Kodi zosefera omwe amawapanga okha ndi otani, ndipo zomwe muyenera kudziwa kuti musankhe bwino.
Madzi amtundu mu network ya nyumba zathu imasiya bwino. Kumangofika kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira, mvula ikakhala kapena madzi osungunuka imanyamula zinthu zambiri zovulaza ndi mabakiteriya
Kutiteteza ife ku zovuta zawo pa zomera zochizira zimbudzi, kuchuluka kwa chlorine kuthirira madzi kumakula kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa chlorine mu madzi apampopi, kuthamanga kokhazikika nthawi zambiri kumakhala ngati mchenga ndi dzimbiri, zinthu zomwe zimapatsa madzi fungo losasangalatsa. Zonsezi zili ndi zifukwa zomveka, chimodzi mwazomwe ndi chovuta cha chimbudzi ndi kulumikizana. Mavuto amenewa akumwa madzi amadzimadzi amadzi a midzi yamadzi a midzi yaying'ono kapena nyumba zomwe sizimagwiritsa ntchito malo othandizira madzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zitsime za Arsisia.
Khalidwe la madzi akumwa ndi vuto lomwe limakhala pachimake osati mdziko lathu, komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Miyambo ya Sanpin Yokhazikitsidwa mu 1996th, onani zofunikira za izi ndi zovomerezeka pamadzi a mabakiteriya, mpweya, organic ndi zotupa. Ombars a zinthu zoyendetsedwa, kuphatikiza ndi magawo 2000, komanso kuwongolera kokakamizidwa kumakhala kopitilira 200. Kusanthula kwathunthu kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi akumwa kumatha kuchitidwa mu labotaries ses kapena malo apadera ovomerezeka, koma ziwononga ndalama zochepa.
Njira yosinthika kwambiri yodziyeretsera madzi ndi kuchuluka kwake, pamene zodetsa zonse, mabakiteriya, mabakiteriya, misate ndi mchere wosungunuka zimachotsedwa chifukwa cha distillation. Koma ndikofunikira kuganizira kuti madzi oterewa sioyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse ngati kumwa. Ngati mungakumane ndi munthu mthupi la mchere, kusanja kwamchere msanga kumachitika, komwe kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zaumoyo. Koma ntchito yakukonzanso madzi akumwa zimatha kusungunuka ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito moyenera madzi kuyeretsa, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Tsopano pali opanga ma 30 opanga madzi pamsika waku Russia. Mwa iwo, oposa theka la kampani - American, pali Chingerezi, French, Swiss, South Korea ndipo, omwe ali okondwa kwambiri, 4ssky.
Zofunikira zamadzi kumwa zamadzi molingana ndi Sanpin 2.1.4.559-96-96
| Zizindikiro | Magawo. | PDK miyezo |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorine (omasuka) | mg / l. | 0.3-0.5 |
| Chlorine (otsalira) | mg / l. | 0.8-1,2 |
| Chloroform (nthawi yamadzi dzila) | mg / l. | 0,2 |
| Ozono otsalira | mg / l. | 0,3. |
| Hydrogen chizindikiro | Mayunitsi. cho | 6-9 |
| Kutentha kofala (zouma zouma) | mg / l. | 1000. |
| Kuuma kofala | mmol / l. | 7. |
| Malonda a petroleum, onse | mg / l. | 0.1. |
| Pav, anienator | mg / l. | 0.5. |
| Aluminiyamu (al3 +) | mg / l. | 0.5. |
| Barium (Ba2 +) | mg / l. | 0.1. |
| Chitsulo (chonse, kwathunthu) | mg / l. | 0,3. |
| Cadmium (CD, kwathunthu) | mg / l. | 0.001. |
| Manganese (Mn, kwathunthu) | mg / l. | 0.1. |
| Arsenic (monga, kwathunthu) | mg / l. | 0.05 |
| Nitrate (No3-) | mg / l. | 45. |
| Mercury (HG, kwathunthu) | mg / l. | 0.0005 |
| Kutsogolera (PB, kwathunthu) | mg / l. | 0.03 |
| Selenium (se, kwathunthu) | mg / l. | 0,010 |
| Sulfan (so42-) | mg / l. | 500. |
| Fluorides (f-) | mg / l. | 1.5 (1.2) |
| Chlorides (cla-) | mg / l. | 350. |
| Cyanides (cn-) | mg / l. | 0.035 |
| Zinc (ZN2 +) | mg / l. | zisanu |
| Lindane (mankhwala othira) | mg / l. | 0.002. |
