Makina a Zikwangle Zamkati

Momwe Mungachepetse Kuopsa kwa Mavuto Kunyumba, ndipo ngati abwera, ndiye kuti ndizovuta bwanji kupirira. Malangizo Howner.

Mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa zinthu zowoneka ndi mapaipi omwe amapangidwa m'njira yoti zinthu zovuta kuzimichemo zitha kupangidwa

Mapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a ma siphones (pafupifupi 50 zivomezi) amakwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu cha chokhoma chamadzi chomwe chimakhala ndi bease network

Mapaipi ophatikizika sasiyana ndi pulasitiki wamba, koma chifukwa cha mafilimu apadera amachepetsa phokoso laphokoso ndi theka Kukhazikitsa Makina

Choyamba mupangitse madera a mizere yoyimirira ndi zopingasa kuti muwone malo otsetsereka

Mapaipi amasukidwe omwe amawatsogolera kukhoma lakunja kwa nyumbayo (pankhaniyi, pakukhazikitsa nthawi yozizira, dzenje lotsiriza linaganiza kukumba pambuyo pa njira yotentha)

Mapaipi ndi kumasula mapaisi amalumikiza bomba la 90-degree (bondo)

Zoseka mapaipi, gwiritsani ntchito chida chopatsa mawonekedwe osalala, osalala a kudula (mwachitsanzo, Virax Duter, France)

Pamapeto pa chitolirocho, pangani chisokonezo pakona 15-20 ndi m'lifupi mwa 6-8 mm

Pochepetsa chitoliro chosalala (spa) chitoliro kapena chinthu chowoneka ngati umphaka, ikani muyeso ndi mphete ya mphira mpaka itayimitsidwa pansi pa socket. Pre-iyeretse mphete ndi kumapeto kwa chitoliro

Pensulo chizindikiro pa chitoliro cha ma terminal. Ndiye ndikukoka mosamala chitowu kuchokera pakuchotsa 9-11 mm, ndikuyang'ana pamalopo a pensulo tambala kumapeto kwa kutha

Kupaka pansi pazida zolumikizidwa ndi Riser mothandizidwa ndi madamu ndi mitanda

Pre-Unikani Riser, ikani udindo wa tebulo, lembani malo omwe ali pakhoma, mabowo opindika m'munsi mwa khoma ndikutchinjiriza

Khalani otetezeka pamapaipi a Risor, Kulimbitsa Maganizo a Maganizo Asanu ndi Asanu ndi Awiri Ndi Zomangira ndi Kuwongolera Kufukula kwa Gawo Lokwera

Mawondo amakona, tumizani gawo lotuluka la Riser mu dzenje pakhoma ndipo pansi pake, kudzera padenga, padenga

Khazikitsani malo otsetsereka pansi (zochuluka), kuyeza mtunda kuchokera pa chiyambi ndi kumapeto kwa ndegeyo pogwiritsa ntchito mulingo ndi kukhazikika kwakanthawi ma beipe ma beacoon. Pambuyo pake mafomu awa adzabisala pansi

Kuyika koyenera kwa zida zopepuka sikungochepetsa kutalika kwa mapaipi ndi mtengo wa chimbudzi, komanso kumathandizanso kudalirika kwa dongosololi

Kuti mukhale ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito masamba a chimbudzi, aliyense wa ife nthawi zonse amapereka nkhawa chifukwa choyembekezera mavuto aliwonse. Kalanga! Mantha awa nthawi zambiri amalungamitsidwa. Malinga ndi zomwe akuwona, zoposa 60% za malo okhala m'nyumba zogona zinali zosefukira ndi madzi onyansa chifukwa cha chubu chonyansa. Nkhani yathu yochepetsera ngozi yokhala ndi zimbudzi m'nyumba komanso zosavuta kupirira

Ntchito ya Sewer

Kuphatikiza pa kusefukira kwamadzi osefukira ndi chidetso chodetsa, zoweta zapakhomo zimabweretsa zodabwitsa ngati kutayikira, fungo ladera, phokoso loopsa. Inde, ndipo zoyeserera za zovuta za ma pipilies siziwoneka bwino kwambiri. Kuwoneratu mavuto omwe angayembekezeredwe ku zonyansa, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la chipangizo chake komanso mfundo yogwirira ntchito.

