Momwe mungasankhire bwino pakati pa zinthu zazitali za malekezero: Kuchulukitsa msika, mawonekedwe ena, opanga.
Makampani amakono omanga amapereka madenga osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza pazinthu zilizonse komanso zogula. Vuto ndikupanga chisankho chokwanira. Nkhani yathu ikuthandizani ndi izi.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zinthu zomwe zilipo zilipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo. Kutsatira a Gosstroke ku Russian Federation, timawagawa m'magulu anayi: masamba a ashuga a Abeble, zofewa zofewa, zida ndi masitepe.
Ndiye, opanga amapereka opanga chiyani?
Sikwa
Ngakhale Slate ikupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito ku Russia yofunika kwambiri, koma makamaka mwayi wawo ndi ochepa. Kuyambira 1990, yachepetsedwa pafupifupi kasanu ndi kanayi, ndipo zomangamanga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, kuti tisazilingalire mwatsatanetsatane.Mindandanda yamitundu ya Fibrous ndi PVC
Njira ina ya Asbestos-simenti - wophatikizidwa ndi ma sheet a phlemen a sober (cellulose kapena ina). Zinthu zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri za French France "Ondulin" ndizofala kwambiri. Mtundu uwu wa mankhwalawo umaperekedwa kudziko lathu ndi kampani ya Switzerland Gutta werke. Chomera "MostroyplastMastmass" (MyTischi, dera la Moscow) limatulutsa utoto wa polymer a polymer ku PVC. Mapepala okumbika kuchokera 2 mpaka 4 mm amapangidwa ndi miyeso ya 1500 x 1530 x 54 mm. Unyinji wa 1 m2 wa zofunda izi ndi kuyambira 4 mpaka 6.3 makilogalamu, kulimba kwa padenga ndi zaka 30.
Zovala zokutira
Zovala zofewa komanso zofewa zofewa ku Russia zimapangidwa ndi 18 yapadera, komanso mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono angapo. Tsoka ilo, oposa 80% yopanga zofewa zofewa zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofewa zam'manja za backboard, zolumikizidwa mu makatoni atatu-, anayi- ndipo zisanu zinayi zikugwiritsa ntchito ma etics. Denga lopanda kanthu ndi mitundu ya zingwe za bati za batiroid imagwiritsidwa ntchito padenga lathyathyathya. Koma izi ndi zida dzulo.Zipangizo zokutira zolimba zimakonda kwambiri madontho otenthetsera kutentha ndi zisonkhezero zosiyanasiyana zakumpu, makamaka ma ray a ultraviolet. Katundu wawo woipa ndi kukana chisanu, komwe kumapangitsa kuti denga likutimeza zing'onozing'ono. Mastics, omwe amasenda mapanelo, mothandizidwa ndi ma radiation dzuwa ndikutaya pulasitiki. Ndipo ngakhale zinthu zaphokoso kwambiri ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti moyo wa padenga sunapitirire zaka 5-7, mtengo wonse wosunga madenga m'njira ya zaka 40-50, umakhala kwambiri chofunikira, poganizira kuchuluka kwa ntchito.
Zipangizo zambiri zapamwamba kwambiri zokutira ndi matikitidwe ndi chipilala, popanga zomwe zokhumba zimaphatikizapo zojambulazo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida za hydro ndi vaporizolation, komanso padenga padenga lathyathyathya.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, zida zokutira zomwe zimakhala ndi phula ndi polymer (osapitilira 12% ya voliyumu) yazinthu zina) zoseweretsa polyeter kapena galasi lagalasi ikutchuka kwambiri; Fiberglass: herdegorbit, hydrohotellol, bikrrost, Lincrir, Rubext, Bikrost, wallost Walker, rubrer. Gawo la polymer limapereka zinthu zotere kukhala lalikulu (poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe chambiri) ndipo chimalepheretsa mapangidwe a ming'alu. Mapulogalamuwo amadzaza ndi njira yosunthira pamunsi ya konkriti, chitsulo kapena ophatikizika ndi mastic. Pankhaniyi, kuchuluka kwa pepala lokhazikika kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zake. Zoyipa za zida zogulidwa kwambiri-polymeric ndikusowa chipangizo chothilira magetsi, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera komanso zilango zamiyala kunja. Zipangizo zokutira polima zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padenga lathyathyathya ndi malo otsetsereka mpaka 25. Pamalo akulu otsetsereka pali ngozi yakutola, pulasitiki yomwe ili nyengo yotentha imakulirakulira.