| Ddt. | mg / l. | 0.002. |
Zomwe muyenera kudziwa kusankha zosefera yoyenera
Choyamba, ndikofunikira kusankha mitundu yamidzi yomwe mudzamenyera nkhondo. Ambiri aiwo amatsimikizika mosavuta ndipo safuna chidziwitso chapadera cha mankhwala.Mtundu woyamba komanso wofala kwambiri wa kuwonongeka kwamadzi osadziwika, mchenga, sludge, dzimbiri ndi kuyimitsidwa kwina. Kuwachotsa, kusuta kusefa zinthu. Nthawi zina pamadzi ambiri osungunuka. Pankhaniyi, poyambirira madzi owoneka bwino akamateteza kapena atatenthedwa amakhala drone, ali ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi ma cury am'mimba pa mbale ndi mitengo yambiri. Kuti muthane ndi vutoli, zosefera ndemanga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa madzi okhwima m'madzi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa calcium ndi magnesichi amchere wosungunuka mkati mwake. Ndi chifukwa chodziwika bwino. Kuti muchotse izi gwiritsani ntchito zojambula za Stiffener. M'nthawi yoyambirira, mamita odutsa pamadzi onse adayamba kugulitsa, ndizolondola komanso nthawi yomweyo osati okwera mtengo.
Chizindikiro cha acid-alkaline (pH) cha madzi mmaso ndipo kukoma sikungatanthauze, zomwe zimapezeka PH yopezeka zingakuthandizeni.
Chizindikiro chosakhutiritsa chaloleptic cha kununkhira kosasangalatsa kwa madzi, kukoma ndi mtundu nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, zotsalira chlorine kapena hydrogen sulfide. Vutoli limathetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi zosefera malasha.
Chiyeretso chamtima kwambiri ndi kuipitsidwa kwamadzi ndi mchere wa zitsulo zolemera. Kukhalapo kwa zinthu izi popanda kafukufuku wa labotale sangadziwe. Palibe zida zapadera zochotsa kuchotsa, koma zosefera zamadzi zimapirira bwino kwambiri ndi izi.
Ndipo pomaliza, bacteriol kuwonongeka kwa bacteriol. Chikondwerero cha Seandi ndi ma proteter kapena otsa. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi matenda am'madera m'dera lanu zimatha kupezeka polumikizana ndi ma ses am'deralo. Mwakutero, kachitidwe ka madzi kutsuka kumatha kumalizidwa ku midadada iliyonse, ndipo mutha kugula makina ophatikizira madzi.
Mchenga padera, madzi mosiyana
(zisoting'ono)
Poyeretsa zonyansa pamakina ku chitoliro chachikulu pakhomo lamadzi mu nyumba kapena nyumbayo imakhazikitsidwa nthawi zina, kapena monga momwe amaperekera zosefera. Amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu malinga ndi zomwe zafafanizidwa zimapangidwa.
Zosefera kwambiri komanso zotsika mtengo. Amalola kuyeretsa madzi kukula kukula kwa timic. Zojambula zofala kwambiri ndi pores 20-50 μm (0.02-0.05mm), zomwe zimasambitsa pafupipafupi, ngakhale kuyeretsa kasekondale kumaperekedwa mwa mitundu ingapo.
Kuperewera kwa zida zamtunduwu - kulephera kuwonetsera molondola kuchuluka kwa zosefera. Mitundu yatsopano yokhala ndi mabulosi osasinthika owoneka bwino imalola kuwonongeka kwamphamvu kokha ndikungodziwa kufunika kosintha cartridge. Moyo wa makatoni amatengera kuwonongeka ndi kuchuluka kwamadzi kudutsamo ndipo kumachokera miyezi iwiri mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Ndikofunikiranso kuganizira kuti zosefera zokha zokhazokha pamtunda woposa 40c ndizofunikira pakuwotcha kwamadzi otentha. Tsopano m'masitolo omwe mumatha kupeza maprogedge opangidwa ndi chingwe cha polyproplene, chifukwa cha polypleter polyple, melatein, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (chinzani mpaka 50mkm) ndi ena angapo. Kuphatikiza pa zinthuzo, makatoni osefera amasiyana kutalika ndi mainchesi. Pali kukula kwake kwapamwamba: 5 (127mm), 10 (254mm) ndi mainchesi 20 (508mm).
