Nkhani yokhudza njira imodzi yomwe ingapangitse njira zapamwamba m'chipinda cha nyumba ya Stalin.
Pakadali pano, zolengedwa munyumba yachiwiri, chipinda cha chipinda cham'madzi cha nyumba yakale ndi mtundu weniweni wa vuto la mizinda ya anthu mazana ambiri okhala ku Russia. Nkhani yathu ndi yokhudza njira imodzi yopezera nyumbayo.
Tikufuna ngati Kaya ndi gerda
Ngwazi za nthano ya nthano g. H. Anderson "mfumukazi ya mfumu" kai ndi a Gerda, monga mukudziwa, "adakhala mchipinda cha nyumba zokhudzana" ndipo ngakhale adapita kukacheza padenga. O, monga ine ndimafunira mu ubwana wanga osakhala pang'ono ndikuwadziwa okha pamabuku a chipinda cham'mwamba! Tsoka ilo, iye mongadzikolire kwa kapangidwe ka chipikomism unachotsedwa kwathunthu kuchokera ku zomangamanga zopangidwa ndi zojambula zachitukuko.Koma panali asitoniki! Ndi nkhunda zokalamba, ndi amphaka obiriwira obiriwira, okhala ndi kuwala kwa kuwala, ndikuyenda kudzera pazenera zowerengera, okhala ndi ma Rhhlard, okhala osungika amazolowera kuchepa kwa matendawa.
Wolemba pa Gawo!
Mbiri idalamulira kuti malo okhala m'chipindacho amatchedwa dzina lankhondo lotchedwa Francois Mesar (1598-1666). Parimake angakuuzeni za chiyambi cha maulendo a chipinda cham'mzindawu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Louis Xiv, kusamalira kukhulupirika kwa mbiri yakale ya mzindawu, kuletsedwa kuphedwa. Komabe, mtengo wa nthaka pakati pa Paris chaka ndi chaka chachikulu kwambiri. Ndipo kenako nkulowera Bourgeois, pogwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa zomangamanga kukhothi F. Mandar, atatsimikiza Louis, kuti kutembenuka kwa malo okhala ndi malo okhala si ntchito yomanga pansi. Mu 1635, F. Mansar adapanganso nyumba yachifumu ku Blose, komwe kunali koyamba kudali padenga la holm. Pambuyo pake madera oterewa adalandira dzina lake. Zoseketsa, koma nkhaniyo ndi chipinda chobwerezabwereza pambuyo pa zaka 250 ku Moscow.Zaka khumi zapitazo, mkulu wina womanga boma adamva mawu oti "chapamtima", ndizosatheka "(ngakhale kuti palibe chomwe sichinachitike chifukwa chakuti chapamwamba sichinthu chodziwika cha Maonekedwe a m'mbiri ya anthu aku Russia. Kupatula pang'ono, mwachizolowezi, kunatsimikizira lamulo. Vuto la kusowa kwa nyumba kuyesedwa kuti muthetse kudzera m'nyumba zatsopano. Zinthu zasintha ndi kutuluka ndi chitukuko cha msika wogulitsa katundu. Malinga ndi akatswiri, ku Russia ndi zipsinjo zokhazokha pansi pa nyumba zomwe zilipo kale zitha kupereka zipinda pafupifupi miliyoni. Kutembenuka kwa malo a intry a nyumba zoyambirira za mafakitale kunyumba kwa nyumba zokhala ndi malo osungirako ndi maofesi kumawononga nthawi yotsika mtengo kuposa kapangidwe kake. Mwa dongosolo la meya wa Moscow, yu. M. Luzhkov Disels 2, 1996, N49 / -mu "pa chipangizo cha malo okhala mumzinda womwe udaperekedwa kuwala kobiriwira. Tidakwanitsa kuvomerezedwa ndi "zomwe zikupereka pantchito yomanga nyumba yomwe nyumba yokhala ndi nyumba yosungira ku Moscow," yomwe idapanga zofunikira ndi zomangamanga kwa opanga nyumba, zomwe zimayambitsa zikalata zopereka.