Ma netiweki a ma pipilines ndi zida zamagetsi (zofala "za TInafter") kusonkhanitsa madzi ndi kuwononga madzi ogwiritsa ntchito nyumbayo mkati mwa nyumbayo amatchedwa Kunja. Kuchokera pachidala chilichonse (kutsuka, kusamba, chimbudzi, etc.) Kudutsa mapaipi a TAP kumatumizidwa ku kuchotsedwa kwa Pretiontal, kuchokera pamenepo - mapaipi, omwe ali ndi mapaisitere. Gawo lolowera la nyumbayo limasunthira bwino kulowa mu chubu cholowera, kuchotsa mikwingwirima kuchokera ku nyumbayo pansi (pansi pa kuya kwa madzi ozizira). Kuphatikiza apo, akupita pachimatucho mu mawonekedwe a bwino, komanso kuchokera ku chimbudzi chopanda kunja, kapena mu thanki ya septic ya dongosolo lakumaloko. Mbali yapamwamba ya wokwerayo ikuwonetsedwa pamwamba pa denga la nyumbayo ndipo amatchedwa kuti kutaya. Imasiyanitsidwa kudzera mu mlengalenga kuchokera ku chimbudzi chakunja.

Madzi osambira matoo, ogwiritsa ntchito, kutentha kwa ndi kuyeretsa madzi kumaperekedwanso mu suwer. Intaneti yoyambira imapangidwa kuti siilitse wodwala, samotanene. Chifukwa chake, pamasamba ake onse opingasa, yaying'ono (1-4%) amaperekedwa, koma mafupa olamulidwa mosamalitsa a ma pipelines pansi pa chitukuko cha zinyalala. Kulumikizana kwa mapaipi mu netiweki yayikulu kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zapadera zolumikizidwa (tenes, matepi, mizu, etc.). Amatchedwa zinthu zopangidwa kapena "zanthena". Zinthu zokhudzana ndi chida chimodzi zimafunikira kuyambira3 mpaka 6. Kuti mpweya woyesa usalowe m'chipindacho, chipangizo chilichonse chimalumikizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa chipangizo champhamvu chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati shutter ya hydraulic. Opeputsa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "ma SIPHons" awo. Chotsekacho ndi, makamaka, chubu chomata kapena chowoneka bwino, theka lodzala ndi madzi. Madzi ndipo amagwira ngati cholepheretsa panjira ya mpweya kuchokera ku chochotsa kuchipinda (mabungwe ndi misampha, yomangidwa mu kapangidwe ka chipata).

Kusintha kwa ma network, komwe kumatanthauza kufunikira kwake, makamaka kumadalira kuchuluka ndi kuyika kwa zida mnyumbamo. Mtengo wa dongosolo la chimbudzi mumakono amakono oscillate kuchokera 1 mpaka 3,000. Madola paulendo.

Malo osungira zinyalala

Vomer ndi osakaikira gombe lalikulu la chimbudzi. Chifukwa chake chachikulu ndi chopanda tanthauzo la network ya chimbudzi, yomwe timangogwiritsa ntchito dala ngati mtundu wa zinyalala. Jell munyumba ya mzindawo amapulumutsa madzi ambiri, nthawi yomweyo adamasulira zipinda zambiri, kenako mu kanyumba, mpumulo wa zinyalala m'chimbudzi umakhala pachimbudzi.

Koma ngakhale ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwinobwino, chimbudzi sichikuchotsedweratu. Chifukwa chiyani? Tiyeni timvere chitsanzo. Kodi mwininyumba nthawi zambiri amachita chiyani kuti atulutse madzi ndi zinyalala zolimba kuchokera mumtsuko? Amasinthanitsa chidebe kuti zinyalala zikasunge chidebe, kenako zomwe zakhala zikuyenda mothwa. Mwanjira ina, kumamasulira zinyalala zolimba kukhala mdera lolemera, kenako ndikupereka kumtsinje wamadzi ambiri kuthamanga kwa mayendedwe. Chifukwa chake mu network. Ndikofunikira kudziyeretsa kwake kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timaimitsidwa m'madzi otuluka, ndipo kuchuluka kwake sikutsika kwenikweni. Zili choncho kuti zitheke, mtengo wotsika koteroko pa chitoliro chopingasa uyenera kukhala osachepera 0,7 m / s, ndikudzaza gawo limodzi, osati gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mainchesi pansi pa chitoliro.

