Mbale. Zojambulajambula, zofananira zomwe zimachokera kunja komanso mitundu yanyumba.
Kodi mukudziwa, ndi anthu anzathu ambiri amagwirizanitsa mawu oti "Homeh Mtima"? Ndipo akatswiri azachikhalidwe amadziwa: ndi chitofu khitchini, ndipo mpweya, ndikuwala. Monga wolemba ndakatulo anati: "Maonekedwe, ndi osasangalatsa, koma okhulupirika." Kupatula apo, iye, kubadwa, ndi kudyetsa, ndi kutentha, ndikutembenukira kukhitchini kukhala malo opambana kuti alankhule m'banja ndi abwenzi apamtima. Kodi ndikutha kukhala chozizwitsa cha ukadaulo wamakono? Tiyeni tikambirane.
Ndi mtundu wa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mbale zapanyumba zitha kugawidwa kukhala mafuta olimba (i.e. Wood kapena malasha), mpweya ndi magetsi. Zosavuta kwambiri kugwira ntchito ziwiri zomaliza. Komanso, kulimbana kwa omwe akuwamvera chisoni kumachitika pakati pawo mosiyanasiyana. Mawonekedwe apakatikati amatanganidwa ndi mitsuko yomwe imaphatikizika yomwe mafuta atatu oyakiramo amayandikana ndi electrocansict (zochepa nthawi zambiri) kapena m'malo mwa mafuta ovesi amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi.
Tsopano, zotero kunena, za malo omwe ali mumlengalenga. Pa maziko awa, mbale zamagesi zimagawidwa m'mabanja awiri akuluakulu: oletsedwa ndi omangidwa. Pakadali pano, mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya kukula kwake ndiofala kwambiri: 5050cm (yaying'ono) ndi 6060cm (yayikulu). Kumayambiriro, masikono apakati adawonekera ku Russia - 5353cm. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu yovomerezeka ya desktop.
Opanga osiyanasiyana amapereka mitundu yambiri ya masitovu a mpweya, nthawi zambiri pang'ono kuposa wina ndi mnzake. Amene angasankhe, ndiye funso. Muyenera kuyankha nokha. Bizinesi yathu ikufotokozerekani bwino kwa inu chithunzi chonse, ndikutaya mankhusu atsatsa.
Posanthula, timagwiritsa ntchito njira yovomerezeka ya "mtengo wake". Zochitika pano zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonekeratu: momwe zimakhalira, zabwino kwa wogula. Avota lingaliro la "mtundu" wa "mtundu" ukufunika kumveketsa. Timapanga monga kuthekera kwa thupi kukwaniritsa zosowa zambiri popanda kukonza ndikuwonjezera mtengo.
Poyamba, lingalirani za banja lalikulu kwambiri la tiles tokha payokha. Pafupifupi mbewu khumi zimapanga, zambiri zomwe zimachokera zaka 40 zapitazo ndikupanga mitundu yachikale. Chomera chamakono komanso chamakono, chomangidwa ku USSR, ndi "Brestazoapparafrat". Kwa iye, ukadaulo waposachedwa ndi zida zogulidwa ku Soviet-nthawi, kulola mbale zamagesi miliyoni pachaka.
Kutayika kwa Russia kumayambiriro kwa 90s kwa wopanga waukulu wa mbale zamagesi (G. B. BONT) Kukakamizidwa Rao Gabrasky - mu mzinda wa Tchaikovsky ndi gawo la Krasnodar, komanso kugula mtengo waukulu Bresthazoppathip Enterprise. Nthawi yomweyo, chomera chatsopano chopanga mbale zapakhomo zidapangidwa pamaziko a mayanjano a Penishing ". Pachifukwa ichi, kampani ya ku Italy idalandanso layisensi, yogula matekinoloje amakono. Ku Russia, ku Russia "Player" wamkulu "omwe amawongolera zoposa 50% ya msika, ndi wogwira ntchito yazithunzithunzi. Chotsatira, opanga mapulogalamu a "Darna" (g.Chaikovsky) ndi de luxe (pynza) ndikupikisana, kenako ena onse. Mu mabizinesi omwe timadzinenera kuti "Zina", ndizosiyana kwambiri. Wina amatulutsa mitsuko imodzi kapena itatu ya Intecha ndipo ali ndi ogula, ndipo wina nthawi zambiri amakhala wopanda pake.
