakhalabe ndi chiyembekezo kuti kutukuka, komwe poryuun porsey adapulumuka kotala komaliza kwa XVIIV, tsiku linanso limabwereza. Zogulitsa za lomonosov porceulat fakitartor zopangidwa posachedwapa.