Ku USSR, kukula kwa malo a inter ndi chilengedwe cha manzard zipinda khumi ndi zinayi zapitazo adayamba kuchita nawo gulu la zomangamanga za maphunziro a Maphunziro L. V. Hichlukhi. Masiku ano, ofalitsa nkhani ofunikawa amafunikira kuti nyumba ndi zitsulo za ku Russia ndizopanga zopanga mawindo a maydaward, ralsia ndi ku Russia ndi Rusman Enterprise ogulitsa Braas-DSC-1.
Kupanga zomangira zazitali zam'madzi kumachitika kudzera mu kachitidwe kanyumba kanyumba ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Ntchito zimapangidwa popanda kuchotsa okhala kunyumba.
Kukhazikitsa mu 1997 ndi vellux kuyesa kumanga kwa Lyckarino pafupi ndi malo owonjezera pa malo owonjezera a geometry kunawonetsa kuthekera kwa pomanga. Zotsatira zake, mzindawu udalandira nyumba 9 mpaka 72 iliyonse, mtengo womwe unali wotsika 40% kuposa mtengo wa nyumba zofananira m'nyumba zatsopano.
Pakuyesera mu mzinda wa Lytarino, njira zitatu zosiyana kwambiri zomangira masitimayi zidafunsidwa, kusintha kukhala mgwirizano, awiri- ndi atatu-otetezeka (1-3). Cholinga chachikulu cha zonsezi chinali kupeza yankho lomwe limakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi malo owonjezera momwe mungathere. Kuphatikiza pa kusiyana komwe ali padenga, ndikofunikira pakuchotsa nyumba zoyambirira za nyumbayo, ndikuwona kuti ndi njira yotsika ndi cholembera chochepa kwambiri ndi zojambula zowonjezera pazowonjezera zowonjezera ndi Chida cholakwitsa m'nyumba.
Zotsika mtengo: Kumanganso kwa chipinda champhamvu kapena kugula nyumba yatsopano? Zachidziwikire, kumanganso. Bwanji osagula nyumba yotsika mtengo pansi pa dengalo ndipo osagula gawo lachiwiri - chapamwamba chotsika mtengo? Zowonadi, ngati pali makoma ndi padenga, kusintha kofunikira sikungawonongekenso malinga ndi makoma omwe ali ndi zipilala, maenje, rafters, "mkate wa padenga" ndi denga. Zachidziwikire, zimatengera komwe nyumbayo, magulu a nyumba, olumikizana pamsika. Komabe, kukonzanso mayanjano ndi chipangizo chachiwiri mu chipinda champhamvu kumakuwonongerani katatu kuposa nyumba yatsopano ya nyumba yomweyo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri yankhani yanyumba, kufunikira kwa nyumba zidawonekera kumapeto kwa nyumba za Stekali.
Kukhazikika Kwawiri
Kutembenuka kwa malo a chapamwamba mu chipinda cham'mwamba pogwiritsa ntchito ziweto, makhota ndi madenga ndilonjeza kwambiri. Mbali iyi, Robo, dzina lobota ya Russia + likuyamba kupanga ntchito zake, yomwe nkhani yake ili ndi zotheka zingapo zolimbitsa thupi ndi kukonzekera kwa bungwe la manzard pansi ndi ntchito. Mavuto olimbitsa thupi omangidwanso ndi njira zachilolezo za chilolezo chawo, tiyang'ana chitsanzo chotsatirachi.
Kukonzekera mayankho. Kodi chipinda chapamwambachi chisanayambenso? Zovala zapamwamba zochokera ku mitengo yolumikizidwa ndi mabatani a dzimbiri (zipseni zamatabwa) kuchokera ku bar yamphamvu, zikwangwani za njerwa, zomwe zimaphimbidwa mu bokosi la Asbestos ", mantha m'makona .
