Mitundu ya masitepe, malo opanga ndi zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwerengera kwa magawo. Malo achikhalidwe oyika masitepe munyumba kapena kanyumba.
b. Masitepe ochokera ku Prescast konkriti ndi masamba kutalika kwa pansi 2.8m
IN. Zida zamatsenga zimayenda ndi zitsulo zachitsulo
G. Kupanga masitepe kuchokera ku zinthu za aliyense
Masitepe samangotithandiza kuti tipeze kuchokera pansi kupita kwina. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala chizindikiro cha magawo aliwonse, mwachitsanzo, "masitepe a Services" ... Kuyankhulana kosangalatsa kumeneku kungatitsogolere (mizere) kapena pansi. Zinsinsi zina za masitepe tidzaululira pamasamba a magazini yathu.
Masitepe, ndege zophatikizika (ramps) ndi njira yoyendetsa (okwera, okwera, owonjezera) amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana pakati pa pansi, nsanja ndi zipinda zomwe zili m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Masitepe okhawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitengo yampunga. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito ndi tanthauzo pakupanga nyumbayo, masitepe amagawidwa: khomo, lomwe lili kunja kapena kusamba (niche) wa nyumbayo; Mayizi- pakuyankhulana mokhazikika pakati pa pansi; Mwa othandiza, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala pansi, ndipo m'nyumba mwake zimakhala zazitali zopitilira 10 mitembo, nthawi zambiri imakhala pachimake ndikupita padenga.
Masitepe ayenera kukhala omasuka komanso okhazikika, ali ndi bandwidth (m'lifupi) kusinthitsa mipando ndi zida, zotsatsira anthu zofunikira mwadzidzidzi, komanso zofuna zamoto.
Posankha ndi kupanga masitepe, gawo lawo lofunikira pokonza mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka zomangamanga zonse ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutonthoza kunyumba, mkati mwa malo ake akuluakulu, kapangidwe kake kalonga kumatsimikizika ndi malo omwe malo, kukula kwake, mawonekedwe, kumaliza masitepe. Maganizo awa ayenera kuvomerezedwa kuyambira pachiyambi cha kapangidwe kake.
Masitepe ali ndi zinthu ziwiri zazikulu - nsanja ndi masitepe a masitepe. Masambawo agawidwa pansi, (pansi pa pansi pa malo aliwonse) ndi apakatikati (wapakati). Marichi ndi chinthu chogwirira ntchito komanso chomangira cholumikiza masitepe awiri ndikudalira. Imakhala ndi magawo angapo, olimbikitsidwa nthawi zambiri awiri, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala pamtanda umodzi. Ngati mitengo yonyamula yomwe ili pansi pa masitepe, amatchedwa kosmers, ndipo ngati mbali zina (malekezero). Masitepe a Stairirirse ndi malo osewerera ayenera kukhala ndi zoyeserera za m'manja, zokutira, 800-1000-1000mm kutalika.
Kutengera kuchuluka kwa maofesi omwe akulumikiza pansi pansi, masitepe ndi osakwatiwa, awiri- kapena atatu a nthawi yayitali kapena kutalika kwa pansi kuchokera 4.2m). Kutayika masitepe kumatengera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zitsamba ndi nsanja ndipo kumatha kukhala zowongoka, ndikutembenuka, conclineinar, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa fan. Zosakaniza zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakumana ndi mbali imodzi kapena zopindika ndi masitepe awiri.
Masitepe amakhala malo ambiri, chifukwa chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe munthu wapanga kuti azikhala ofanana. Kuti muchite izi, mumatola oyamwa, nthawi zambiri amangopangidwira osatembenukira kokha komanso popanda papulatifomu yapakatikati pa zosangalatsa, komanso ndi kangati kotchedwa masitepe othamanga. Izi zimaphatikizidwa molingana ndi sitepe ngati kuti zimayenda pansi pa wina. Njira ya malo ocheperako (njira yamkati) m'lifupi mwake mulifupi pakati pa sitejiyo siyenera kukhala yochepera 80mm, koma yabwino 120mm.