Kusankha zosefera kapena kabokosi ka katikiti, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndikogwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchepa kwa kalulidwe kavunthu, komwe madzi ayenera Pita, ndipo nthawi yayitali ma pores, okwera kwambiri omwe akuvutitsidwa ndi FUF komanso FUP FUPHA yayikulu kwambiri ifooketsa kupsinjika kwamadzi. Mtengo wa zojambula za cartridge kufinya zimachokera ku 30 mpaka 3100dollars pazomwe zidakutsuka ndi makina kapena madola ochotsa madola ndi ma semi-tosamba. Mtengo wa katoni yosefera yofananira umasiyana kuchokera ku 5 mpaka 305dololollar, kutengera zovuta zake.
Gulu lachiwiri la zosefera ndi njira yodulira. Zinthu zazikulu za kusefa kwa sing'anga (aluminosililosmics kapena mawonekedwe apadera) ndi gawo lowongolera chabe. Zosefera katundu wa sing'anga zimabwezeretsanso nthawi ya kusambitsidwa, wopangidwa muzofala, pomwe adadzaza mu fyuluta yosungiramo madzi. Ubwino wa makina oterewa ndi ntchito yayikulu komanso yokhazikika (yochepa). Komabe, ndi osavuta komanso mseu. Njira Yokwanira ikhoza kukhala kukhazikitsa fayilo yogawana kunyumba (kanyumba) kapena khomo lolowera.
Zida zosintha kuuma kwamadzi
Gawo lotsatira la kukonza madzi ndi kufewetsa. Kukhazikika kwambiri sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukoma kwa madzi akumwa, koma zosokoneza kwambiri zimakhudza zida zamakono zamasiku ano, madzi otentha ndi makina otenthetsera. Ndi zotulukapo za pamlingo wamkati mwa owaza mchere komanso mapaipi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti muzitha kutentha, 90% ndizomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwa ma boiler. Dumphani, wopanda vuto pamakoma a ketulo, amatha kuchititsa kulephera musanapukusa, kutsuka kwakudya ndi makina ochapira.Njira zomasulira komanso njira yabwino yothanirana ndi madzi ambiri - kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera sofener yochokera ku ion yosinthana ndi ion. Choyambirira cha njirayi ndikutinso ma calcium ndi magnesium anyezi, mchere womwe umapangitsa madzi molimbika, pamchenga womwe mchere wake sukupanga madiponsi olimba. Izi zadziwika kale ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani a mankhwala. Kusinthanitsa kwamakono kwa ion kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kudalirika kwambiri komanso kulimba ndikugwira ntchito munthawi yayitali. Ena mwa iwo amatha kuchotsa pamadzi osati kuuma kolimba, komanso msuzi wosungunuka wa chiroma, avorium otsogolera kutsogolera, arum, zitsulo zina zolemera komanso zojambula zojambulira 226/228. UTHENGA WABWINO KWAULERE Ukufika zaka 6-8 ndipo kumangodalira mtundu wa magwero amadzi.
Ambiri mwa zosefera kwa malamulo amadzi ndizambiri (pafupifupi 1.5 m ndi mainchesi a 200-300 mm kutalika) ndipo amapangidwa makamaka kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mu kanyumba. Mtengo wa kukhazikitsidwa koteroko ndi madola 500-600. Koma ngati vutoli ndilabwino kwambiri, mutha kupeza zida zokwanira zogulitsa (pafupifupi 0.50.30.7 (0.2) kuyika kuyika m'nyumba.
Posachedwa, zosefera madzi kufewetsa ndi polyphosphate adayamba kuwonekera. Ndiang'ono kukula osati okwera mtengo (pafupifupi 35dolls), ndi kilogalamu 1,5 kilogalamu ya polyfosha melyphate awononga pafupifupi ma 15doll.