Omanga V. E. Loskotov ndi Wopanga A. YU. Zakhovayev chithunzichi sichinachite mantha. Kukonzekera ndi kwakukulu, zomwe iwo amachita sizikufuna chidwi kwa okhala m'nyumba zisanu, zikwizikwi zomangidwa pambuyo potengera ntchito wamba. Malo okhala ndi dokotala omwe amapangidwa ndi nyumba, gawo lachiwiri lomwe lili mlengalenga. Malo otsika pansi pa nyumba (85 m2) amalumikizidwa ndi chipinda chapamwamba (42 m2) cha masitepe a Marshavo-Sturce. Wina wofanana ndi chipinda chapamwamba cha nyumba iyi siili. Cholinga cha opanga ndikupereka tsogolo la tsogolo la zinthu zochepa zomwe zimakhalapo. Kutsamba pansi pansi pa nyumbayo kumachitika makamaka kuti apange uthenga wosavuta wokhala ndi chipinda chapamwamba. Mbali ya khoma kuchokera kumbali ya chipinda chamoyoyo idanditama, ndikupanga gawo lalikulu lokha lokha, lomwe limaphatikizapo masitepe opita. Kusunga malo, kumapangidwa pa pini yoyimitsidwa (yayikulu), chifukwa chomwe chimawoneka ngati kosavuta komanso chopondera. Wopangidwa ndi zida zapakhomo, masitepe amatsika mtengo. Makona ang'onoang'ono adagawidwa ndi magawo omwe ali m'magawo awiri, komwe ana, ofesi, chimbudzi ndi pantry zilipo.
Evgenia Ondratieva,
Yuri MarghaShov. M'masiku onse a 90s, apainiya otembenukira ku chipinda chogona chimakhala chikusangalatsidwa ndi zopinga zatsopano, zopinga zakale zakale komanso zokhazikika. Kulimbana ndi namondwe wonse komanso kubweretsa momwe mathedwe amangokhalira kukhala otentheka kwenikweni, okonda kulandira chibadwa chamoyo pansi pa mitambo pachimake chapamwamba. Pankhaniyi, pali mitundu yonse yazinthu zosakhala ndi nyumba zosakhala zachikhalidwe; Komanso magetsi agalasi padenga, matabwa otuwa otseguka kuchokera ku mitengo yamatabwa, masana aulere, etc., Kuphatikizanso "zowonjezera" kuti apange zida zakumidzi.
Kupanga kwapakatikati kwa nyumba za indoc kunalimbitsa magwiridwe antchito a masitepe omwe amapanga ndi zomanga ndi zopanga. Khoma la chipinda cha ana lasanduka mpanda wamasitepe. Buku la buku lili ku niche pamwamba pake. Panali mwayi woti muchepetse "malo oyandikana nawo, akuwonetsa malowo kuti atuluke, chipindacho (m'chipinda cha ana) ndi pantry. Diaguonal Zoning Pang'onopang'ono-Valbo ndi kufunika koyika bafa pakona ya bafa, "yolumikizidwa" kupita kwinakwake pansipa. Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo chamoto pakhoma la intrac yakale, kutuluka kwadzidzidzi kupita ku selo ya masitepe.
Limbanani mapangidwe. Zingwe zamagetsi (zoyendetsedwa) zolembedwa pa jacks, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi njerwa zakale zidasungidwa ndikuyika chitsulo cha makona amakona odzaza ndi minda iwiri ya 12 x 12 cm. Zigawo za minda ya rabter zidasinthidwa ndi atsopano. Mafuta adayeretsedwa ndi dothi ndipo limakulitsidwa ndikusunga kapangidwe kake-chobala, adapanga moto wochitira nkhuni zomangira zonse zamatabwa. Mabatani achitsulo atsalira m'malo mwake, kuchotsa dzimbiri.
Mphamvu yolimba kuchokera ku upangiri waukulu m. M. Funder yemwe anali wodabwitsa, ndipo wopanga sanawapezeko. Chifukwa chake, m'malo mwa mitengo yamatanda yokhazikika kuchokera ku pepala lachitsulo lokhala ndi ma 1.5 mm, lokokedwa ndi ma balts, koma adayikidwa theka la mita pamwambapa.