Pa masitovu ena osungunuka omwe adayika chida chomwe chimangosiya mafuta okwera pamafuta ngati lawisa lidatuluka. Izi zimatchedwa dongosolo loyang'anira mafuta. Zinthu zake zazikulu ndi lawi la sensor (monga lamulo, ndichinthu champhamvu) ndi valavu yotseka yotseka yomwe imakulitsa chubu cha mpweya. Thermocleple imayikidwa pafupi ndi burner ndipo akulamulira kuchokera ku lawi, amapanga voliyumu yomwe valavu yotseka imatseguka. Lawi la Lawi limatuluka (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku chimphepo champhamvu cha mphepo kapena chifukwa choletsa magesi), kutentha kwa thermocouple kumachepa, valavu yamagetsi yotsekera ndikutseka chitseko cha gasi. Mukakanikiza mphamvu pa torch, valavu imayamba. Komabe, izi zitha kuchitika pambuyo poti nthawi inayake (30-90 masekondi) ngati lawi linatuluka.
De luxe ndi Darna mbale zimapangidwa mu Europe, kupanga kumachitika zida zamakono. Zolephera chifukwa cha zolakwika zopanga mu mbalezi sizikupezekanso, chifukwa zimatengedwa ngati maziko abwino kwambiri, koma komanso zitsanzo zodalirika. Zofooka zambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ukadaulo molakwika kwa ntchito ya payekha ndi msonkhano wonsewo. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kuwonongeka kwa enamel ogwirizana kapena chitseko cha uvuni.Makina ogwirira ntchito de luxe ndi "Darna" pafupifupi. Pali zitsanzo ndi zowotcha zamagetsi, ndi popanda Iwo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma ruble oyamba ndi okwera mtengo 500, kotero malinga ndi "mtengo wake" ndiwowoneka bwino kutenga mbale popanda kuyaka kwa ma ruble 80. Opepuka pagulitse. Mwa njirayo, imaperekanso chidziwitso chodalirika mosasamala mavuto a nyuzi amphamvu. Ndikofunikira kuganizira kuti mbale za "Darna" zimapangidwa zaka ziwiri ndipo, ngakhale kuti akupanga akuwonjezeka, palibe ziwerengero zodalirika za zolephera. Mapulogalamu a dengo ali ndi zaka zopitilira zisanu, ukadaulo wa msonkhano wakhazikitsidwa kale, khalidwe ndi labwino.
Mapula Mafuta Opanga Mafuta
| Wopanga, dziko | Chizindikiro | Kuchuluka kwa mitundu, zochulukirapo | Mtengo *, ma ruble zikwizikwi. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aeg, Germany | AEG | zisanu | 10-15 |
| Ardo, Italy | Ardo. | 10 | 7-11 |
| BOP tACHI, Italy | Bombuni. | zisanu | 6-10. |
| Bosch, Germany | Bosch. | 10 | 9-13. |
| Brandt, France | Brandt. | zisanu | 11-15 |
| Kaiser, Germany | Kaiser. | 10 | 8-13 |
| Afrolini, Italy | Ariston. | 10 | 7-12. |
| Issit. | 10 | 6-10. | |
| Simiens, Germany | Simiyoni. | zisanu | 10-14. |
| Elecrolleux, Sweden | Electhifhux | 10 | 10-14. |
Chinthu chinanso. Wogula ayenera kudziwa kuti zida zapakhomo ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri zimafunikira zinthu zambiri pakugwira ntchito. Kuzindikira za iwo, mwatsoka, muyenera kulota. Tinene kuti, zimadziwika kuti m'mawa ndi madzulo ndi okonda gasi ambiri, kukakamizidwa mu msewu wawukulu kumatha kugwera poyerekeza ndi nthawi ya tsiku 2-3. Kuchepetsa kwa magetsi pamagetsi magetsi amagetsi siambiri kwambiri, koma kumachitika nthawi yomweyo tsiku ndipo kumatsimikizika pa dontho la mpweya. Izi zitha kubweretsa kugwirira ntchito magetsi osakhazikika ndi makina owongolera mpweya.
Russian GOST R 50696-94, mogwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka mapangidwe a ku Russia kumachitika, kumatenga kusinthasintha kwa mpweya. Chifukwa chake, masitovu a mpweya ayenera kugwira ntchito mokhazikika pomwe kupanikizika kuchokera ku 650 mpaka 1800 fo ku Ratwit pa intaneti ya 1300 pa. Poyerekeza: en-30 muyezo, kuwongolera chitukuko ndi kugwira ntchito kwa maliro a pa Europe ku Europe, kuyambira nthawi 1500 mpaka 2300 pa pa 1800 pa. Malinga ndi en-30, kuyesedwa kwa magetsi ndi mpweya wowongolera kumachitika nthawi yayitali komanso yochepera. Opanga ena ku Europe (mwachitsanzo, Kaiser ndi Msroloni), popereka zogulitsa zawo ku Russia, amaganizirananso za anthu wamba. Ndi makampani awa omwe akutsogolera nthumwi zakunja pamsika waku Russia waukadaulo wanyumba yamagetsi.
