Masitepe amkati: mfundo za zomangamanga, zinthu zomangamanga ndi kuchuluka kwake zomwe zingawononge kasitomala.
Kupereka ntchito yaluso, masitepe a masitepe abwerera ku nyumba ya mzinda ndi nyumba yaboma. Kodi mfundo za mfundo zake ndi ziti zomwe angadabwe ndipo zingawononge ndalama zingati?
Maulendo, mabwalo ndi zomata
Masiku ano, chipangizo cha masitolo amtsogolo ndichosangalatsa kwa ambiri: wopanga munthu amene akufuna "kuweruza kwake kukhala ndi" zokambirana ndi zomangamanga; Wogula wapachipinda chapamwamba awiri "chitonthozo chachikulu"; Mwiniwake wa nyumba yakaleyo pansi komaliza, adatsimikiza kuti apange ailesi; Mwiniwake wa zipinda ziwiri zomwe zili pamwamba pa mzake, kulota zophatikizana nawo mu malo wamba; Ndipo mwa njira, ndi zina zonse chidwi.Kuchokera pamitundu yambiri ndi mitundu, Choyamba, lingalirani masitepe apakati komanso otsika a 30-45 - osachepera "kuthamanga" kwambiri "nthawi zambiri amayendera makadi kunyumba kapena nyumba.
Masitepe mkati mwa nyumbayo akuyenda, kuzungulira komanso kovuta. Mapangidwe a mawonekedwe amakona amakongoletsa, awiri, nthawi zambiri - nthawi itatu. Marichi amatha kukhala owongoka, kuthyoka, cypivinear. Pa chiyambi ndi chimaliziro, komanso m'malo osinthira, masitepe amakonzedwa kuti azisangalala komanso mtundu nthawi zambiri - makona akona kapena filimu. Ngati masitepe ochokera pamalowo agawidwa awiri a March, akunena kuti ili ndi nthambi ziwiri. Imayimbidwa, ngati kuwunika kumadutsa pakati pa kumakwerera kutalika, ndikutseguka, ngati mbali yakunja (tsaya lakunja) silinayandikire khoma.
Masitepe ozungulira komanso oyang'anira zomwe akuchita zothandiza kugwira ntchito m'nyumba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofananira zomwe zili zofanana ndi zazikulu (zakutsogolo). Kupikisano kwawo kuli mkati 30-75. Nsanja za zosangalatsa sizimaperekedwa pano. Kayendedwe motsatira masitepe, omwe maluwa omwe ali ndi zaka zofanana, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa okalamba, ana aang'ono, olumala.
Kuzungulira kozungulira kumasiyana ndi mawuwo: woyamba ali ndi mgodi wozungulira pakati, wachiwiri wokwera pachibwenzi (mgwirizano wapakati).
Pa masitepe a cholinga chapadera - ozimitsa moto, cellar, ittic - sitileka lero. Masitepe abwino sangopangidwa ndikupangidwa ndi madongosolo amunthu, komanso ogula m'masitolo apadera (ngati kutalika kwa denga ndi kukula kwa kutsegula komwe kumachitika kumakumana ndi zomwe mwakhala nazo).
Kuchokera ku Balyasina kupita ku tourow
Luso la womanga ali mu izo ndipo limakhala ndi masitepe akulu kwambiri komanso olemera kwambiri omwe adapangidwa ndi iye akuwoneka okongola, opepuka ndi mpweya. Kuyenda mopitilira kumayenera kukhala kosangalatsa komanso osati kuyimira zoopsa. Zowoneka bwino ndipo zida zamagetsi zimatheka m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Malinga ndi njira yothamangira masitepe, masitepe amasiyanasiyana m'mano ndi kukula, kumabotolo (osakanikirana), pachibwenzi), monolithic.
Maulendo onse ndi masitepe ozungulira amatha kusonkhanitsidwa pazitsulo kapena konkriti, komanso pamlingo wachitsulo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kukweza pansi pa ngodya yomwe mukufuna. Mapangidwe ndi njira za njira zomangirira zimatsimikizika pamaziko a wokonza mapulani, cholinga chachikulu ndi zomangamanga. Ngati chipindacho chili ngati choletsa ndipo palibe choletsa m'masanja lake, malo owoneka bwino kwambiri akuyenda pamtengo wamatabwa kapena zitsulo. Kuyenda pa chitsulo cha Kooker kapena mtundu wa Hing kosoo ndibwino pomwe zovuta zomwe zimaphatikizidwa kuti zitheke ndi makoma (kapena malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna). Ndizotheka kuthandizira kapangidwe kake, kuchotsa kwathunthu maongozi. Pankhaniyi, makamaka ndi masitepe a March-Cow-Screw-screw. Kwa nyumba yayikulu, kapangidwe ka mtundu uliwonse kumatha kuponyedwa popanga konkire kokhazikika komanso kukhazikika ndi nkhuni kapena mwala wokongoletsa pamalo okhazikitsa.