Sergey Erfeev (St. Petersburg)
Wokongoletsa
Olel FEDOOV. Ndege zotsekedwa, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a ma forsard kunyumba m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kungoganiza ngati makoma ndikusankha nyumba zokondweretsa duwa kapena mzere kapena kuzindikira ngati denga lachilendo. Ndipo zomwe amakonda zimapatsidwa mtundu woyera wosiyana kapena, m'malo mwake, mgwirizano ndi utoto wa makoma. Ma Windows Windows ali okwera kwambiri momwe angathere ndikujambula ngati magetsi otsutsa a ndege owunikira chilengedwe chapamwamba kuzungulira chipindacho. Monga chowonjezera chothandizira kusanthula mkati mwanu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuyenda. Kuchulukitsa komwe masitepe amapangidwira, sikungasinthe. M'nyumba zomangidwa mu 50s, zokutira ndi zida zamagetsi zopangidwa ndi Dranco ndi mbali zam'manja, ndipo zipinda zamiyala zimasiyana ndi kuya kwina, komwe kuyenera kukhala slag, osati zinyalala zomangira, nthawi zambiri sizimachitika. Kuchokera kumbali ya chipinda cham'madzi chakuchotsedwako chidachotsedwa, kuyikanso zowonjezera, pamwamba pawo - zokuza kwambiri zamagetsi "Euau Resoult". Mafuta pansi adalumikizidwa ndi mapepala a madzi am'madzi ophimbidwa ndi euroflor laminate.
Kukopa. Pansi pa makhanda, panali zigawo ziwiri za filimu yopanda madzi polyethylene yokhala ndi makulidwe a 0.15 mm yokhala ndi misomali yaying'ono. Chotsatira chotsatira chotsatira champhamvu cha ubweya wa ubweya wa ubweya (10 cm) adalumikizidwa ndi mipiringidzo yamiyala, ndikugwirira ntchito maziko a mitengo yamatabwa, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma pentofol ".
Zofanana ndi kupanga kwa "keke ya padenga", ntchito idachitika pomanga makoma a Montard komanso zotchinga zawo. Chingwe cha khoma chidapangidwa ndi galimoto ya sentimeter ya sentimita, malo pakati pa mipiringidzo inadzaza ndi michere yamchere ndi zotenthetsera za "Eud" wa "Euu".
Pamapeto omaliza a makoma, makoma adapangidwa ndi mapepala apapamwamba a Tigi-Kniaf, putty ndi penti. Wopanga adasankha utoto wosalowerera wa makoma omwe amagwirizana ndi mitundu yachilengedwe ya mitengo yamatabwa ndi mafelemu awindo.
Svetlana Belsehekina. The chipinda cha chipinda chapamwamba ndikuziyika mu chapamwamba chili ndi mwayi wofunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba wamba: Chiwerengero cha nyumba zokhotakhota ndizochepa. Ma racks, kupatukana ndi mitengo ya rafter sikugwira ntchito kwambiri, posonyeza kumangopereka mphamvu zotha kupanga malo amodzi ndi kuwala. Makoma ophatikizika a khoma, "Windows" ndi mawindo okhala ndi lug kapena chapamwamba, mwa iwo eni ndi chinthu champhamvu chopanga malo. M'masondi akulu ndi ngodya za chipinda, kumaliza ntchito kwambiri, kuchuluka kotsimikizika kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika komanso kukhalapo kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Padenga ndi padenga. Omanga anali mwayi: Kafukufuku wa padenga adawonetsa kuti nyali ndipo posachedwapa idayika denga la chitsulo cha Galvanized Schot osalowa m'malo ndi owonjezera. Kunali kofunikira kusindikiza kowonjezereka pa ma sheets ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi chosindikizira. Pakuti mpweya wabwino wa rafter dongosolo m'chipinda cha padenga, mabowo a 80 x 25 cm adachitika.
Dongosolo la chipinda chapamwamba lidapangidwa ndi zokhumba zonse za kasitomala komanso molingana ndi cholinga chomanganso malo a chapamwamba. Chowonadi ndi chakuti magawo kutalika kwa gawo la khoma la khoma ndi ngodya ya chizolowezi chimalumikizidwa. Kutalika kwa khoma lokhazikika pansi pa malo otsetsereka pomwe padenga limakhazikika mu 30 mpaka 45 - mu 45 - 60 m. Chifukwa chake, m'lifupi mwake. padenga. Kuphatikiza apo, kunali kofunikira kukonzanso ndi zolumikizana zomwe zilipo - mpweya wabwino, kutentha ndi kusoka.