Kuthekera kwa chitumbucho ndi chachikulu, chokulirapo kwambiri, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha zotupa ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana, njira yayikulu yamtsinje wa madontho akuthwa, zimatembenukira. Ndiye kuti, zovuta kwambiri pa ma pipelines a ma pipelines, olimba atha kuvutika. Chifukwa chake, machitidwe owoneka bwino amayenera kutsukidwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Pachifukwa ichi, ma piiloni amapereka kwa "kukonzanso" (kusindikizidwa "ndi" kuyeretsa "(mabowo mu khoma lachitoliro, lotsekedwa ndi Cork). Amayikidwa pamenepo, pomwe mayendedwe amadzi amasintha momwe mayendedwe amakhalira, malo asanalumikiza mapaipi angapo, nthawi yakuthwa, yopuma pang'ono (yopumira pang'ono pa Riser), komanso kumasulidwa pang'ono.

Zonena. Ngati kutsika kwa kusamvana kwathunthu kumatenga masekondi opitilira 12, ndipo kusamba kwathunthu ndi kopitilira 180, kumatanthauza kuti mapaipiwo ayamba kale kubera.

Kupanga kwa matope kumatha kuchepetsa "mbibelka" (mafuta oyenera) kukhazikitsidwa kokwerera. Chokulirapo ("volley") Kumwa madzi, kukhala abwino kudziyeretsa mapaipi ndi mosemphanitsa. Bokosi lokongola lokhala ndi thanki ya maula yaung'ono, kumene, amapulumutsa madzi (omwe adapangidwa), koma siwothandizira kudziletsa mapaipi athu.

Chabwino, ngati mukukulitsa zokomera mapaipi? Kutulukako kumayenda, kumene, mwachangu, koma makulidwe a madziwo amacheperachepera, ndipo ndi kuchuluka kwa masheya. Zinthu zazikulu zimagwera pansi. Zinthu zikuluzikulu zigwera pansi. Zomwe zimachitikanso ndi kuchuluka kwa chipongwe mu mainchesi omwe amakhala ndi madzi otaya zinyalala. Kodi mungakhale bwanji ngati mkhalidwe wodziyeretsa mapaipi sakuchitidwa (izi amayang'aniridwa ndi kuwerengera) pakutulutsidwa mnyumbamo? Apa mutha kupereka zotuluka zitatu. Choyamba, chophweka, koma nthawi yomweyo, nthawi zambiri - nthawi zambiri kukhetsa madzi ndi madzi ambiri kuchokera pazida. Lachiwiri ndikupanga bias mosapita m'mbali, kutengera mtundu wa 2-10% (wafupipafupiyo ndi wamkulu kuposa kukondera). Nthawi yomweyo, kukhazikitsa "kuyeretsa" kumasulidwa ndikuyeretsa njira, zomwe zimadzetsa mavuto.

Chonde dziwani kuti kutsuka mapaipi a "dzina", chida ", etc. Kudalirika kwambiri, komanso njira yokwera mtengo ndikuyika pansi pa thankiyo ndi kuthira kwake kwakanthawi la pampu ya fucal, mwachitsanzo, Erlift, etc. Dziwani kuti kupompa kwa kupamko kwa kukhetsa, ngati njira yopita ku gawo lawo la mphamvu yokoka, zonse ndi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, ndi makonzedwe akuluakulu akakhala, pofunsidwa ndi mwiniwakeyo, zida zamphamvu kwambiri zili mnyumba yomanga, kapena kukonzanso nyumba zakale zakale.

Kununkhira kuchokera ku seweji

Zifukwa zazikulu zolowera miyala yochokera ku chimbudzi ndi zitatu: kumasula m'malo olumikizirana pa rabat, ming'alu mu mapesi a dermitat pa chipangizo chilichonse.