Masitepe - gawo lalikulu la masitepe. Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe, ndizowongoka, molunjika, kuthamanga ndi kugwedezeka. Kuchuluka kwawo mu Marichi kuyenera kukhala zosachepera zitatu komanso zosaposa 18. Manambalawa ndi omwe amayamba kuphunzira biomenicsics akuyenda komanso kumwa mphamvu zotsekemera komanso kuchuluka kwa masitepe onse.
Ndi zabwino kwambiri za kukondera konse - 30 - kukula koyenera kwa wokwera ndi kumamatira - 17 ndi 29 cm, motero. Kuchuluka kwa gawo la gawo la 1 mm kumafuna kuchepa m'lifupi mwake ndi 2 mm. M'lifupi ndodo nthawi zambiri limachitika pa 3-5 masenti ambiri akupitawa m'lifupi mwake chifukwa cha nkhaniyi chifukwa cha kusamalira kotsatsa.
Kutalika kwa masitepe ozungulira ndi masitepe, monga lamulo, kumachokera kwa zaka 18 mpaka 20, m'lifupi mwake, kuyerekeza pamzere wa masitepe a 15 cm Kuchokera pamzere wothandizira ayenera kukhala osachepera 10 cm. M'mphepete mwa mapiko am'mimba zimawonjezera m'lifupi mwake.
Omanga makhama, akupanga masitepe, amatsogozedwa ndi ntchito zawo pogwiritsa ntchito miyambo ndi malamulo omwe nthawi zonse amakhala ofanana ku Russia ndi ku Europe. Malinga ndi ku European waku Europe 4174, pamakhala kudalira kwake kwa nthaka ndi kukula kwa masitepe (pakalipano, anthu aku Russia adadziwika kuti ndi okonda).
Kutalika koyenera kwa masitepe m'kuwala kuyenera kukhala osachepera 2 m. Kulikonse kwa mtunda woyenda paulendo umodzi - 60 cm, 110 masentimita kwa atatu. Pamene chipangizo cha masitepe amodzi a ola limodzi, mtunda pakati pa khoma losementi ndi 110 cm.
Kutalika kwa dzanja (kumayesedwa molunjika kuyika pamwamba) ndi osachepera 90 cm. Manja a ana amapangika pafupifupi 60 cm.
Masitepe opindika ndi mtunda wa mtunda wa masentimita 50 amatha kupangidwa pamlingo wa chipiri ndi mainchesi 140. chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandiza. Cholinga chachikulu cha screw show, m'lifupi mwake m'lifupi ndi 80 cm, ndipo m'mimba mwake muli kuyambira 200 cm. Pali lingaliro loti masitepe ozungulira amapulumutsa m'derali. Izi ndizowona kokha pamtunda wa 3 m kapena kupitilira apo, kuyambira pamenepa, nsanja yapakatikati imafunikira kuti pakhale mahatchi ndi nthawi yake.
| Kutalika kwa pansi, m | Masitepe awiri | Ola limodzi, maola awiri ndi curvinear molingana ndi masitepe | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malo otsetsereka | Steepe yotsetsereka | Malo otsetsereka | Steepe yotsetsereka | |||||
| Kuchuluka kwa masitepe, ma PC. | Masitepe a kutalika, onani | Kuchuluka kwa masitepe, ma PC. | Masitepe a kutalika, onani | Kuchuluka kwa masitepe, ma PC. | Masitepe a kutalika, onani | Kuchuluka kwa masitepe, ma PC. | Masitepe a kutalika, onani | |
| 2.25. | - | - | 12 | 18.75 | 13 | 17.30 | - | - |
| 2.50 | khumi ndi mphabu zinayi | 17,85. | - | - | fifitini | 16,66. | 13 | 19,23 |
| 2,625. | - | - | khumi ndi mphabu zinayi | 18,72. | fifitini | 17,47. | - | - |
| 2.75 | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 17,2 | khumi ndi mphabu zinayi | 19,64. | - | - | fifitini | 18.33 |
| 3.00. | khumi zisanu ndi zitatu | 16,66. | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 18.75 | 17. | 17.64 | - | - |
Mtengo, zitsulo kapena konkriti?