Maganizo amatengedwa ndi ma polymec-polymeric zida zopanda moto zosinthidwa ndi Thermoplasts, elastoplast, a therropleplast, a therropleclex, thermoflex, a Phiperol, DEPROPEST ndi ena. Dera la kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo si padenga lokha, nthunzi ya "kepo yapansi pa" zipinda zapansi, zipinda ndi ngalande, zida za gululi. Zinthu za gululi ndi Pafupifupi qudico-mawonekedwe omwewo, mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, timapereka magawo a zinthu za Aozt "Gerbbiet".
Ku Germany, pafupifupi 75% ya padenga lathyathyathya limayikidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zapondapo-polymec kutengera ndi nsalu zodulitsira kapena nsalu za polyester. Opanga akulu opanga zofewa zofewa ndi IOopal, "izoflex", tehtonikol, "Hermoplast". Zida zokutira zokutira zimaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a riboni pafupifupi 1000 mm kutalika kwa 7 mpaka 20 m. Utumiki wa polimer ndi zaka 15-20.
Maluso aukadaulo wa zinthu "Gerbier, p, g"
| Mphamvu yolimbitsa thupi ku chimphepo chamtali, n (kgf) | Osachepera 735 (75) |
| Misa yonse ya 1 m2 (kulemera kwa kutsitsa), g | 3500500 (2000) |
| Madzi oyamwa (mkati mwa maola 24,% mwakulemera) | Osapitilira 1.0 |
| Kusinthasintha pa bar ndi kuzungulira kwa 25 mm, k) | 263 (-30) |
| Madzi (opanikizika 0.001 MPA), H | Osachepera 72. |
| Kukana kutentha (mkati mwa maola awiri), K (c) | Osatsika kuposa 353 (80) |
| Makulidwe, mm. | 3.5 |
Mitundu yamakono yamagetsi yofewa nthawi zambiri imakhala yosanjikiza. Amapangidwa pamaziko a mphira kapena mafuta a polymer ndipo alibe phula. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito padenga lililonse la chipilala chilichonse, popanda kuwopa kuti denga la malowa. Mpaka pano, zofala kwambiri pankhani yomanga dziko lonse lapansi ndi zida ndi nembanemba chifukwa cha zolengedwa za Ethylene-Propylene-Diene. Nyimbo zoterezi ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zimapezeka ndi zosokoneza bongo komanso zotsutsana ndi ozoni, osagwirizana ndi maxidation ndi kukhudzidwa ndi maulendo a ultraviolet, mphamvu, kukana chisanu. Membrane imodzi yosanjikiza imayikidwa padenga ngati yopanda makola ("mwaulere", kuyika masitima opukutira kapena kumangirirani mapangidwe), ndikumamatira "zodzikongoletsera", phula lotentha. Ku US, pafupifupi theka la madenga amapangidwa kuchokera ku membranes imodzi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito gawo limodzi la ma nembaikulu kumapereka liwiro lalitali komanso labwino kwambiri. Zinthu zomwe zimabwera m'magawo osiyanasiyana (kuyambira 1 mpaka 15 m), zomwe zimalola denga la zovuta zilizonse zomwe zili ndi misozi yochepa. Ukadaulo wa membranes ndi zigawo zawo zimapangitsa kuti agwire ntchito nthawi iliyonse pachaka.
Ku Russia, kumasulidwa kwa nembanemba za Nizhnekamiskneftekhmnftekhim jsc. Zipangizo zodetsa zaukadaulo izi zimapangidwa ndi Ojsc Kirov chomera cha chikopa ojsc (nkhani ", romture"), kuphatikizapo, Amaperekedwa kuchokera -b stroke (zopangidwa ndi zojambula zomanga moto waku America, etc.). UTHENGA WABWINO KWAMBIRI ZAKA 25.