Mavuto awiri oyamba ndiosavuta kusiya kukonza pang'ono: ndikulimba mtedza, kutsanulira zosindikiza, kusintha chidindo. Kuthetsa kuwonongeka kwa chimbudzi ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa zimafunikira kafukufuku wathunthu wa dongosolo, ndipo nthawi zina kusintha kwake. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma doin, kutsanulira kuchokera ku Risor, gawo logometsa gawo lake kenako, zotsekemera, zimanyamula mpweya ("mwachangu" mpweya). Ngati pali voliyumu yokwanira ya mpweya pamwamba pa nthitiyo, ndiye kuti madzi akusowa mpweya sikuti ndi wokakamizidwa ndi mlengalenga. Potsutsana, padzakhala chiphaso. Ngati ndi yayikulu, madzi ochokera kutsekeka kwa hydraulic adzakopeka kuti achotsedwe, kenako njira yopita ku mipata m'chipindacho ndi otseguka. Poterepa, akuti "kusokonezeka kwa zinachitika." Kukulira kwa madzi onyansa mu phompho ndi m'mimba mwake, pafupi ndi makola 90 ophatikizira kuchotsedwa kwa Riser ndi ocheperako a ngoziyo. Pali 50, 60 ndi 70mm wapamwamba kwambiri. Mukamagula adaitanitsa kuyitanitsa mu malo okhala ndi ma SIPHons, muyenera kusamala ndi kutalika kwa shutter.

Vuto lakuthyola zotsekera zimakhudza kapangidwe ka mkutu, ndipo pa kapangidwe ka hood. Mwachitsanzo, momwe mungapangire kuchotsera kuchokera kuchimbudzi komwe kuli mu kanyumba kamodzi kokha ku nyumba? Moyang'anizana ndi mawindo a 2nd pansi? Zikhala kunja, nthawi zina wokwerayo akhoza kupangidwa wopanda mpweya wabwino, i.e. Osachotsa pamwamba pa denga la nyumbayo. Mphepete mwa zida zapamwamba zimapatsidwa mphamvu yoyeretsa, ndipo kugonjera kumapangidwa kuchokera pamapaipi a kuchuluka kwa mainchesi. Kuthekera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kotereku kuyenera kufufuzidwa ndi kuwerengera. Zoyesayesa zowonjezera izi ndizolipiridwa kwathunthu kwa mtengo wa kachitidwe kake komanso kuthekera kwa njira zatsopano zatsopano.

Ngati pali malo angapo mnyumba, mwachitsanzo, zimbudzi zili m'malo mosiyana ndi nyumba kapena zida zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa, ndiye kuti ziphuphu zimatha kuphatikiza .

Mwachikondi, munthu wina wokwera mnyumbayo ayenera kupumira.

Kutulutsa sikuyandikira kuposa 4m kuchokera pazenera ndi makonde ndikuchotsa 0.3-0. m pamwamba padenga. Chitoliro chapamwamba nthawi yachisanu chimatsekedwa mwachangu ndi ayezi chifukwa cha kunyozeka kwa chinyezi kuchokera ku mipweya ya chinyezi. ATea amatanthauza kuphatikizira zotsekera. Choyimira pa hood ndibwino kuti musayike - zimamuthandiza kuti azisuntha.

Za zonsezi pamwambapa, zikutsatira kuti vuto la kusankha mu chimbudzi limakali ngati ngwazi yabwino: kulikonse komwe mungayike - kulikonse komwe mungataye china chake. Ndikotheka kuti mumumenye ndi katswiri. Zachidziwikire, mutha kudzisintha payokha mapaipi ena kapena kukhazikitsa chida chatsopano mnyumbamo. Koma kukweza kwakukulu kwa dongosolo lonse, ndipo zochulukirapo kotero kuti chitukuko chake ndi kukhazikitsa munyumba yatsopano, ngakhale mukuwoneka ngati kuphweka, komabe anthu oyenerera.

Malangizo Howner

Ngati zida zapansi panthaka zimaphwanya nthawi zonse zotsekemera, zomwe zingachitike kapena zomwe zimasungidwa. Ngati kubuka kumachitika nthawi ndi nthawi kuchokera ku zida zosiyanasiyana, kenako m'mimba mwake ya Riser yasankhidwa molakwika.

Ngati pamunsi pansi pali mpweya kuchokera mu shutter m'mbale ya chipangizocho, ndiye kuti kumasulidwa kuli kotsekedwa.

