Mtundu wamakono wamkati wamakono. Chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe.
Famu kumpoto kwa Ghana (Nrigigi dziko)
Nyumba yapadera yowonjezera (fuko la sosebie), Africa
"Mtsogoleri wa Trone" - Kutanthauzira kwa pulasitiki kuchokera ku Africa ndi kosagwirizana
Photos ZEBRAIC- Ortic Mkati mwazomwe zimapangidwa mwachidule
Mipando iyi ndi tebulo ili ngati kuti ikupangidwa ndi ndalama, sizinawonepo mipando yaku Europe
Pamasamba a magazini odzipereka kuti apange, zomwe zimawagwiritsa ntchito. Panopakokokon pano panjira yazithunzi. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi masks osowa ndi ma ftitus, nsalu zokhala ndi zokongoletsera petroglyphstery pansi pa nyalugwe, zikopa za mashelufu pansi ndi zina zodabwitsa. ISV ndi chiyani? Kodi nchifukwa ninji iye ali wotchuka kwambiri? Ndipo ndizotheka kuyitcha kalembedwe kake ka mawu?
Kupeza Ntchito Yochepa Kwambiri M'mbiri ya Aluso, Timakumbukira Kuti Mmodzi Wokhawo Amadziwika Kuti Ndiwosankhidwa Kwambiri M'dera Lonse Lapansi Ndi Zojambula Zapamwamba Kwambiri, Zojambula, Zojambula Zapamwamba , kupanga zinthu zamkati, kapangidwe ka zovala. Zoterezi zikuluzikulu zakhala, monga mukudziwa, kakhalidwe kakale kakang'ono kwambiri, Gothic, Baroque, Clascism, amakono, etc. Anayamba pang'onopang'ono, mopitilira kapena kuchepetsedwa. Kwa nthawi yayitali, zokonda zinasandulika, ndipo ndi mitundu yomanga ndi luso. Zotsatira zake zinali zofunika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ndiwo mwambo kutchula mayendedwe. Nkhani ya zokambirana zathu panobenso, m'malo mwake, njira yopusitsa, yomwe ilibe dzina lokhazikika. Amatchedwa akale, amitundu, odziwika, osowa, atsamunda. Koma mulimonsemo, katundu wa kalembedwe ka kalembedwe sakhala wopatsidwa.
Kuyamba ndi, tiyeni tiyesere kudziwa pang'ono ndi mutuwo. Tiyeni tingonena kuti: Mawu oti fuko ndi oyenerera kwa iye. Zowonadi, mu kalembedwe kali, mulimonse, ndipo pafupifupi aliyense wa iwo amapangidwa mkati mwa ma enthnos ena, kapena anthu (mwachitsanzo, Chitchaina, masitayesi a ku Russia, ndi zina). Lingaliro la wowerengeka (wachidule wodekha) nthawi zambiri limasokonezedwa ndi dziko (Ruxic) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mawu awa ngati ma synonyms. Ali pafupi kwambiri. Mawu akale amabwerekedwa kuchokera kwa olemba mbiri (onani "Zojambula Zakale") komanso mogwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka zigawo, zimakhala zopanda pake (monga, ndi akoloni; imadyedwa kawirikawiri kuposa ena). Njira imodzi kapena ina, yomwe tatsala ndi dzina lina lomwe latsala: zachilendo. Mwina tidzazigwiritsa ntchito.
Mwakufunafuna funso: Kodi ndizoyenera kuwongolera zojambulajambula, ngati mulibe dzina lokhazikitsidwa? Adzayankha motere: padzakhala chochita, ndipo nthawi yakeyo idzawasamalira.