Ndikofunika kunena za zosefera zamagetsi zochepetsera kuuma kwamadzi, komwe kumalimbikitsidwa kuti zikhazikitsidwe m'nyumba zotsuka kapena kusamba kwamadzi. Amakhala ocheperako komanso otsika mtengo kwambiri - madola 70-80. Kuchulukana kwa chitsanzo kumatha kuperekedwa kwa maginito a calcium, kumakhala ndi mphamvu mpaka 0.72m3 / ora kumapeto kwa madzi mpaka 95ct.
Zosefera zina zadongosolo zimakhazikika pamavuto amphaka
| Sefa / Cartridge | Kukakamizidwa kwakukulu, ATM | Kutsuka, Microns | Moyo Wautumiki Cartridge | Kutha kuwongolera ndikutsuka |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma1610 / rb25 | makumi awiri | 25. | 115000l / 6 miyezi (*) | Sinthani cartridge |
| Amets / RB25 | 13. | 25. | 110000L / 6 miyezi (*) | Sinthani cartridge |
| Amets / R30 (50) | 30 (50) | 110000L / 6 miyezi (*) | Sinthani cartridge | |
| Amets / pp30 | makumi atatu | 110000L / 6 miyezi (*) | Sinthani cartridge | |
| Amets / cw-f | zisanu | 110000L / 6 miyezi (*) | Sinthani cartridge | |
| Dulcofilt2000. | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 95. | - | Kudziyeretsa, Kukhetsa Man |
| Instappou ngati-20A | - | zisanu | 115000l / 6 miyezi (*) | Sinthani cartridge |
| Alhpa-vogt av-10 | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 80. | - | Sinthani cartridge |
| Av-Rs. | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 90-120 | - | Makampani auto |
| Mph | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 60. | - | |
| Av-HW-16 | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | fifite | - | Sinthani cartridge |
| Av-Alfi. | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 90-120 | - | Sinthani cartridge |
| Chitsulo cha RBM. nyumba | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 80-100 | - | Kutulutsa Mauthenga |
| Nyumba yapulasitiki | zisanu ndi zitatu | 20-25 | - | Sinthani cartridge |
| Nettuno. | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 300. | - | Kutulutsa Mauthenga |
| E.p.l. FC 100 (CF1) | zisanu ndi zitatu | zisanu | - | Sinthani cartridge |
| FC 150 (CF1) | zisanu ndi zitatu | zisanu | - | Sinthani cartridge |
| Pemo avtomit | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 90-110 | - | |
| Semiautomat | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 90-110 | - | |
| Kutulutsa Mauthenga | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 90-110 | - | |
| Braukmann F74C. | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | makumi awiri | - | Makampani auto |
| Braukmann F76S / AA | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | 105. | - | Makampani auto |
| (Mabulogu) / AB | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | makumi awiri | - | |
| (Maguwa) / AC | khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi | fifite | - | |
| (Bronze (mpaka 70C) / aam | 25. | 105. | - | |
| (Bronze (mpaka 70C) / AFM | 25. | fifite | - |
(*) - Zambiri pamadzi ampopi.
Zosefera
Kukhalapo kwachitsulo m'madzi kumapangitsa kuti isakhale yoyenera kwa onse omwe amamwa komanso ogwiritsa ntchito pazolinga zapakhomo. Izi ndizokhala nzika zakumidzi, eni nyumba zakumidzi, omwe ali ndi tchuthi mu satalani ndi mayendedwe amaba. Ndi madzi apansi panthaka omwe ali ndi mchere wambiri wosungunuka. Njira yosavuta komanso yofala kwambiri ndikuwasintha ngati zotsatira za redox zimachitika kwa oxide oxide (dzimbiri). Pachifukwa ichi, oxidite osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga Ozone, sodium hypochlorite kapena potaziyamu permanganate (manganease). Dzimbiri lomwe limachitika limatha kusefedwa mosavuta. Chipululu choterocho chimatha, kuphatikiza apo, chotsani madzi ndi mangunese mankhwala, ndipo ena ndi hydrogen sulfide.Zosefera izi ndizochulukitsa motero zimamveka kuti ziwayike pa kanyumba kapena pagulu la nyumba. Ambiri mwa zosefera zamtunduwu amakhala ndi zosinthika zokha zomwe zimachitika ndi zikwangwani kapena mita yamadzi. Kuchita zosefera pochotsa chitsulo kusungunuka kumafunikira kuti madzi ena azikhala. Pasakhale hydrogen sulfide ndi mankhwala a petroleum, komanso mawonekedwe opanda phokoso. Chida choterechi chidzagwira ntchito movutikira ndi zosefera kuchokera pa kaboni ndi mawonekedwe. Nthawi zambiri kukhazikitsa kumeneku kumagulitsidwa kwathunthu ndi ma regilters kapena ali ndi ntchito zoteteza kale m'mapangidwe awo. Izi ndizosatheka kutchulanso kukhazikitsa pabanja la UVG mndandanda, mfundo yogwirira ntchito yomwe imakhazikika pa kusinthidwa, kutsatiridwa ndi kusefera paopusa.