Ndi kuchoka kwa mabanja kwanthawi yayitali, musaiwale kuthira supuni ya masamba (makina) m'mazidambo. Izi zimalepheretsa madzi ambiri ndikulowa nyumba ya mpweya.

Ngati kutentha nyengo yachisanu kumatha kuzimitsidwa, muyenera kukoka madzi kuchokera m'matanki mu chimbudzi ndikuchichotsa pa otsekeka.

Zinyalala zochokera m'mapaipi apulasitiki

Kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi apulasitiki pokhazikitsa chimbudzi chamkati popanda kukokomeza manja osakonzedwa ku katswiri ndi opanga. Zinatheka kupanga ma pipi a ma pipili osindikizidwa kwathunthu, motero adalimbikitsidwa kuti azibisala pansi pamakoma a makoma ndi pansi ndikuthetsa ntchito zojambulajambula popanda kuyang'ana machubu osokoneza bongo. Chimbudzi chochotsepa pulasiting'ono ndi chosatheka chobisa, si mtanda woyendayenda ndikuyenda. Nthawi yokhazikitsa dongosololi imachepetsedwa ndi katatu, ndipo mtengo wake ndi 10-20%. Ntchito yautumiki imachulukitsa pafupifupi zaka pafupifupi 500.

Kwa chimbudzi, mapaipi owonda kwambiri (mpaka3.5 mm wambi) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku mitundu itatu ya pulasitiki: PVC), Kuchulukitsa Kwambiri Polythylene (PP). Mapaipi a PVC amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino zaka makumi angapo, chifukwa Ndizotsika mtengo. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apabanja, kusambitsa ndi kusamba ndi kutentha kwamadzi komwe kumapangitsa madzi kuwaza kuti asinthe madzi kuchokera ku ma amormo- ndi kuphatikizika. Chifukwa chake mchitidwewu umaphatikizapo polyethylene ndi polypropylene. Mu msika waku Russia, zogulitsa zawo za chimbudzi mkati tsopano zaperekedwa pafupifupi 20 wolimba.

Gome likuwonetsa mitengo yomwe ilimbitsa mapaipi, mitengo ya Fanthen imasiyananso kwambiri: M'makampani amodzi ndi otsika mtengo, ndipo ena a Faedin "ndiwokwera mtengo kwa iwo, mbali inayo.

Mitundu yowoneka bwino kuchokera ku makampani osiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa magawo asanu kuchokera kwa 5 pre-30 mainchesi ndi 83 mpaka 10 a dzina lililonse (Zisindikizo). Kulemba kwathunthu ndi mwachangu kwambiri kumapereka: pakati pa makampani akunja - Rehau (ku Germany), Nicoll (France), ndipo pakati pa mapiko a Partigolymer ", Ngoypololimer" (Mapaipi a IPP). Pamwambowu, mapaipi apulasitiki okhala ndi michere ya mchere (Rehau ndi Pofapst) adawonekera pamsika, pomwe phokoso la polyproplene limayikidwa ndi mapaipi a polyplene.

Kusonkhanitsa masipu, monga lamulo, mapaipi ndi mapangidwe ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi fullery ndi mphete yapamwamba kwambiri, yomwe iyenera kuonetsetsa kulimba kwa kulumikizana kwa zaka makumi angapo. Kwa mapaipi ochokera ku PVC, Gluing nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mapaipi a PP amatha kulumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwamphamvu.

Kukhazikitsa Makina

Kukhazikitsa kumayamba pambuyo pokonzekera nyumbayo, i.e. Pamene mabowo onse ofunikira, nsapato, zingwe m'makoma ndi zokutira zimapangidwa, makhoma apansi, omwe mapaipiwo adzamasulidwa ndipo amamalizidwa ntchito zonse zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino Moto. Kukhazikitsa kwa kachitidweko kumayamba kuchokera kumasulidwa, kenako sonkhanitse mphesa kuchokera pansi, kenako, kuyambira kuphedwa kwa wokwerako, kutsikira pansi. Matemberero a zinthu amatsogozedwa ndi kutuluka koyenda. Samalani mosamalitsa.

Kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa ma plattics kumathandizira kuti ma pipiyo samapindika pakugwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, pamene kusonkhanitsa fuse kumaphatikizika ndi chidindo cha mphira pakati pa kumapeto kwa chipika cha chitolirocho ndi maziko a odzigudubuzika pa 10mm. Imatha kulipirira mankhwala owiritsa pa chitoliro cha chitoliro mpaka 2m.