Zinthu zotsatirazi za ntchito yogulitsa malo ogulitsira ku Russia zimapangitsa kuti cholinga chake ndi chosankha, koma osapangitsa kuti lisasinthe. Kupatula apo, ngati magawo a zamagetsi ndi magetsi amagetsi amakhala okhazikika, kenako magwiridwe antchito apamwamba ndi ukadaulo wa telvilocal amapanga mitundu yakunja yomwe amakonda.
Komabe, kuyerekezera kapangidwe ka mbale zaku Russia, mumabwera kumayambiriro koyamba. Arminno- kuti mbale yamagesi aku Russia ndiyabwino kwambiri pazamiya. Choyamba, luso lawo limakhala lotalikirapo kuposa zomwe aku Europe, chifukwa chake, amawotcha mafuta ochepa. Kachiwiri, zinthu zathu zimapereka zinthu zotetezeka gasi. Izi zimapezeka chifukwa chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Russia pazakuti zofunika za chilengedwe ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa mu Europe. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi Gust P 50696-94 muzophatikiza, zomwe zili pa kaboni monoxide (carbon monoxide) sayenera kupitirira 0.01-0.03% (ndi voliyumu), ndi a nayirugen. Malinga ndi Europe Standard En-30, kupsinjika kwa carbon monoxide sangathe kupitirira 0.1-0.2% (nthawi 10)!), Ndipo zomwe za nayirogen ma oxides sizili bwino konse.
Mizu ya "kuuma kwathu" yathu, ngati mukufuna, mu umphawi ndi nyengo zozizira. Pamene mu 50s, matenda akuluakulu a mizinda ndi matauni, khitchini, malinga ndi miyezoyo, inali ndi dera la 4-7 lalikulu. m, kulibe mpweya wabwino. Izi zidapangitsa kuti opanga apangane ndi zida zapakhomo pankhani ya mafuta owotcha. Mayiko a Aeuromaan amapita kumadera awo okhala kumadera omwe ali ndi nyengo yotentha: Amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopanga mpweya wabwino, ndipo ali ndi khitchini yambiri. Chifukwa chake, polankhula mosamalitsa, mphero zamagetsi zochokera ku Russia ziyenera kugulitsidwa ku Russia zokwanira, zomwe sizinathere kusinthana kwa mpweya 10 kukhitchini. Zikuonekeratu kuti chifukwa chake, zinthu zina zomwe zimagulitsa zikuwoneka zokwera mtengo pa $ 100-150 (mwa mawu ena, mtengo wathunthu wa mbale yatsopano ya ku Russia). Opanga ku Europe sananenedwe mwachindunji pa izi kwa wogula wa ku Russia, komanso safuna kuphwanya lamulolo. Ivota ili kale m'masitolo ambiri a makampani pa stofu ya gasi osakhazikika: Mukufuna kugula, koma mukufuna. Mfundo yoti kagwiridwe kake ku Europe lucavo amawala kwambiri izi ndizomveka. Sichidziwike: Chifukwa chiyani firmany imafuula motsutsana ndi mwayi pakona pakona iliyonse ?!
Mtsogoleri wa msika wapabanja Jon Brestgazoppart amapanga mbale 500 za pafupifupi mabatani onse a kuphedwa pachaka: Mitundu yoposa 10), kuphatikiza ufa wamagetsi (oposa 10), komanso ena.
Pakadali pano, molingana ndi chitsimikizirocho, mtengo wa mtundu wa mbale wa hefendoti ndi kupikisana ndi Ardo ndi bopani. Komabe, kufanana kumeneku kukuwoneka kuti sikusokonekera osati potipatsa. Gulu la makampani a Namenii apanga zida zapakhomo ku Poland. Chifukwa chake musadabwe ngati mutakumana m'sitolo ya $ 199 mbale kapena kuyika m'sitolo.
Zipangizo zamakhitchini ya agogo amtundu wapadziko lonse zimayimiriridwa kwambiri m'dziko lathu: Eddeluux (Sweden), Bosch, Siemiens, Aeg (Fermany). Izi ndizosakayikira, katswiri wapamwamba, wangwiro. Koma ndi nthawi yokwera mtengo kuposa Russian ndi 1.5-2 nthawi, ku Eurone waku Europe. Malinga ndi chitsimikiziro cha "mtengo wake wa" Wabwino ", Mssini, Kaiser, Bompani). Izi ndichifukwa choti dziko lodziwika bwino limalipira kwambiri okwera mtengo, ngakhale amatola mitundu yotereyi osati ku Germany kokha kapena Sweden, komanso ku Eastern Europe ndi South Asia.
Kwa Russia, banja la zida zopangidwa ndi kiriti - mtundu watsopano, wokwera pamsika. Wopangidwa ndi gasi yemwe ali ndi gasi, ndiye kuti mbaleyo, yogawika magawo awiri: owotcha ndi uvuni wotsika mafuta. Kupikisana koyenera kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti achuluke kwambiri ndikukhazikitsa zida zamasamba kukhitchini.