Poyerekeza ndi padenga lowopsa, mtengo wazomwe za chipangizocho ndi zomwe zili mu 1 m2 wa padenga la boti lomwe lili pansi kawiri, polymer - kanayi.
Mathiki
Masticric polymeric ndi polymeric amagwiritsidwa ntchito padenga la madenga osawoneka bwino komanso kukonza mitundu yonse ya madenga akale. Mothandizidwa ndi mastic, mawonekedwe apadera apadera amapangidwa. Amayikidwa mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi pansi ndikupanga filimu yopanda madzi yomwe imasiyana ndi polymer nembanemba yokhala ndi kusakhalako kwa seams ndi mafupa. Kutupa kwa filimuyi kumalola kusunga nyumbayo padenga pa polema padenga. Kupanga Kwamitundu Yosiyanasiyana kwa Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana Komanso Kupita kwakhazikitsidwa ku Russia ndi "Herdoplast", "Philmovrost", "polykrov", "polykrovlya", "polymerstrhyhymayma.Mastic ndi gawo limodzi kapena ziwiri-gawo, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito momwe denga limakhalira pamwamba padenga. Atachiritsa, zokutira zikuwoneka ngati monolithic, zofanana ndi zinthu zakuda zakoka. Denga loterolo ndilabwino madera okhala ndi nyengo. Magazinics ndi kukana kwaukali, oxidation ndi ma radiation a ultraviolet, kukana kuphulika kwa kutentha kuchokera -40 mpaka 100 ° C, mphamvu yayikulu, Kulemera Kwambiri, Kulemera. Pamalo antchito ayenera kukhala, kotero kuti wosanjikiza wamastic ndi yunifolomu. Ngati zolowetsa padenga la padenga ndizoposa 12% ndi kutentha kwa mpweya pamsewu pamwambapa 25C ku mafilimu, simenti, etc.), zomwe zimawonjezera mamasuki.
Zowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi ma etcht a ntchentche. "Polykrov M-120" ndi "Polykrov M-140", Chlorosulfupopothylee "Polykrov-wazaka 25, zaka 20," Himmost "(" Himmoplast ") , "Heeren" ("Sememetyyevo"), "Vomiseta-Y" ("ma polymermaals") - zaka 15. Mastic - owala owala. Unyinji wa 1 m2 wa mapesiti ovala kutengera mtundu wake ndipo kuchuluka kwa zigawo ndi 2-10 kg. Moyo wasticatist - kuyambira zaka 10 mpaka 25.
Pafupifupi, zofewa zopumira zimawononga $ 5-6 pa 1 m2, ndi nthawi zapakhomo zosachepera.
Pomaliza, tinafika padenga la padenga lopezeka, monga lamulo, zomanga za kanyumba. Chifukwa maofesi awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito zida zofowoka. Amakhala okongola chifukwa cha zokongoletsera, mitundu mitundu ndi kukhazikika.
Zitsulo zopindika
Padenga wazitsulo - zogawika kapena zopangidwa ndi chitsulo zopanga, zotetezedwa ndi wosanjikiza wa allooy kugonjetsedwa, kumafunikira nthawi zonse. Mitundu yambiri yonyamula masinti yokutidwa ndi zirc Stoney, mkuwa ndi Tinium, imaperekanso chiwonetsero cha Frenchi mu msika waku Russia (zitsanzo "," anti-zinc "). Zogulitsa zimaperekedwa m'mawu ndi masikono. Zakuthupi makulidwe kuchokera pa 0,6 mpaka 1 mm, m'lifupi - 100-1000 mm. Mtundu wamtunduwu, kutengera ntchito, akuwonetsetsa kuti asunge padenga kwa zaka 30-100.