Sizokayikitsa kuti wina anganene kuti masitepe mnyumbamo ali ndi chinthu chopangidwa mwaluso komanso chaluso. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowoneka bwino komanso nkhani yayikulu yamkati. Ngati Mmigodi ndi opanga anzawo adamuyang'anira chidwi, zokongoletsera za nyumba siziwoneka zodzaza ndi kumaliza. Mothandizidwa ndi masitepe, mutha kulinganiza zipinda chimodzi kapena zingapo pamlingo wosiyanasiyana. Zimakupatsani mwayi woyendera nyumbayo ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera pamalingaliro osiyanasiyana. Ngati masitepe ndi ntchito yaluso ya zaluso, zinthu za momwe zinthu ziliri ndi zinthu zaluso zolemekezeka zofananira.Mumkati yokongoletsedwa bwino, siziyenera kuwona mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Ngati kapangidwe kake kalikonse ka mzimu wapadera, zinthu zakale ziyeneranso kukhala padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo mosemphanitsa. Mabuku angapo akuluakulu amalola masiku ano, koma pankhaniyi zinthu zakunja ndi zinthu za kumaliza zomwe zingakhale zoyandikana ndi masitepe, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri. Kumbali ina, mtundu wa inkati umatha kukhala wosiyana. Zikatero, masitepewo amapereka kusintha kosalala kuchokera kumalo amodzi a stylist kupita kwina. Vutoli limathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi, mitundu, kapangidwe ka mutu wa mutu wa masitepe, etc.
Kodi zokongoletsa zamatabwa zamatabwa zimayamba bwanji? Choyamba, posankha nkhuni za mtundu womwe mukufuna ndi mawonekedwe ogwirizira ndikumaliza. Kupitabe ndi mitundu yofewa (paini, spruce, larch), ndi soech (thuok, mapulo, phulusa). Zomalizazo ndizabwino, komanso mtengo wake. Mapeto ake akhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku nkhuni za mitundu yosiyanasiyana - nati, nkhupakupa, matcheru, ndi ena a Aroque, ma varquets ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Muzonyamula zomwe ndizosatheka kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhuni, kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osafunikira a fiber pomwe kusintha kwa chinyezi, zinthu zopitilira muyeso zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizotheka.
Kutengera mawonekedwe, kapangidwe koyenerera kumasankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kwa kalasiya pafupi ndi masitepe pazikhalidwe zachikhalidwe ndi cosos, mpaka zamakono - zida zamakono, zodzithandizira. Tiyenera kukumbukiridwa nthawi zonse kuti ndizosatheka kupatsa zokonda njira zokongoletsera pazomwe zimafunikira. Ndizowopsa kunyalanyaza zofunikira zamagetsi kuti musangalale: mwachitsanzo, kuti akweze nawo ku zigawo zosadalirika.
Zokongoletsa ndi zosiyanasiyana. Pamodzi ndi mtengo wopanga mipanda ndi kumapeto, kuponyedwa, zopangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku ma crycarborgalasi, acrycarbonate Ndipo ma simeramic, miyala yamtengo wapatali, konkriti yokongoletsa. Mwachidule, masitepe ndi chinthu chapadera komanso cham'kati, chomwe chimatenga malingaliro odabwitsa kwambiri ndi mayankho a Womanga.
Ndi nyumba yake pali nkhani ina. Pachikhalidwe, kupaka utoto kapena zithunzi zopachikika pakhoma limodzi ndi masitepe a Marichi: Zithunzi kapena malo osakira komanso zida zosaka. Pansi pa nsanja, zokongoletsera zamasamba zokongoletsera zimatha kupangidwa m'makoma pakhoma. Mapangidwe a masitepe akulu amatanthauzira kukhalapo pakhomo la matele kapena nyali; Pamwamba, pamasamba, - magalasi. Lumeni yolima pakati pa Marichi kapena shaft ya masitepe ozungulira amayenera kuyatsa chandelier. Pamalo amphepete ndi antleleolo ophatikizidwa ndi staircase yovuta, mipando ya zosangalatsa ndi zokondweretsa (mipando, tebulo) nthawi zina limayikidwa. Ogwira ntchito zomangira zomwe nthawi zambiri amakongoletsedwa kokha pakutsiriza makoma: Kuyenda pamenepo kumafunikira chisamaliro chomwe sichingalephereke ndi zojambulajambula.