- Indic ndi malo pakati pa nyumba za padenga, makhoma akunja ndi kugunda kwa pansi.
- Malo okhala - okhala m'malo andekha pansi pa denga lowala. Kusintha kwake kumatsimikizira kufunsira kwa zipinda.
- Ziribe kanthu momwe zimapangidwira mwamphamvu komanso kutetezedwa ndi denga la dzuwa, ndizotheka kwambiri kuchitapo kanthu za dzuwa, mphepo, mvula ndi chipale chofewa. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mkate wa "keke ya padenga" ndi mawindo m'chipinda chapamwamba.
Ngodya ya padenga la nyumbayo ali 30, pomwepo, opanga, opanga adaganiza zokhala kutalika kwa chipinda cha zipinda 2.23 m ndi m'lifupi mwa ittic 5.9 m. The Owerenga adawona kuti akuluakulu awa denga ndi otsika, koma kwa ana okha - choyambirira, choyambirira, chimapangidwa ndipo chimazolowera zipindacho chili ndi pakati ngati ofesi ya mutu wa mutu wa mutu wa mutu wa banja.
Mapulogalamu am'munsi am'munsi a nyumbayo adaganiza zopanga mapulaneti otsika mtengo opangira tigi -nauf, omwe adalumikizidwa kwa akale, koma akadali owala. Pambuyo pa bata ndi utoto wa denga ndi makoma a utoto wa Finland, nyumbayo idapeza mawonekedwe amakono komanso owoneka bwino.
Bafa. Kusamutsa bafa pamalo kupita kumalo - ntchitoyo, monga mukudziwa, monga momwe mumadziwira, komanso nyumba yosungika yambiri ndiyosatheka, monga momwe matope okhala ndi zoletsedwa ndi oletsedwa. Chifukwa chake, pamlingo wotsika kwambiri udasiyidwa kuchimbudzi ndi bafa komwe amatumizidwa ku Wopanga, - mu equation kuchokera kuchipinda chogona, a ana ndi khitchini. Kukhazikitsa ku Finland, pansi ndi makhoma olekanitsidwa ndi matailosi aku Italy. Chimbudzi pachipinda chakale chinali chapakati pa dziwe pansi pa pansi. Zinali zofunikira kulitsa chimbudzi ndikubweretsa mapaipi opondera.
Maxim orlovsky
(Arthur Vanio Studio). Woyimba m'chipindacho amapatsa wokhala pachinyengo chamtengo wapatali pa nyumba yomanga nyumbayo mumtima mwanga. (Mzere wophatikiza nthawi yomweyo umatsekereza pa Carlson wotchuka.) Njira yovomerezeka, yomwe sikuti amangoyang'ana m'mazenera azovutawa, amathandizira kuwonjezera mawu a mwini nyumba, ndipo chifukwa cha kukhala osakhwima mipando ndi mitundu yowala. Kukhala nyumba yodabwitsa, mutha kugula kuyesa kwachilendo ndi madera achikhalidwe, khitchini kapena zipinda zogona zipinda wamba. Kuchuluka kwa kuwala komanso kutalika kwachilendo kwa chipindacho kumakhala othandizira a wopanga mapulani.
Mpweya wabwino ndi kutentha. Vuto la mpweya wabwino mu bafa lidasankhidwa mwachuma komanso moyenera, ndikupangitsa kuti mpweya wabwino ukhale wolowa mu chimnel yakale. Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa pafupifupi 50% ya ndalama zotheka kupulumutsidwa pa kutsambula ndikukonza, komanso malingana ndi nyumba yofikiridwa ndi nyumba yayikulu.