Makasitomala olemera adapinda madenga a mkuwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Mkuwa - chitsulo chakale chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madenga. Monga mu Middle Ages, ndizotchuka ndipo zimakupatsani mwayi woweruza zabwino za mwini nyumbayo. Copper (99.9%), yolumikizidwa mu tepi 0.6-0.8 mm mulifupi ndi 670 mm mulifupi, zimabwera mu ma roll. Moyo wa padenga lamkuwa uli zaka 100.
Zitsulo zowoneka bwino
Zina mwa zinthu za zitsulo, zomwe zimatchedwa chitsulo, ndizotchuka kwambiri - mtundu wa ma sheele omangika, kutsanzira kapangidwe kake kade. Imodzi mwa opanga oyamba a mtundu uwu ndi kmi (Sweden). Komanso pamsika waku Russia, matayala achitsulo amaperekedwa kampani ya Swedel Gasel Phura, Afla Proclab, a Frand, a Frastal, ku Britadian, waku Canada, waku Canada (wa ku America) ). Rannila amapanga matabwa achitsulo pachibingo chake chomwe ku Moscow ku Chigawo cha Moscow. Amapangidwa ndi opanga athu ("zachitsulo", "Moscow Poltow Desights", SPOOAB "," Stanov "," Indie "ku Chelyobinsk). Mapepala okhala ndi makulidwe a 0,4-0.5 mm ali ndi cholumikizira ndi chotchinga chotchinga cha zinc kapena zinc aluminium slooy, pambuyo pake njira yolumikizira yolumikizira imalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matailosi osiyanasiyana. Ma sheet amathandizidwa ndi kapangidwe kazikulu, yokutidwa ndi wosanjikiza polyester, plastisol ndi ma poizoni ena, kuchokera pansi - chitetezo chapansi - kuteteza varnish. Misa ya 1 M2 yolumikizira - 5.5 kg. Chifukwa cha kugona kwake, chiwonongeko cholimba sichikufunika, ndipo mapepalawo amaikidwa ndi zomata ndi chidindo. Kukhazikika kwa tayala lachitsulo ndi zaka 50. Zambiri za izi, tinalemba mu n 5 "IID" chaka chino.Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kugwira ntchito ndi zitsulo zoumba kumayambitsa zovuta zina: pulasitiki ya chitsulo ndi ochepa, pepala lolemba sikuti limapangidwa kuti lisinthe. Kuphatikiza apo, mukadula, gawo lalikulu la chitsulo chachitsulo chili ndi zinyalala, ndipo zinthu zake ndizokwera mtengo. Chifukwa chake, zofunda zotere ndizabwino kwambiri padenga la mawonekedwe osavuta, koma ndi malo otsetsereka (mpaka 45-60).
Mbiri Yotsika ndi Panels
Mbiri yotsika ndiyosavuta kupanga kuposa zitsulo, choncho, wotsika mtengo komanso wotsika mtengo. Iwo ndi mapepala akuluakulu achitsulo omwe adagubuduza kuti atulutse zopanga zopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri amakutira ndi chotchinga cha polymer ya polymer. Mapepala a mbiri yabwino amatulutsa, mwachitsanzo, chomera chachitsulo cha kirevsky cha zitsulo zopepuka (Kireevsk, Tula Dera). Makulidwe makulidwe - 0,6-0.8 mm, m'lifupi - 1100-1250 mm, 2-12 m, mbiri yakuya Broth - 20-75 m, mm. Ma sheet oterewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zosavuta padenga la nyumba ndi nyumba zapakhomo. Kukhazikika kwa mtundu wamtunduwu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo zoteteza.
Masamba ovala zitsulo zamtundu wa sangweji ndi kukula kwa kampani yaku Germany. Iwo, monga matalala apadera, amapangidwa ku Russia pafupi ndi chomera cha Samara ". Mapani amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zoyambitsa zokutira za nyumba ndi nyumba, komanso maziko otsika ndi denga la mtundu uliwonse. Kutulutsa ndi polyurethane mtundu "kapena PPU-317. Walifupi wa m'lifupi - 845 mm, kutalika - 2.38-11.38 m, makulidwe a zitsulo - 0,7-0.9-14-14.6 k2.3-14.6 k2.