Ndege yopingasa ya siteji imatchedwa kuti yoyandikizidwa, ndipo mtunda pakati pa njira ziwiri zoyandikana - wokwera, womwe ndi wofanana ndi kutalika kwa siteji. Malinga ndi miyezo, kuchuluka kwa magawo mu masitepe amodzi kuyenera kukhala osachepera 3 osati opitilira 18. Komabe, muzoyeserera pamakhala machesi komanso ambiri. Panyumba zonyamula, poganizira kufunika kosunga malo, iyi ndi yankho lovomerezeka.
M'lifupi mwake maphwandowo, otsimikiza ndi mtunda pakati pa njanji kapena pakati pa khoma ndi njanji, ziyenera kukhala zosachepera 900mm, apo ayi anthu angakumane ndi zovuta. Zochita zawonetsa kuti pomanga magalimoto, muyeso uwu sulemekezedwa nthawi zonse (chifukwa cha malo ochepa a malo). Komabe, sikolimbikitsidwa kupanga gawo locheperako lochepera 700mm.
M'lifupi mwake masitepe sayenera kukhala m'lifupi mwake, ndipo nsanja yayikulu (yosungirako), kuphatikiza, iyenera kukhala yokwanira pamalo abwino a malo okhala ndi okwera (ngati alipo). Chofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito masitepe ali ndi malo otsetsereka, ndiko kuti, ubale wa Riser kupita kumamawa kapena chiwerengerocho cha kutalika kwa mtsinjewo. Mukakututa, munthu ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu kawiri kuposa momwe akuyendetsa molunjika; Gawo wamba ndi 570 mpaka 640mm. Chifukwa chake, kuti musunge phokoso losalekeza pa masitepe, malo ake otsetsereka ayenera kukhala pafupifupi 1: 2 kapena pafupifupi 27. WTOS Mtambo wa Riser ndi 150mm (kukula kwake) ndi zomata m'lifupi 300mm. Mtambo wowirikiza wa Riser ndi 150 2 = 300 mm ndi m'lifupi mwake, 300mm mu kuchuluka kwa munthuyo - 600 mm.
Posankha ndi kupanga masitepe, gawo lawo lofunikira pokonza mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka zomangamanga zonse ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
M'magawo omanga nyumba, masitepe okhazikika a konkriti okhala ndi tsankho la Marichi 1: 2 anali ofala kwambiri. Komabe, kupatula iwo, masitepe ochulukirapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kanyumba (chibiso 1: 1.75; 1: 1.5 komanso ozizira kwambiri), omwe amakhala ozizira kwambiri. Kutalika kwa kukwera kwa masitepe otere kumakhala 180-190mm ndi zina zambiri, ndipo m'lifupi mwake mumakhala - 250mm ndi zochepa. Masitepe opita ku chipinda chapansi kapena attic akhoza kukhala ndi 1: 1 malo otsetsereka, ndiye kuti, 45.
Kuti muchepetse kuyenda mozungulira masitepe, kutaya sikuyenera kukhala kochepera phazi. Kuchulukana mu mulifupi kwa gawo la 30-50mm kungachitike chifukwa cha kudya kapena wowondaponda kumangokhalira osakira.
Masitepe ali ndi miyala yamiyala (makamaka kwa nyumba zakale, komanso zakunja, khomo), zolimbitsa mtima, matabwa ndi chitsulo. Imaphatikizapo zozimitsa moto, komanso masitepe okhala ndi zovuta kapena kutalika kwake, pomwe oyendetsa amaikidwa pa chitsulo (kuyenda kapena njira kapena kutalika kwa siteji kuposa 1.05 m Konkriti yolimbitsa konkriti) kapena kuchokera pamwala cholimba. Mosasamala kanthu za zinthuzo, katundu wowongolera masitepe a nyumba zokhala malo ayenera kukhala 300 kg / m2.