Mphete ya mphira imakupatsani mwayi kuti mulipire zotchinga za zigawo za ziwalozo zolumikizidwa. Koma kusokonekera kwambiri kwa mphete zosindikizira za mphete kumabweretsa guluu la kulumikizana. Chifukwa chake, mukakhazikitsa mapaipi obisika, makamaka pansi pa owala, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti kupindika kwa axis pazigawo za matepi ndi riser sikunali kochulukirapo kuposa makulidwe amtundu uliwonse. Makampani ambiri ngakhale tee amapangidwa ndi mbali ya 90, koma 87.5 kotero kuti chitoliro chidakwasitsidwa ndi kukondera, iye adalowa m'magulu ankhondo, osaponya mphete. Pofuna kuti musawononge mphete mukakhazikitsa, pamapeto osalala a chitolirocho chimapangitsa kuti pakhale mafuta ndi mafuta a silicine, glycerin kapena mafuta.

Imagwirizana ndi zitoliro zotseguka nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, pozungulira - zikatha 0,4 m kwa mapaipi a 50mm, komanso ofukula, komanso 1m, nthawi zambiri pansi pa kuchotsedwa. Pakati pa zitsulo zachitsulo zamankhwala ndi chitoliro, ndikofunikira kuyika mphira kapena mafuta apulasitiki.

M'malo omwe mwa magawo omanga, mapaipi amakulungidwa ndi zigawo 2-3 za Pergamine kapena padenga ndi bowo pafupi ndi simenti yonse.

Pambuyo kusonkhanitsa dongosolo lonse, limayesedwa chifukwa cha kulimba. Mukamayesa kupsinjika kwa up1atm kwa mphindi 10, kutaya tulo sikuloledwa. Kukhazikitsa zigawo zachikhalidwe zam'madzi ndi kutentha kwazinthu zomwe zimapezeka pazida zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa limodzi ndi kukhazikitsa kwa chimbudzi.

Atayesedwa bwino ma piverlines onse, nsapato, mabowo, nichesi pafupi, amapanga zomangika ndikupanga kukonzekera ntchito yomaliza. Zipangizo zamagetsi nthawi zambiri zimakhazikitsidwa mutatha. Koma uku ndi kucheza mwapadera.

Magawo ena a mapaipi apulasitiki a chimbudzi chamkati

Zithunzi Zapachikulu, Mtundu	Kutentha kwa kutentha, ndi	Kukaniza kwamphamvu kwa mankhwala	Phatitsani mphamvu pa 20C	Mainchenti akunja, mm	Mtengo wopaka, $ *	Kupanga
ku	man	R	G.
Polyvinyl chloride, pvc (pvc)	kuchokera -10do +	+.	+.	0	0	0	32, 40, 50, 63, 110, 160	kuyambira 4 mpaka 5.3.	Pulasitiki JSC, Agrigaz-polymer, LLC, Nicoll (France), Avin (Denplast), ndi ena.
Kuchulukitsa kwambiri polyethylene, pvp (pe)	kuchokera -30do +60	+.	+.	0	-	+.	50, 90, 110	kuyambira 5.6 mpaka 6.4	Roshrub-Plast Llp, Agru (Austria)
Polypropylene, PP (PP)	kuyambira 0 mpaka +900.	+.	+.	+.	0	-	32, 40, 50, 75, 110, 125, 160	kuyambira 4.4 mpaka 7.7	Cjsc "kutentha- Kulowetsa ", nyumba ya NGO" Polymer, Rehau (Germany), Wavin (Dency-Mec (Italy), etc.

Zindikirani: ku - acid, man - Alkali, R - sol sol G. -

* - pa chitoliro chokhala ndi mainchesi a 110mm ndi kutalika kwa 1m, wokhala ndi bwalo;

"+. " - CHABWINO, " 0 "- Kukhutiritsa," - "- zoyipa.

• 

Okonza akuwonetsa kuyamika kwa dumn Llp pothandiza bungwe lajambulidwa ndi mutu wa tompolymer ndgo tehronvich dobromeslov pofunsa.