Matayala owoneka bwino
Zaka zopitilira 12 zomangamanga kale zomanga ndi zomanga, pamakhala lingaliro la "tileous to timanda. Uwu ndi mtundu wofewa wofewa womwe umaphatikizapo katundu wa mataiti a ceramic, shingles wamatabwa (mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe) ndi zomangira zodetsa (pulasitiki, luso lalikulu).Matayala a biemen amapangidwa, ngati si mazana, makampani padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa zadzitsimikizira nokha pachitukuko - kuchokera ku Tropics kupita ku North North. Kufunika kwa zotsika mtengo, zokongola komanso zolimba (ndi malo oyenera) kukukula mwachangu. Ma tambala oyamba a phula adabwera ndi aku America. Ku Europe, imapangidwa ndi mayiko onse, koma ku Italy ndi Finland akutsogolera. Kampani ya ku Italiya ku Italiya ndi wopanga kwambiri wamatambo ambiri. Ku Russia, malinga ndi kugulitsa, kampaniyi imayesedwa ndi kampani yodziwika bwino ku Finland Katepal. Nkhani yofananayi yopanga matodi a Ryazan-rubercroid, ojsc "hydrosteclozol", ku Lithuania - Russia-Lithuania Enterprise "Gargju
Mwa kapangidwe kake, mapepala a matailosi ochepa a mafakitale osiyanasiyana sakhala osiyana. Wosagawidwa ndi galasi loti agalasi amaphimbidwa mbali ziwiri mwa kusinthidwa kapena phula la bingu, cengural stument kapena michere ya mchere ikutuluka pamwambapa, kuchokera pansi - mchenga. Kutengera mtundu wa matayala ang'onoang'ono komanso njira yogona kuchokera pansi, point (8% (8% ya pamwamba) ndi 60% yokutidwa ndi phula lomata. Ali ndi mtundu wa ma ntragons okhazikika kapena okhazikika, makona a nsomba, "masikelo a nsomba" - 100 x 34 ma sheet amadyedwa ndi mapepala 7 a 8.5-11 . Kapangidwe ndi penti ya matailosi owoneka bwino a opanga odzoza ndi osiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero cha mitundu ndi mithunzi imawerengeredwa ndi mazana (kuchokera ku kampani ya Tolala zoposa 200).
Makulidwe a bolodi ndi plywood pamalo osiyanasiyana ophatikizidwa *
| Nkhondo ya Crate, mm | Makulidwe, mm | Plywood makulidwe, mm |
|---|---|---|
| 600. | makumi awiri | 12 |
| 900. | 23. | khumi zisanu ndi zitatu |
| 1200. | makumi atatu | 21. |
* Ndi katundu wogawika wa 1.8 k k k k / m2, katundu wa 1.0 k.
Padenga la madeshoni masiku ano mutha kuwona matayala ofewa ndi mkuwa wakunja. Awa ndi zida za chitsimikizo cha kutchuka - "osankhika", "kagwiritsidwe" ndi "chikhalidwe" chopangidwa ndi Tegola. Misa ya 1 m2 ya zokutira ndi zitsulo zazitali - mpaka 17 kg. Denga latsopanoli limakhala lofiirira pachaka, kenako ma Patina amawonekera, ndipo pambuyo kotala la zaka zana, mkuwa amapeza mtundu wobiriwira wa "ukalamba" wachitsulo. Kusiyana kwakukulu muukadaulo wa matekisike a phula kuchokera ku ukadaulo wachitsulo kumadalira kuti ma shing amafunikira njira yokhazikika komanso yoyenerera yogwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Amapangidwa ndi saketi yokhomeredwa yokhotakhota kapena yoluka bolodi, yopanda madzi plywood kapena mbale yowoneka bwino yokhala ndi ulusi wautali. Chinyezi cha crate sayenera kupitirira 20%. Nkhani ndi ntchito yamatabwa zimakhala zodula kwambiri kuposa kukonzekera maziko pansi padenga kuchokera pachitsulo. Koma malalanjewo ndi otsika mtengo. Zimakhala zaka 25-30.