M'magawo amakono opangira ma stove, thermostat ya burner (imodzi kapena iwiri), yomwe imasunga mphamvu yodziwika bwino, imathandizira pa nyumba yopanga mbale, zomwe zimafuna kutentha koyenera.
Burner yosinthidwa pafupipafupi imapereka lawi la khola, lopanda ziphuphu, buluu. Ngati malawi a lawi ndi osakhazikika ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi asinthe mtunduwo kuchokera ku buluu kukhala wachikaso, zikutanthauza kuti burner amagwira ntchito molakwika komanso amafunikira ntchito. Koma ngati oyandikana nawo amagwira ntchito momwemo, mwina sindiye chitofu, koma mpweya (kapangidwe kapena kukakamizidwa).
Ndi lawi la chikasu, ndizosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito Burner, ndi nthawi yolumikizana ndi ntchito yaganga. Kumvetsera mawonekedwe kukhitchini kununkhira kwa mpweya - nthawi yomweyo, osati kukhudza kwamagetsi kumasinthira, kutseketsa bulner, kuphwanya mpweya, ndikugubuduza chipindacho. Lumikizanani ndi ntchito yamagesi. Osamatsutsa chilichonse!
Magulu a Russian zida zotere satulutsidwa, chifukwa chake masitolo amapatsidwa katundu wakunja kwambiri wa opanga onse pamwamba pa opanga. Ubwino waukulu wa ukadaulo womangidwa ndi choncho, popanda malo ambiri m'chipindacho, amavutika mosavuta m'mipando yakukhitchini. Mbale yophika, yotchedwanso kutentha, kapena uvuni umakulolani kuti mupange zokongoletsa ndi zokongola. Njira yophatikizira imasiyana kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zidaphatikizidwa, madera awo, komanso njira yowongolera: kuchokera pansi pa chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito choyimira. Ambiri mwa uvuni womangidwa ndi wamagetsi ndi wamagetsi, osati mpweya. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti ma oli olima magesi pano satha kupikisana ndi kuphika kwamagetsi. Pangani Banjanna: Kutentha kwamasamba kumapanga kutentha kwambiri komwe kumapangitsa kuti uvuni uvuni. Kuperewera kumeneku kumalandidwa ndi zotupa zamagesi ndi owotcha ena. Chifukwa chake, mutha kugula malo otetezedwa ndi mafuta owotcha gasi ndi uvuni yamagetsi, pamtengo wa ma ruble 1020 zikwi. Mtengo wokwanira "mtengo wapamwamba" ungakhale chisankho mokomera mitundu yotsika mtengo ya Kaiser kapena Proloni.Malo apakatikati pakati pa masitomboni omangidwa ndi omangidwa ndi malo okhala. Amapangidwa ndi mbewu ku Brest, Kazan, krasnodar ndi omsk. Ndi kuchuluka kwa mtengo wake, maglogic awiri a mtundu wa gerost ndiye abwino kwambiri. Palibe nthawi yogulitsa masktop okhala ndi zachuma, malo otentha achilengedwe. Adagwira pamaziko a mbale ", koma mosiyana ndi matoko ena onse osakhala ndi lawi la mpweya, musaphatikize mphepo, makoma ndi zakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, zida ndi zochepa kuposa mpweya, komanso zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimachepetsedwa ndi kaboni monoxide, 10, ndi a Nitrogeni ma oxides - 100! Malonda okhala ndi owotcha otchuka amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino osati kuphika, komanso zipinda zotenthetsa.
Zambiri pamasamba apanyumba
| Kupanga | Chizindikiro | Kuchuluka kwa mitundu | Mtengo *, ma ruble zikwizikwi. |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Brestazoappat", Chuleji | "Hefers" | 7. | 3.5-6 |
| Chomera cha Gasi, Kachulidwe | "Magetsi" | 3. | 2.5-3.5 |
| Bzalani. Vladimir welich, Moka | Zvy. | chimodzi | (**) |
| Chomera cha Gasi, Kazan. | "Idel" | zisanu | 2-3.5 |
| Chomera cha Gasi, Kholo la Krasnodar | "Kuban" | zinai | 2.5-3. |
| Chomera cha metallirgical G. Lysva | "Elga" | chimodzi | zinai |
| Chomera cha Gasi, Omsk | "Omichka" | 3. | (**) |
| Kupanga Chiyanjano "EVT", G. Petcha | De luxe | zisanu | 3-5.5 |
| Chomera cha Gasi, G. Tchaikovsky | "Darna" | zisanu | 3-4.5 |
* - Mitengo imaperekedwa ngati 01.12.2000.
** - Kusagulitsa.