Njira ya njira zinayi zamagulu oyendayenda omwe adasinthidwa mtsogolo mwapadera ndi kuwalumikiza ku kulumikizana komwe kumafanana. Mnyumba kuchokera ku nthawi ya nkhondo, mchenga wopanda ntchito kuchokera ku malo ogwirira ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito amasungidwa. M'modzi mwa iwo anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zopweteka ziwiri zoyambitsa mpweya wabwino - khitchini hood ndi kumenyedwa chimbudzi m'chipinda chapamwamba. Pansipa, m'chipinda chapansi, malo oyatsira moto amapezeka. Chitoliro chake, kuyika ma 15-center wosanjikiza wa ubweya wam'mimba, abweretsedwa padenga ndikubisa gawo la chimbudzi pabwino kwambiri pakati pa khoma la nyumba ndi khoma la nyumba. Misewu yayikulu yamoto yotentha idachotsedwa pamenepo.
Zenera. Mphezi zodetsa za dzuwa zimadutsa pazenera la makona a rectangular lomwe litatsala, koma zokulirapo. M'mbuyomu, kunakonkhedwanso, kunali kwakukulu pang'ono kuposa kutalika kwa Nomwenal kubwereza ndipo kunali kochepa. Pofuna kuti pakhale pazenera kuti muwonjezere, ndipo wotsika mulingo wogwirizana ndi miyezo yokhala patebulo ndipo munthu woyimirirayo adafanana ndendende ndi miyezo yomwe idatengedwa munyumba, zinali zofunikira kuti zithetsetsetsetseko. Mu ofesi yotsika mtengo, koma yapamwamba kwambiri yazitsulo za ku Italiya ku Italiya Canada. Poyamba adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito njira yosakanikirana yowunikira, ngakhale kuti madera a madera otseguka pansi pandege amafanana ndi chizolowezi (1:10).
Zipangizo Zokongoletsera
| Mtundu wa ntchito | Malo | Zipangizo | Manambala ku UN. kusintha | Mtengo wa $. | |
| mayunitsi. kusintha | Wa zonse | ||||
| Kutsiriza malo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pansi | Saizel | Pansi taramic tich vile, 30 x 30 cm | 6 M2. | makumi atatu | 180. |
| Mwana, nduna | Partofloor Parket lolymete | 35 m2. | 25. | 775. | |
| Makoma | Saizel | Makoma a Wall Ceramic Til Vira, 20 x 25 cm ndi 20 x 20 cm | 12 M2. | 35. | 420. |
| Madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi a renti | 12 M2. | zisanu | 60. | ||
| Mwana, nduna | Makina Ogwirizana ndi Madzi Ogwiritsa Ntchito Madzi Makampani a Tikkurila | 120 m2 | 3. | 360. | |
| Matako | Saizel | Pulati yolimbana ndi chinyezi cha TiGA-Kniaf ndi utoto wamadzi wogwiritsa ntchito madzi a Sufnurila | 17 m2. | makumi awiri | 340. |
| Kupumula | Gypsum carton tiga | 115 m2. | 17. | 1955. | |
| Kukhazikitsa kwa zida | |||||
| Zitseko | Mayeladi amkati | Finnish Beech | 2 ma PC. | 150. | 300. |
| zenela | pabalaza | Mansard Zenith. | 1 PC. (1 M2) | 450. | 450. |
| Pansi mkati mwapansi | Pulasitiki wokhala ndi galasi lopusitsa (Belgium) la kampani "kwambiri" | 1 PC. (2 m2) | 180. | 180. | |
| Zenera sill | Pansi mkati mwapansi | Thordwani chipboard | 2 p / m | fifitini | makumi atatu |
| Chigawo | Saizel | Chinyontho chogwiritsa ntchito chinyezi | 10 m2. | 35. | 350. |
| Kupumula | Gypsum Carton Tigi-Knuaf | 110 m2 | makumi atatu | 331. | |
| Makoma | Malo a Manardies | Gypsum Carton TiGA-KINAF, Urda Kutulutsa | 43 m2 | 48. | 2064. |
| "Pie Pater" | Malo a Manardies | Plasterboard, Rockwool Liation, Mincata Cjsc | fifite | 55. | 2750. |
| Zonse: | 1351. |