Kukhala wotchuka chifukwa chovuta, kugwira ntchito ndi kuphweka, mawonekedwewa nthawi imodzi imaphatikizapo chinthu chobisika, chomata pansi pa moyo uliwonse. Kutopa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zochulukirapo, chidziwitso komanso kupsinjika kwa kutsindika kwa "weniweni" ku Knochim, komwe kudachokera kunja kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake tikungoyang'ana motowo madzulo, monga kholo lawo lakale. Akatswiri azamankhwala amakono amatcha munthu uyu kuvomerezedwa kwa Asparisty - osazindikira, kukumbukira magazi akale. Timadzikumbukira pokhapokha ngati sizinakhalepo anthu omwe ali m'gululi. Mwinanso, zonsezi zitha kufotokozedwa ndi kupambana kwa chitsogozo chachilendo. Mwa njira, lero kubweranso kwachiwiri kwa kalembedwe kaonedwa kale. Kwenikweni anali woyamba?
Njira yopangira matchini akulu a anthu a ku Africa, Asia ndi Latin America adayandikira kumapeto kwa Xixstloley. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, ntchito zambiri za AJ ATSOGOLO zotengeka kuchokera kumayiko otentha. Nthawi yomwe iwo anali ndi chidwi ndi azungu ndi zingwe zokhazikika pamabungwe a fumbi. Art aku European kuchitika mwa njira yawo: amakono adaledzera ndi zojambula za Japan ndi chinese chorpet. Koma chidwi cha kukonzanso kwawo kufooka.
Zojambulajambula zoyambirira za xxvek zakhala gawo lalikulu. Ojambula adasintha maso awo zoyambira zaluso kwambiri, zodziwika ndi "zodziwika" zenizeni, - KFtisam Carnol call, kupita ku Masks of the Pearch. Phokoso la zojambulajambula zojambula zomwe zafika pachimake pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike, chidwi cha gulu la Africa ku Africa lisanaphatikize ambuye a masukulu ndi mayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Miyambo yamiyambo ya Negro adagulitsidwa nthawi imeneyo m'masitolo otsika mtengo ndipo posakhalitsa adalowa m'malo mwa zokambirana za apollo belvedere. Itha kumvetsetsa kuti anakopa Ayuda mwa iwo, omwe anali kufunafuna kutuluka kuchokera ku zifukwa zam'mayiko akumadzulo. Kupanga kwa amisala osavomerezeka omwe ali ndi madandaulo akumadzulo omwe ayatsidwa njira yakhama: mawu amphamvu, kumveka kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake kapangidwe kake kake kake kake kake.
Chochita chosazindikira chosazindikira chakhala mfundo yayikulu ya ojambula ndi i. BalovarOva, M.larisv, K. Amuna, omwe ali mchaka cha 1912 mu gulu la a OSLIN. Kudzitcha okha "antuivists" ambuye a burashi anali kudziyang'ana okha, kulengeza kufunika kwa luso lakale.
Kupempha kuti wojambula "wakale" salemba pamaso pa chilengedwe, koma amalipanga kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zilipo. Malinga ndi chitsanzo cha Hogen ndipo, mwina, maulendo aluso a olemba akale adasintha Pablo Picasso. Sizovuta kulingalira kuti apangidwa ndi njira yopanga kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zidanenedwazo, zomwe zinali zosiyana kwenikweni ndi njira yowonetsera zithunzi zamanyazi. Cholinga cha wojambulayo sichimatanthauzira mawonekedwe, koma kupanga kapangidwe kake. Chifukwa chake, chizindikiritso "avognon", mwanjira ina, palibe koma kuyesayesa koyenera kumasulira "ku European ku European". Pulogalamu yofananayo ya ku Africa yemweyo adasamutsidwira ku zinthu zamakono, zoyambirira zachilendo - zotchinga, batala.