Mtengo wa kukhazikitsa koteroko pakuchotsa chitsulo chosungunuka ngati kupanga nyumba ndi kunja kwa Exps kuyambira420 mpaka 3500dololar.
Zojambula za malasha
Kupititsa patsogolo madzi adokoleptic madzi, zosefera kuchokera ku gulu loyambitsidwa (chimodzi mwakale kwambiri komanso zofala kwambiri) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwamphamvu, kaboni adayambitsa bwino amatenga mitundu yosungunuka ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Koma chisamaliro chazachilengedwe chimakhala chovuta kusangalatsidwa ndi malasha, choncho kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa salmo kwa chiwopsezo cha madzi oyera, mabizinesi a Carbon amafunikira m'malo ndi nthawi. Kuti muwonjezere opaleshoni ya zosefera, yokhazikitsidwa kaboni ya coconut tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, makonzedwe ake omwe ali okwera kuposa a malasha omwe apezeka, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku mtengo wa birch. Pofuna kupewa mabacteriological Ingrings a zosefera zotere, makala okhala ndi bacteriostatic zowonjezera amagwiritsidwa ntchito, osavuta kwambiri omwe ali siliva wa colloidal.
Kumwa zida zamadzi
Zida zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsa madzi akumwa zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu.Choyamba ndi zosefera, pomwe madzi akuwoneka kudzera mu cartridge yolowera ku chotengera chotsika.
Zipangizo zachiwiri zoikidwa mwachindunji kwa chosakanizira.
Ndi machitidwe apadera omwe amalumikizidwa ndi chitoliro chamadzi ozizira chimayikidwa pafupi ndi kumira, ndipo nthawi zambiri pansi pa kumira, ndikukhala ndi crane osiyana.
Pakati pa zosefera-mphesa ndi zofala kwambiri za "chotchinga", Brita, Kenwood, ndi ena angapo. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ena, kapangidwe kake ndi kutsuka kuthekera (kuthekera) kwa kasu wa fyuluta. Chifukwa chake zinthu zosefera zamadzi zimapangidwa kuti zizisefa malita 3.78 okha a madzi kwa tsiku limodzi. Kusamba kwa "chotchinga" kumapangidwa kuti chiyeretse ma malita 500 a miyezi 2-3. Amapezeka mu zosintha zitatu: m'malo omwe kuli kotheka kuti bakiteriya ("chotchinga3"), chinthuchi chimakhala ndi kaboni wowirikiza ndi siliva wa colloidal pamenepo; Kwa mzinda ("chotchinga4"), chifukwa silinatuluke siliva. ndi chinthu chofuula ("chotchinga5").
Zosefera za kufooka kwa Britain, kuwonjezera pa kaboni wasiliva wokhala ndi siliva wokhala ndi ndalama zasiliva, zomwe zili ndi ma ion osinthanitsa omwe amasonkhanitsa ma ion. Mphamvu ya chinthu chotereyi ndi yokwanira pafupifupi malita 100 amadzi.
Fyuluta yoyenda nthawi zambiri imakhala yosefera komanso chinthu kuchokera ku kaboni yoyendetsedwa. Chidebe chawo ndichaching'ono, cartridge linapangidwa kuti lipereke banja ndi madzi akumwa kwa miyezi ingapo, pambuyo pake iyenera kusinthidwa. Zosefera Ktakim zimaphatikizapo "kasupe" waku Russia, "Bogatyr" ndi kuyika insupute mitundu f-2ce (3ce, 6e), Rosantap2000 ndi ena angapo. Malinga ndi magawo akunja, zosefera zoyambira ndipamwamba kuposa zapakhomo, koma musaiwale kuti zimapangidwa kuti zisakhale ndi madzi abwino. AV ikuluikulu yayikulu, monga masamba adziko, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera zapakhomo. Amakhala odalirika okwanira, ndipo koposa zonse, otsika mtengo ambiri amatumizidwa.