Ceramic ndi simenti-mchenga
Ku Russia, kupanga ma taramic matleics akupitilizabe. Amamasulidwa ndi chomera cha BCKI Ceramic (Moscow dera), Kuchinsky Ceramic Chomera (Chigawo cha Moscow), chomera cha Psmitet), "Mitizl" (Zhstovo, Dera la Moscow). Kuphatikiza apo, matayala azikhalidwe ziwiri amatumizidwa ku Russia kuchokera ku France (Cermas), Germany), Autongria, Finland, Lithuava ("Belarus (" Belarus ("Belarus (" Belarus ("Belarus)). Zofanana ndi mataiti a ceramic tiles - 390 x 240 ndi 330 x 420 mm. Zovala zake zimakhala zolemera kwambiri, unyinji wa 1 m2 wa chitoliro ndi 40-70 makilogalamu, chifukwa chake, pomwepo mbali ya denga la padenga liyenera kukhala 25, apo ayi muyenera kuchita dongosolo lamphamvu kwambiri. Kukhazikika kwa denga lokhalapo kuli kopitilira zaka zana. Mbizinesi ya ku Moscow "Braas-DSC-1" Yopangidwa ndi sile ya sile ya 420 x 330 mm. Amatsika mtengo, komanso wocheperachepera kuposa wambiri.Madenga omasulira
Nthawi zina, ndikofunikira kumanga padenga lotseguka lotchedwa greenhouse, munda wachisanu, dziwe, kapena malo apanyumba. Denga lotereli limachitika kuchokera ku Triplex kapena galasi lapadera, ma cellcarbonate kapena magalasi a ma cellolar, olimbikitsidwa mu aluminiyamu kapena kapangidwe ka chitsulo. Zipangizo ndi matekinoloje ndizambiri zophatikizika kwambiri, zimaperekedwa mitundu yapanyumba komanso yakunja. Kukhazikika kwa polymer yamakono ndi Triplex - zaka 50.
Denga la 'luntha' 'kunyumba
Mapulogalamu a galasi dzuwa ndi mawu atsopano mu gawo logwiritsa ntchito nyumba zomanga kuti apange mphamvu ndi njira zosatsutsika: zidutswa za padenga zimapangidwa. M'midzi, zida zamagetsi m'nyumba zimadyetsa batri, zomwe zimayambira masana. Mabatire a dzuwa a kampani yaku Germany Eatergait Ag amaphatikizidwa ndi ma crate amtundu uliwonse pogwiritsa ntchito mabatani apadera ndikusindikizidwa ndi ma gaski osindikizidwa ndi polymeric. Amaphatikizidwa ndi zofunda zosiyanasiyana ndikulowa zina mwa mawonekedwe a masewera apamwamba a nyumba. M'chaka chambiri, mapilo okwanira 30 (kuchuluka kwa gawo 5 makilogalamu) a kukula (505 x 766 x 51 mm * 21 mm * h ya magetsi, zomwe zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito molunjika pamagetsi zida zapakhomo.Madzulo - ndalama, m'mawa - padenga
Kuyerekezera mtundu wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zodulira ndi nambala yantchito ndi yomanga, komanso kasitomala. Malinga ndi akatswiri a zigawo za ku Moscow dera, kufanizira kotereku ndikotheka ndi thandizo la kuyeserera kwabwino m'malingaliro. Zovala zosiyanasiyana zimayerekezera dongosolo logwirizanitsa. Wokwera bwino komanso pansipa mtengo, katundu wokongola kwambiri wa wogula. Zipangizo zodziwika bwino zomwe zimaganiziridwa: Slate, zokutira zokutira, Onhulin ndi ofanana (aqualin), mchenga ndi chitsulo), mkuntho (chitsulo) chofewa choyera.
Kuwerenga katundu wogwiritsa ntchito, njira yophatikizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imafotokoza mwachidule tanthauzo la nkhani ndi malingaliro a izi, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi ogula pogwiritsa ntchito ziyeso zisanu ndi ziwirizo.