Kufufuza kwathunthu kunakhudzidwa ndi kusamba ndi kunyengerera, koma, mwachilengedwe, kapangidwe kake, kamangidwe kanu. Monga momwe maliro achipembedzo azaka za m'ma 1930 muli "zomanga zolimbitsa thupi" za American F. lita, yemwe adakhazikitsa ntchito yopanga mawonekedwe achilengedwe. Mwinanso, kuphunzira koyambirira kwa moyo wa munthu ndikubweretsa oimira "zomangamanga" kupanga zachilengedwe, mabatani, mathithi amadzi amkati mwa mkati.
Mu nkhani yake, werengani ku Sarbonne mmbuyo mu 1924, leccussaurier adati: "Nyumba ili ndi m'badwo wachindunji wa Anthropromsm. Mwanjira ina, ndikofunikira kuti ipangidwe Pa muyeso wathu. " Mapeto ake pambuyo pake adalemba zinthu za 1949, mutha kuwerenga kuti: "Kugona kwa Hut kuli ndi zabwino za kapangidwe kake. Ndi yekhayo amene ali pachikhalidwe." Kukhala okhulupilika kwa talente Yake yotsutsana, mbuyeyo kukana kukhala mfundo za geometric zomwe zidafaliridwa ndi iye m'mbuyomu, ndipo mu 1950-1953 adamanga ulemu ku Ronshan. Uwu ndiye maziko oyamba omwe amakumana ndi malingaliro ake atsopano pa pulasitiki, malo owoneka bwino, zakuthupi ndi ntchito. Denga, wokwezeka pamwamba pa nyumbayo, amadalira mfundo zingapo ndipo zimawoneka kuti zikugwedezeka mlengalenga. Njira yothetsera nsanja zitatu imagwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la zovuta zonse. Chapel Chapel ku Ronshane, wofanananso ndi prephoric megaliti, wakhala ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya Lecimbusir.
Imapezeka m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya ku Europe ndi America, nyumba-Memilirs, imamangapo mfundo zothandizira komanso kuchuluka kwa pa nthawi ya Paleolithic, yokhazikika pa pulasitiki. Sizikudziwika ngati maulendo a P. Pikasso, A.modiliani, Lechusier mu kuzama-africal wa dothi lolimba la African. Komabe, iwo obadwa chifukwa cha Mbambande zomwe zimalemeretsa chikhalidwe cha Europe, kuteteza chiyembekezo cha m'tsogolo ndikuwonetsa zakale m'malingaliro atsopano. Kupanga ambiri kutembenuka kwa chitukuko, anthu adachokera.
Cha pulasitiki
Nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "pulasitiki", sitimaganiza nthawi zonse. Tiyeni tiyese kuzindikira. Ngati mungayike chigoba cha ku Africa pa tebulo lomwelo, Nethake a ku Japan, ku Russia ku Russia ndi chosungirako, chopangidwa pa fakitale ya Germany, munthu amatha kuwona kuti palibe abwino kwambiri pamituyi. Amayesetsa kufafaniza ndipo amakhalapo pachitunda china. Chowonadi ndi chakuti malo mkati ndi ozungulira iwo amapangidwa pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana, osagwirizana. Chigoba cha Iafrikan, ndipo Netreehka amapangidwa ndi mitengo. Koma masika, mphamvu zakale za mapulaneti ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi matenthedwe achiwiri.Chifukwa chake, zitha kupezeka kuti pulasitiki ndiye mfundo yopanga voliyumu. Mfundo imeneyi ndi yovomerezeka kwa zojambulajambula, komanso kwa zokongoletsera zamkati, komanso zomanga.
Fananizani gothic yolumikizidwa, yowoneka bwino, yamakono komanso mwachidule, ndi magazi kwambiri. Maziko a kusiyana kukafanananso: kupanga mfundo ya pulasitiki. Pulasitiki mu Greek amatanthauza "yoyenera ku mtundu", kapena kupanga mawonekedwe. Zida, zimathekanso, zimatha kupezeka m'malo okha. Lingaliro la pulasitiki lomwe likugwiranso ntchito kwa dokotala, komabe, zitha kutanthauziridwa ngati kukhulupirika kwa chinthu chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa rocket ndikwabwino kwambiri, kusewera pulasitiki ya Stud Stuor, yosayenera ku Gothic kapena mminimali.