Pochita zomangamanga masiku ano, mapangidwe a masitepe amachitika makamaka chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zolimbitsa thupi kokhazikika, kuwerengeredwa pamtunda wa wokhazikika pansi 2, 70; 2.80; 3.00; 3.30m ndi zina zambiri. Zachuma kwambiri komanso zosavuta popanga ndi kukhazikitsa masitepe awiri a masewera olimbitsa thupi, yopangidwa ndi zingwe ziwiri zobwera ndi mawebusayiti awiri. Amapangidwa ndi Brand 200 konkriti ndi mafelemu ophatikizika ndi waya. Marichi anali ma coosome awiri ndi magawo awiri omwe adayikidwa nawo, omwe amaumbidwa pamakangowo omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndi chinthu chimodzi chimodzi. Kuti muchepetse machesi ndi zida, njanji pakati pawo siyani gap 100mm. Masitepe amapangidwa ngati mbale yolumikizidwa pansi pamzere pansi ndi m'mbali mwake. Machi ndi nsanja imaphatikizidwanso kutchetcha zonyamula ngongole. Masitepe oyambira mbali zomaliza nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotumphukira zapadera - "makutu", zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa pa zisa za njerwa za masitepe a masitepe. Pankhani ya mtsempha watsatsa madothi agona pa zitsulo zopangidwa m'makoma.
Masitepe ndi masamba ndi mawebusayiti amachokera ku mbewu zomangamanga ndi masitepe otsekemera. Pofuna kuti mulifupi wa masitepe a masitepe kuti achepetse, mbale zachitsulo zowombera zikugona pambali. Ndi maphokoso osiyanasiyana (1200mm kapena kupitirira), zitsulo zitsulo zimatha kulimbikitsidwa m'matumba ndi masamba. Ndiye zisa zimasindikizidwa ndi matope a simenti. Pali mapangidwe a masitepe okhala ndi mitu, mwachitsanzo, mafupa kapena matailosi, akubwera. Zinthu izi zimayikidwa pa yankho litatha kukhazikitsa masitepe.
Makwerero ophatikizidwa omwe amaperekedwa kumalo omanga ndi nsanja komanso malo opangira makoma, panthawi yomanga iyenera kupulumutsidwa ndi pepala kapena chivundikiro ndi matabwa. Zotuluka nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa ndi machhe. Kugwiritsa ntchito masitepe akulu akulu okhazikika ndi magawo a kalembedwe kambiri kumalola 15% kuti achepetse kunkriti poyerekeza ndi gawo lopitilira gawo lopitilira.
M'nyumba za kanyumba, makwerero sakhala oyenera kulowa m'masitepe. Kupatula apo, zipinda zonse zili pafupi ndi zomwe zatulutsidwa, kuchuluka kwa nyumbayo ndi kochepa, chifukwa chake, kuyika masitepe oyambira okhazikika omwe amafuna kuti agwiritse ntchito zochulukirapo kuposa 1.5t , sikuti nthawi zonse anthu.
Masitepe ambiri komanso okongoletsa, otseguka a miyeso yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ingakhale yomveka komanso yokongola. Milandu yamadzi, nthawi zina amathanso kukhala osiyana ndi ena, ambiri, komanso ochokera kumasitepe, matabwa ndi ma stoves a masitepe. Kulimbikitsidwa konkriti ndi matabwa am'matambo ambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga kotsika, pomwe kumangokhala ndi mphamvu yonyamula mpaka 500kg imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zowona, kumanga kwa masitepe otere kumafuna ndalama zambiri zolipirira ndipo ndizokwera mtengo kuposa zinthu zazikulu pafupifupi 40%.