Zida zovuta kwambiri zoyera zakumwa zamadzi zimatsatira zinthu ziwiri zosefera. Amayikidwa pafupi ndi kumira kapena pansi pa kumira. Zosavuta kwambiri za izo zimasiyana chifukwa chosakanizika ndikuti ali ndi madzi osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kwa zinthu za zosefera gululi kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti akayeretse malita masauzande angapo a miyezi pafupifupi 6. Kupindula kwawo kumasinthasintha kuyambira 170 mpaka 270dolls. Gulu lomwelo liyenera kutchulidwa kuti ndi zovuta kumera, zomwe, kuwonjezera pa zofanya za malasha ndi malasha, zimaphatikizapo zosefera kuchokera ku ion zosinthana ndi ion.
Mtundu wachiwiri wa zida zamagetsi. Amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makodidwe a electrochemical oxidation ndi kuchira, chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yapoizoni yomwe ili m'madzi mulibe bwino. Zipangizozi zimafunikira mphamvu kuchokera ku maikulu, koma mphamvu yomwe imadya ndizochepa. Ali ndi ntchito yayikulu ya ntchito, komabe amakhala ndi nthawi yokhazikika (pafupifupi 1 miyezi iwiri). Mavidiyo otere (mwachitsanzo, "zotsatira za EMARDE") amayeretsa madzi pazida zachitsulo ndi organic, zofananiza zigawo (acidid acid).
Gulu lachitatu limaphatikizapo zida zovuta kwambiri kutengera mfundo za osmosis osinthira (magalimoto oyera madzi kudzera mu nembanemba). Kukhazikitsa koteroko nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi zosefera pang'ono ndi kukula kwa 20 μm, chofalilira chisanachitike kuchokera kaboni ndi membrane wocheperako womwe umapangitsa kuti madzi ayeretse madzi. Pafupifupi 90-95% ya zodetsa zonse zimachotsedwa, ndipo chinthu china chokhala ndi kaboni chokhazikitsidwa chimayikidwa kuti chiyeretse zinthu zotsalira, chosasangalatsa ndi kukoma kosasangalatsa.
Zovuta kwambiri kukhazikitsa nambala ya kusefera zigawo 6, kuwonjezera apo, zimaperekedwa ndi pampu yapadera kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu yamadzi. Ultraviolet (UV) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuyeretsedwa kwamadzi. Nthawi zambiri, kukhazikitsa koteroko kumakhala ndi chidebe chotolera madzi oyera. Mtengo wa zida zotere ndi 340-800 madola.
Kumwa Mokwanira Madzi
| Chipangizo | Kusefa zinthu | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kuchuluka kwa masitepe | Zoyambira. Mfundo Yoyeretsa | Disinction: digiri / njira | |
| Emerald-m. | chimodzi | Edctrochemical | 100% / - |
| Rosa-1 | 2. | Sefa-sorbial | - / sava wa siliva |
| Aqua, SOLO. | chimodzi | Sefa-sorbial | - |
| Khola | 2. | Sefa-sorbial | - |
| Crystal-10. | 3. | Nkuma | 100% / - |
| Mtsogoleri-M2. | Sefa-sorbial | - | |
| Kutha Ngati-10F | 2. | Sefa-sorbial | - |
| Equinox-10. | zinai | Sefa-sorbial | Mfundoyo siyofotokozedwa |
| -10U | zinai | Sefa-sorbial | Mfundoyo siyofotokozedwa |
| DS 2. | 3. | Sefa-sorbial | - / sava wa siliva |
| DS 3. | zinai | Sefa-sorbial | - / sava wa siliva |
| Waterchab. | 3. | Sinthani Osmosis | - / uv nyali |
| . | 3. | Sinthani Osmosis | - |
| Nimbus-3. | zinai | Sinthani Osmosis | - |
| Nimbus Cs-2 | zinai | Sinthani Osmosis | - / uv nyali |
| Neptude | zinai | Sinthani Osmosis | - |