Komabe, kubwerera ku mawonekedwe athu akale a Africa. Zinachitika kuti zinali pa Africa kuti moyo ndi njira za mitundu ya anthu ndi mitundu zimasungidwira mu boma. Kumbukirani zonse, zonse kapena pafupifupi zonse zomwe mungagule m'masitolo akale komanso ma genine a mafuko omwe amatchedwa "- makope" - makope amakono a mitundu ya munthu wotchuka. Ndipo zina mwa zoyambirira zomwe zidatengedwa ngati maziko, anzeru zenizeni, - monga lamulo, sizopitilira zaka zoposa 150-200. Nyengo yotentha, kuphatikiza kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi, chipongwe sichimasula chilichonse, makamaka nkhuni. Kuphatikiza apo, opangidwa muzolinga za chigoba kapena fetish mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito "mpaka pano" adangowonongedwa kapena kuchitidwa. Zojambula zenizeni za Africa ndi Polynesia zidawonongeka ndi amishonale achikristu. Chilichonse chomwe chimakhala molingana, zinthu zakale kwambiri zimasungidwa mumiyozo zamtomoni za Ethonagy ndi zopereka zachinsinsi.
Chithunzi cha ku Africa sichimatha ndi masks amodzi, pali zingwe zazing'ono zapulasitizi za anthu ndi nyama zochokera ku mitengo, mkuwa, mkuwa komanso njovu. Akatswiri amakono aku Africa, akutsatira msika, wophunzira osati kungotolera nkhuni zakale zamtengo wapatali. Kumbukirani kuti mtundu uwu wa nkhuni ungazindikiridwe ndi kulemera: kumakhala kolemera kuposa ena ndikukumira m'madzi, kupatula zovuta kwambiri komanso zovuta pokonza.
Kogwilira nchiti
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino mu kapangidwe ka nyumbayo ndikowoneka bwino muchuma chake. Ngakhale kudera laling'ono la nyumba ya mzinda, mutha kupanga mawonekedwe okongola. Kutengera chikhumbo chanu, moyo wanu komanso mipata yanu, pezani kuchuluka kwa mawu oyambira kunyumba kwanu. Kumanganso kwathunthu kumapezekanso. Ndikosatheka kubwerezanso Huning Hunter's Huntse wa Hunter wa padziko lonse. Kupukutira ndalama zenizeni kumakhala malo okongola ndi ma stylist. ISO, ndikhulupirireni, owerengeka.
Malo ogulitsira achilendo amakhala ndi njira ziwiri zapulasitiki. Mwachikondi, nyama zamtchire zimamasuliridwa mkati, koma m'malo amodzi zimayenera kukhala geometrical mizere yolumikizana (penti, zithunzi pamakoma), m'mabanja, komanso zomveka bwino. Kukonzekera kumayesedwa kwaulere, nthawi zambiri kumangidwa m'chipinda chogona chachikulu mu vuto la "Makonzedwe Abwino". Zoninging imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito malo angapo, magawo am'manja, ma shicker shiirm ndi makatani. Kutsiriza kwa malo kungakhale kochepa kwambiri, makhoma oyera. Koma ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito zojambula zilizonse, kutsanzira zinthu zachilengedwe ndikufanana ndi dongo losweka pang'ono kapena mwala. Pansi amatha kuyimitsidwa ndi matayala a ceramic pansi pa mwala kapena kuponda machesi. Kmeste adzakhala mitsinje yopanda madambo ndi magetsi oyenda kudzera m'miyala yopanda zowoneka. Momwe Mungapangire Maluwa Oterewa, Magazini yathuyi yatchulidwa mu №1 ya 2001.