M'masitepe ang'onoang'ono okhazikika, masitepe amaikidwa ndi masitolo awiri, kapena amodzi, omwe ali pamtunda wautali wa Marichi. Mkati mwa Marichi, Marichi amaikidwa pamalo a makwerero, otchedwa ochokera. Ndi chikhalidwe cha kumaliza, kutalika ndi kutalika, sikosiyana ndi masitepe akulu. M'lifupi mwake lanthete ndi zochepa chabe, monga momwe amakhalira ndi ma boosters, pang'ono papulatifomu. Kulimbikitsidwa konkriti ndi matabwa ndi matabwa okhala ndi gawo la makona akona. Kuti muthandizire ma cosomes m'derali miyala ikhuta ndi zisa.
Mu njerwa ndi zojambula ziwiri zokhala ndi nyumba (nthawi zina zokhala ndi nkhani zitatu) zimagwiritsa ntchito masitepe oyendetsa matabwa, omwe ali owoneka bwino mkati mwa nyumbayo, komanso chinthu chaluso osati cholumikizira komanso chophatikizira. Kusavuta komanso kukongola kwa masitepe kumatha kupereka gawo loyambira loyambirira, kuyenda pang'ono kozungulira kwa mlirimbo wonse wa Marichi (mwachitsanzo, chowonjezera malinga ndi). Zimaphatikizira nthawi yayitali yopumira, yovuta kwambiri kuposa yomwe idayikidwa pamakwerero ena.
Masitepe opangira matabwa ndibwino kuchita kuchokera ku Oak, Lach kapena Pine. Wood adadya zofewa komanso mosavuta, kotero zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kosomrov yokha. Masitepe opangira matabwa nthawi zambiri safuna maziko akulu. Pansi, masitepe onse amakhazikika pamtengo wolumikizidwa kapena ma slabs olunjika ndikukonza mapangidwe otsekemera. Pansi pa matabwa, masitepewo sangalumikizidwe. Kosomers ndi zigawozi zimapanga ma board a 50-70mm kuthwa, osachepera 200mmmmm kutalika. Masitepe a Kosooge ndiosavuta mu chipangizocho ndipo, mwina, okongola kwambiri. Kugona kuchokera ku mbale yolimba kapena iwiri yopapatiza ndi makulidwe a 30-50m, atayika masamba ang'onoang'ono (matabwa, zitsulo), zitsulo), zitsulo zophatikizidwa ndi ma kosos. Malekezero a masitepewo apitilizabe kutseguka ndipo amafunikira zomaliza. Kukwera kungakhale kovuta 18-25mm. Ma board ndibwino kuti mulumikizane zomata ndi guluu, popeza kulumikizidwa kwa msomali kumachepa ndi nthawi.
Mubwalo, mkati mwanu, pali zodulidwa-mu ma groove-zakuya kwa 20-25mm mu mawonekedwe a njira zomwe kumamatira ndi zikwangwani zimayikidwa. Kuti muthe kuvuta kupanga ndi msonkhano, zodulira ziyenera kudulidwa kudzera pa mawonekedwe apakati kapena kutsogolo kwa ma tes. Mutha kufutukula masitepe kuti akule komanso mothandizidwa ndi ma slats, ngodya.
Kwamphamvu kwambiri, mtunduwo nthawi zina umalimbikitsidwa ndi chingwe kapena ndodo yokhala ndi mainchesi 12mm. Mpanda wa masitepe (njanji) amachitidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zamatabwa, kukhazikitsidwa pagawo lililonse (ngati palibe khoma) mabatani amodzi kapena awiri, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi matalala kapena pulasitiki. Kutengera kapangidwe kake, mipanda yokhazikika imatha kuwonekera, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pa kupembedza, kapena kuwonongeka kwa matayala kapena matayala. Nthawi zina zimapangidwa kuchokera ku ulalo wa zitsulo kapena zamatabwa, zokhazikika ndi ma racks pansi ndi pamwamba.
Machi ndi nsanja kuchokera pansi pamakhoza kukhala otseguka, kulumikizidwa ndi ma board kapena kupakalidwa.
Kodi ndibwino kuti nditayike masitepe amtundu wa kanyumba?