Chitsimikizo chachikulu ndi kukopa kwachilendo kwa zinthuzo, popeza munthuyo amayamba kusamalira padenga. M'mtunda kwachiwiri - katundu wazinthu zomwe zimayesedwa chifukwa cha thupi lake, hydrophoysical, mapangidwe apaukadaulo, makina osonyeza zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe. Kukhazikika ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zofunika, chifukwa moyo wa padenga ndi wosiyana kwambiri: kuyambira 7 (erbaid) zaka 100 (mkuwa) zaka zana (mkuwa). Ndizotheka kuyandikira chizindikiritso ichi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Wina amanga nyumba yolimba ndi denga lolimba, lopangidwa kwa zaka 100, wina kukwaniritsa padenga, lomwe limakhala kotala la zaka zana. Chizindikiro cha nomenclation chimakhalanso chovuta. Amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yamtundu, mafomu a mbiri ndi mawonekedwe omwe wopanga amatha kupereka kwa wogula. Mukasankha denga, ndikofunikira kuyambira pachiyambipo kuti mudziwe mtundu wa zinthuzo, komanso zovuta za kuyika kwake. Nthawi ina, wogulayo amatha kuphimba padenga pawokha, kutsatira malangizo, ntchitoyi ndi gulu chabe la akatswiri. Kuphatikizika kwa kasupe kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zopanga kapena zofunikira zowonjezereka padenga lamitundu ina yadenga. Mwachitsanzo, 1 m2 wa matailosi wamba amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 50, kotero mukamagwiritsa ntchito nkhaniyi, dongosolo la rafter liyenera kuwerengedwa kuti ikhale yopuma kwambiri. Kumwa matabwa a Sang'ana, chifukwa chake, mtengo wa padenga ukakwera ndi 15-20%. Ma tiile ofewa ndi opepuka kuposa ceramic kasanu, koma ndikofunikira kuti ikhale yodulidwa yolimba kuchokera m'matabwa, masitomboni a plywood kapena okhazikika, kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo a zingwe kumalire, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziganizo zisinthe. Chizindikiro cha kusungunuka m'malo omaliza makamaka chifukwa kasitomala pakupanga nyumbayo sakuganiziridwa pang'ono za kugwirira ntchito motsatira komanso pokonza padenga.
Ndi mtengo / mtengo wapamwamba, zida zodetsa zitha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo. Gulu loyamba - zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri pamtengo wotsika - zokwana zinthu. Denga lochokera ku zinthuzi ndioyenera nyumba yamunda kapena nyumba yanyumba, monga mtolo kapena garaja, koma osati nyumba yayikulu.
Mawonekedwe a gulu lachiwiri (Ondulin, pepala lalikulu) - mtundu wa sekondale komanso kusintha kwakukulu pamitengo. Pankhaniyi, kusankha kuyenera kupanga wogula mwini. Gulu lachitatu lomwe limasinthira chitsulo ndi sile mathithi a mchenga amadziwika ndi mitengo yayikulu komanso yocheperako, ochepa osiyanasiyana kuchokera kumitengo ya gulu lakale. Zinthu ziwiri zodetsa izi zitha kuonedwa kuti ndizabwino malinga ndi mtengo wa mtengo / mtundu.
Pomaliza, gulu lachinayi ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zodula - izi ndi zamkuwa, zosinthika komanso matanthwe. Zinthu izi zimafunikira kwa iwo omwe amalota padenga lamuyaya, amakhala pansi pomwe zidzukulu zawo zidzakhala. Iyenera kuphatikizidwa kuti mwini nyumbayo ali ndi malo onse a 150 m2 atawononga ndalama zosakwana $ 10,000.
| Chitsimikiziro | Kufunika kwa Wogula,% |
|---|---|
| Kaonekedwe | makumi atatu |
| Katundu waukadaulo | makumi awiri |
| Kulimba | fifitini |
| Nomenclature | 10 |
| Kukhazikitsa Kukhazikitsa | 10 |
| Kusamvana kwa kayendedwe ka raft | 10 |
| Kusakhulupilika | zisanu |