M'dokotala, gwiritsani ntchito "mitundu ya" mitundu ya anthu ", momwe mungathere ku Africa weniweni. Ngati kulibe, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kosavuta komanso kosavuta kuvomereza chotengera chilichonse chovomerezeka ndi chingwe chopanda tanthauzo. Chiwerengero cha masks osawerengeka ndi zifaniziro zimasankhira ku kukoma kwanu, koma osatembenuzira nyumbayo mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Yogwira kwambiri ntchito zolumbira zake zapulasitiki zambiri zimayamba kuchita kuponderezana. Musaiwale, chifukwa awa ndi zinthu zachipembedzo, ndipo ndani amadziwa za asitikali omwe akutenga. Opanga zojambulajambula tsopano akukonzekera makope amakono a malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, kuti Venulas ya Paleolithic ali konsekonse kuntchito zonse zofukula zinthu zakale.
Pretani pa mlandu wathu waletsa kwambiri komanso kungokhala mitundu yachilengedwe. Itha kukhala mithunzi yonse ya our (golide bulauni, chikasu wachikasu, terracotta) ndi Umbra (wonyezimira wakuda, wa bulauni). Ojambula amatcha zojambulazo "amayi", popeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dongo imagwiritsidwabe ntchito popanga, yokhala ndi utoto wambiri wachilengedwe. Pafupifupi nthawi ya dongo imangopangidwa ndi mafuta anyama, ndipo monga utoto wakuda umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito madzi obalalika madzi kapena ma perylic.
Mipando ndi yofunika kwambiri, yamiyala, yopanda tanthauzo, utoto ndi zomanga. Zinthu zowoneka bwino zochokera ku rattan kapena bamboo adzayang'ana. Amakhala oyenera kulowa mkati ndi zinthu kuchokera ku zokhazokha, ngakhale mtengo wochitira zinthu mongothandizidwa, monga kuti ukasokonekera nthawi.
Reginjong yapadera. Ndikwabwino kuchapa, ndikupanga zodziwika bwino, zamadzulo. Magwero a kuwala sayenera kusankhidwa, chobisika. Kwa asitikali, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu ndi zokongoletsera "zakale kapena" zamtchire "zomwe zimatsata zikopa za nyama.
Buku lopanga mabuku ku Russia
Getsi (Icho. Barn-Tiber) - Chithandizo, nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopingasa, chinyengo, kutengera thandizo lopulumutsa. Mtengo ungakhale wamatabwa, miyala, kolimbitsa konkriti. Ili mumitundu yambiri ya mtengo kapena mtengo wathyathyathya. Makulidwe ndi makoma kapena ma rack (zipilala, zipilala).
Bungalow (Chingerezi. Bungalow) - hema wopangidwa ndi zikopa, malingaliro a nyumba zopezedwa ndi amwenye aku America. Zolinga zoterezi zimapezeka mu African Aboriginalniinel, Asia, Oceadia. Ma stylization pansi pa nyumba za ku India (nyumba zowoneka bwino ndi veranda) mwa zomangamanga zamakono za ku America zimatchedwanso ma bungalo. Lingaliro la "Bungalow" m'malingaliro amakono mu 50s adathandizira kupanga zomangayesa kwa f. yoyatsa, monga gawo la "zomanga zolimbitsa thupi".
"Zomanga Zodabwitsa" - Kuwongolera mu zomanga za xxvek, kufalikira ku United States ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe mu 30s-50s. Chiphunzitso chachikulu, chopangidwa ndi F. Bola, chomwe chinali chofanana ndi chamoyo chamoyo, chitukuko chomwe chimatsimikiziridwa ndi anthu ndi zofuna zachilengedwe. Wright adakhulupirira kuti nyumba yofunika kwambiri inali malo a malo, osati mawonekedwe. Ngati malo amkati a nyumbayo ndi abwino komanso abwino, mwina ndi okongola komanso kunja. "O. A." Adatsutsa Pragmatism youma, yodziwika bwino yofota. Kulumikizana kwachilengedwe kwa nyumbayo ndi chilengedwe, kuyambitsa zomangamanga pamalo omanga, mkati momwe zilumba zamoyo, mitsinje, mitsinje, mitengo idatsimikiziridwa lingaliro loyamba za kupitiriza kwa malowa kunja kwa nyumba ndi mkati mwa nyumbayo.