Ndikosavuta kuyika masitepe akuluakulu pakati pa nyumbayo. Pankhaniyi, chipindacho chili mozungulira makhoma akunja, ndipo magetsi okwanira amapezeka, ndipo kubzala ndi kukweza m'mphepete mwa masitepe ndi kuphatikizika kwa chipinda chambiri. Nthawi zambiri molingana ndi malingaliro a zomangamanga komanso kuphatikizika, masitepe a masitepe amayikidwa kukhoma lakunja, kutha kwake, kapena ngakhale mu zolakwazo, koma ngakhale atakhala kuti malowo satha gwiritsani ntchito chipinda chokhala ndi zenera.
Masitepe otseguka amawoneka bwino kwambiri munyumba yogona kapena chipinda chofala, chipinda chochezera, malo oyaka moto, malo oyaka moto, makamaka ngati chivundikiro chachikulu chimaperekedwa kwa chipindacho. Masitepe oterewa ndi owonjezera atha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a zilembo zambiri "P" kapena "g". Masitepe akutali, ndiye kuti, ili mu masitepe achilendo a kanyumba, amasinthana njira yothetsera mavuto a Puntlas.
Kuyika masitepe pa veranda kungalimbikitsidwe ngati zipinda zozizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamwamba.
Mu nyumba za mtundu wa denga pamwamba pa masitepe, mutha kuphatikiza padenga la nyumbayo. Kuwala kapena masitepe a keke, zomwe zimatsogolera kuchokera pansi chachiwiri pachitatu kapena chapamwamba, nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosiyana ndi chachikulu, koma osakhala kutali ndi kuwomba.
Nyumba zonyamula nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko omwe ali ku Europe ndipo amafunsidwa ndi zojambula zambiri zamakampani, komanso masitepe a faji. Ali mchipindacho pang'ono, amatha kuyikidwa khoma kapena pakati pa chipindacho kapena pakati pa chipindacho, chotsika mtengo komanso chowoneka bwino, koma pokhazikitsa chimafuna kumafunikira ambuye oyenera kwambiri. Chonyamulira cha chithandizo chapakati cha screw scrises nthawi zambiri chimakhala chitoliro chachitsulo, pomwe mozungulira ma 150-200mm amawongoleredwa kapena kuyanjana ndi mtedza wina wowoneka bwino wa 700mm ndi zina zambiri. Pali chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chili ndi ndege yapamwamba kwambiri, matabwa kapena pulasitiki. Chiwopsezo sichingakhale, ndipo sitepe ya sitepe imaphatikizidwa ndi njanji ya njanji kapena kukhoma lolowera.
Masitepe a masitepe a fan masitepe (matabwa kapena konkriti) amapezeka mozungulira chipilala njerwa, chikutsamira ndi masitepe ocheperako, komanso masitepe otentha kwambiri. Zachilankhulo zabwino pakutsika pansi kapena kukweza mu chipinda chaching'ono, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito pulagi yopepuka kwambiri, ricllon 60 kapena kupitilira apo. Mtundu wowonjezera wa masitepe ofanana ndi mtundu wakuti "bakha (goose)" mtundu, womata womwe (kukwera sunapangidwe) kumagawidwa kumanzere ndi kumodzi pagawo lililonse. Mawonekedwe owuma, mu 300 mm mulifupi, yunivesite-120-150mm, adapangira miyendo yothandizira theka la siteji. Masitepe, m'malo mwake, kokha, pumulani pa oyang'anira kapena ma boosters kapena azitsulo.
Pankhani zingapo "Nyumba ndi chiwembu", mwachidziwikirenani nokha ndi mayankho ogwira mtima a zinthu zazikulu za nyumbayo, adalandira upangiri waluso pa chisankho ndipo kapangidwe ka kanyumba kakwawiri. Ngati chilichonse chitha kuwoneka kuti chabwino, chovuta, yesaninso kuona zolemba zoyambirira. Mwina zidzakupatsirani thandizo lothandiza, liwonjezera kudalirika komanso nyumba yanu.