Zopangidwa ndikupangidwa molingana ndi malamulo a kapangidwe ka zomanga zapamwamba ndi mapangidwe, masitepe amatumikila. Gwiritsani ntchito ndikusilira kukongola kwake kudzakhala mibadwo yambiri ya okhala mnyumbamo, banja lanu.
Akatswiri olankhula
Msika waku Russia umapereka opanga ku Europe ku Europe ya kalasi yosiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku Elite kupita ku zinthu zopangidwa ndi migawo yayikulu. Nthawi zambiri, mapangidwe omwe amaperekedwa kuchokera kumayiko ali m'matanda, mpaka pang'ono - chitsulo chokhala ndi zokongoletsera ndi mwala, komanso galasi, zitsulo.
Mndandanda wa mafayilo akunja omwe amapereka zogulitsa zawo ku Russia ndizambiri. Onsewa akuimiridwa ku Russia Ogulitsa Russia omwe, pamodzi ndi kugulitsa makwerero omwe amatumizidwa kunja, akupanga ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa mkuwa "," podtinga ", "Cm-lalikulu", "Hobbit", Art, Gulu la Arkostroy-MPSC, TPK Ruthen, LLC " , "Ch.Sp.s." (Moscow), omwe malonda ake ndi otsika mtengo. Kupanga kwanyumba masitepe achitsulo (ekh vel llp, ooo "kristall sk", etc.).
Makampani apadera samangopanga ntchito za wolemba, kalembedwe ndi kapangidwe kamene kali payekha komanso wapadera, komanso amagwira ntchito ndi zinthu zambiri zogulitsa. Masitepe ena operekedwa m'mabuku a opanga akunja samawoneka okongola komanso osawoneka bwino kuposa magalimoto kapena magalimoto ogombeza, omwe amadziwikanso mwachisawawa. Ndikokwanira kubweretsa zitsanzo zapamwamba zapamwamba za Vania Minia Mitundu ndi Delta 2 / AF Scale, zokongola ndi mpweya pa bollshams za kapangidwe kake.
Yakwana nthawi yofotokozera momwe kasitomala amaphimbidwa ndi divar Diva. Zindikirani nthawi yomweyo: chisangalalo ichi si chotsika mtengo. Ngati zilakolako za kasitomala zimangokhala ndi chidwi chophweka choyenda kuchokera pamlingo wina kupita kwina, masitepe owoneka bwino omwe amaitanitsa kutalika kwa paini mpaka 3 m "kumakoka madola 3,000. Ngati inunso muchita chimodzimodzi ndi mtengo wa thundu komanso chodzinenera pantchito ya Art - mtengo udzakwera mpaka zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Cholinga choloweza mainchesi 140 masentimita ndi 3 m malekezero kuchokera awiri ndi theka (chitsulo) mpaka anayi (Wood) madola. Masitepe oyenerera a ku Russia ku Russia, komanso kulowetsa kunja, koma ojambula pamtundu wa misanje - kawiri ngati wotsika mtengo. Monga lamulo, mu malo olimba a masitepe, pali masitepe angapo, chifukwa chake ndalama zawo zonse, kutengera mwayi womwe munthu angangathe, kungakhale angapo adolla angapo, madola masauzande angapo.
| Kupanga olimba | Kanema | Manga | Chathabwa | Chitsulo | Ena |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfa Scale (Italy) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Alpini Fontanot (Italy) | - | +. | +. | - | - |
| Scale Scale (Italy) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| SCAA (Italy) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| T.a.i.l.l. Di Dusi Com. G.Amp; c.S.n.c. (Italy) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Nilrur (Italily) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Frewa (Germany) | +. | - | +. | +. | - |
| Henke Treppen (Germany) | +. | +. | +. | +. | - |
| Kengott (Germany) | +. | +. | +. | +. | +. |
| Columbus Treppen (Switzerland) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| Lopeir (France) | +. | +. | +. | - | - |
| SWN (Austria) | +. | +. | +. | +. | - |
| Comfman (USA) | +. | - | +. | - | - |
| Woonda Wopanga (Canada) | +. | - | +. | - | - |
Otsatsa zikomo "magetsi" ma nezitsoditsu "kuti athandizidwe pokonza nkhaniyo.