Womegeli (g. Megas-yayikulu, mwala wa Lithos) - kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe chamiyala yomwe yathandizidwa kapena yamiyala yosasinthika. Pali mitundu itatu ya megaliths: dolmens, mapinga ndi korona. Maonekedwe a megalithic amapanga mathanthwe kumapeto kwa roolithic (20-23 zaka zikwinda zaka zikwi?).
Mabula . -From40 mpaka 300t). Nthawi zambiri, madola amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'manda. Kugawidwa ku Europe, Asia, Africa, makamaka m'zigawo zam'nyanja. Ali m'mbuyo, nthawi zina ku zaka za zana lino.
Clemlech (Breton Crum-Circt, LECH-mwala) - kadongosolo ka megalithic. Ndi bwalo kapena mabwalo angapo ozungulira opangidwa ndi akulu (6-7 m kutalika kwakukulu), molunjika midadadayi, nthawi zina imatsekedwa ndi miyala yamiyala. Zinthu zotere zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana akale komanso zatsopano. Confs yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya England (Stonehenge) ndi Brittany (Karnak).
Memanga - Miyala yopanda miyala, osakwatiwa kapena opanga maselo angapo (mpaka ma kilomita angapo). Mtambo wa miyala - kuyambira1 mpaka 20m ndi zina. Nthawi zina zimaphimbidwa ndi mpumulo. Wamba ku Western Europe. Zikuwoneka kuti, zimagwirizana ndi kupembedza kwa akufa.
Nyama ya petulo (g. mwala mwala, ulusi) - Chithunzi, chogogoda, kuseka miyala yolunjika, makhoma a mapanga.
Chikondwelero - Chiyero chofunikira cha mamangidwe. Ntchito yomangayi imakhala ndi mitengo yopuma pawiri kapena zingapo zosimba. Matanda amapanga mitengo, mapangidwe a nyumba, kulekanitsa zipinda zopatulidwa (ndi denga lopepuka kapena lopaka). Chitsanzo cha mapangidwe akale amwala achikazi.
Telakita (GR. TEKTONIKE) - kapangidwe kake, chiwerengero chaonyamula ndi mbali zosakhazikika, zomwe zimafotokozedwa mu mafomu apulasitiki. Tectonics imadziwonetsera poyerekeza, nyimbo, kutanthauzira kwa zinthu.
"Zaluso Zachikhalidwe" - Zojambula zomwe zilipo pamiyeso yotsika kwambiri yachitukuko mu anthu onse ndikupitilizabe kupitilizanso zinthu zonse zazikulu (ntchito, mitundu, zithunzi, ndi zina). Zinthu Zake Zosiyanitsa: Zosakhala zaukadaulo komanso zowonjezera zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa chipembedzo, kulankhulana mogwirizana ndi zipembedzo zonse.
Fete - Zachilengedwe kapena zopangidwa mwapadera zomwe zimadziwika ndi mphamvu zauzimu zomwe zimatha kupatsa anthu ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mphaka zoterezi zimatha kupirira miyala, mitengo, imamira, ndi zina zambiri zina, komanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo, monga miphika, Kalebas, ng'oma. Pakati pazinthu zomwe zimachita zachipongwe zimakhala zambiri zazing'ono za anthropomorphic kapena zomomorphic. A Fetish angapangidwe, mwachitsanzo, kuteteza mundawo ndi nyumba.
Mgilebasi - Chombo chopangidwa ndi dzungu lokulitsidwa.