Mbali Zatsopano Zatsopano: Gulu, mwayi, makampani opanga, mitengo.
Zaka zina khumi zapitazo, payipi ya tsiku ndi tsiku, zomangamanga ndi makampani nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ngati chopondera cha piperine wachitsulo cholimba komanso mtundu wa "woyipa dyimbron". Nthawi zasintha. Tsopano nkovuta kupeza gawo la moyo, kulikonse komwe m'badwo watsopano wam'ng'ono umagwira ntchito.
Ma Hosses amapezeka kulikonse: mu katswiri wometa tsitsi lowuma, makina ochapira, pomportic compressor pagalimoto. Ndege zanzeru zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi oyeretsera madzi, kupezeka kwa madzi osambira, mu kayendedwe ka chimbudzi chakumadzi kokwirira magetsi ang'onoang'ono - pamoto ndi garaja. Mphoto yapadera yomwe idagona ku Concetete imagwira ntchito ya zingwe za fibeti, mapaipi amagetsi, wailesi ndi telecabels otambasuka. Mgonero wolemekezedwayo umakongoletsedwa pansi pa konkriti yotentha pansi. Mapasesi omwewo amathandiziranso ma piacoukisi a ma pipi a pulasitiki okhala ndi cranes ndi zosakaniza, zigawo zamapaipi ndizotetezedwa kuwonongeka kwa zoopsa. Nyumba za nyambo sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito chabe chifukwa cha mafuta achikhalidwe, komanso ngalande za mator, zimbudzi zokhala ndi madzi, zida zamadzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'matumbo osiyanasiyana amaponda. Njira yothetsera kutalika kwa malekezero angapo amaperekedwa mpaka kutalika kwa pansi, madzi kuchokera kudzenje amalumidwa kuchokera ku hoses. Mitsempha yamakono yamakono imakhalanso hose yopangidwa ndi minyewa ya polysterter ndi poreurethane exrernation. Ma Ducts a Ructs mu magetsi apamwamba kwambiri amayenda nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku pulasitiki, pumu yapulasitiki ndi zitsulo.
Kodi minda yogwiritsa ntchito hoses ndi iti? Nawa ena a iwo:
Gwiritsani ntchito ziwembu za nyumba (kuthirira);
kupezeka kwamadzi (kudya madzi kapena kusungunuka);
Kutentha ndi madzi otentha (gulu losinthika ku ma radiators ndi zosakaniza);
kusungula, namondwe ndi ngalande;
magetsi;
Mpweya wabwino ndi zowongolera mpweya;
Mayendedwe a zida zambiri ndi mpweya.
Ndikotheka kusiyanitsa magwero kuti agwirizane ndi ukadaulo: T3atm) ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu (mpaka 135th); Malinga ndi zomwe adapangidwazo (elastomers, thermoplastics, nsalu zapadera); mwa moyo wa moyo (kuyambira zaka 15 zapitazo mpaka zaka 15); Malinga ndi kukula (12.5 mpaka 600 mm).
Ndi maubwino ati a hoses kutsogolo mapaipi apulasitiki? Choyamba, mwaukadaulo mukakhazikitsa. Ngobala ngakhale ma diameter akuluakulu amakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwapadera komanso kututa. Ndikofunika kuwanyamula m'manda ogwiritsira ntchito ndi phirilo mwachindunji. Kachiwiri, hoses imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yofanana ndi mapaipi apulasitiki. Amakhalanso ndi ziphuphu pamapaipi a polymer - kuvala kukana ndi kukana kwakukulu pakuwonongeka kwamakina. Kapangidwe ka Mvula kumatsikira, kuwonjezera apo, kusungidwa kwa mawonekedwe osalala amkati, mainchesi ndi magwiridwe antchito ovuta. Chachitatu, magwero amachotsedwa mosavuta ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Zosintha zosiyanasiyana komanso zonyansa zimapangitsa kuti zitheke popanda kuyesetsa kusintha kasinthidwe. Makona amakono oyenera akuwonetsetsa kuti kupangira mitsempha yamadzimamwa kumayendetsa zakumwa ndi zinthu zambiri pamatenthedwe a -25 mpaka 85c ndi 15thm.
Koma - yotentha;
B. - Kwa makina owongolera mpweya ndi mpweya, utsi, nthunzi;
Mu - zolimba kwambiri komanso zosagonjetsedwa, zoyenera kuchotsedwa kwa zigawo zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zopangidwa ndi zonunkhira;
G. - zolimba, koma zopepuka ndi zowoneka bwino za zitsulo za masika.
Moyo wa chitsimikizo cha mtengo wamakono wa pulasitiki wapamwamba womwe umafuna kunyamula zakumwa pachaka cha chaka ndi zaka 7 mpaka 15. Pamlengalenga mwa payipi yamkati ndi yosalala kwathunthu, chifukwa cha bandwidth yake imakhala yokwera kwambiri kuposa mainchesi. Zowonongeka (pamalo omanga, m'mafakitale), pomwe wamkati ndi kunja kwa payipiyo amalimbikitsidwa ndi katundu wamakina, moyo wake wantchito, zochepa, zochepa. Mapulogalamu ambiri apulasitiki amapangidwa kuchokera ku polyvinyl chloride (pvc), mitsempha ya zolinga zapadera zimapangidwanso kuchokera ku polurethane. Pankhaniyi, kulimba kwamkati kwa abrasion motsogozedwa ndi mapangidwe a mitengo ya pulasitiki ndi mapaipi ndi omwewo. Mapangidwe a mitengo yapulasitiki yambiri amatanthauzira kuthekera kwa kusokonekera kwawo, ndipo saswa ngakhale pansi pa magudumu agalimoto. Mphoto yolumikizidwa ndi chimango kapena chopangidwa ndi polymeric zida ndi kukumbukira kwamolecular zimabwezeretsa mawonekedwe ndikubwerera ku boma. Pali mitundu ingapo ya mafelemu otere. Nthawi zambiri, zimakhala zozungulira kuchokera pa pvc kapena chitsulo. Mapangidwe ena ofala a payipiwo ndi gawo limodzi la atatu, mawonekedwe a pakati omwe amapangidwa mu mtundu wa gululi la polysthera. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti nyali ikhale yolimbana kwambiri ndi kukakamira kwa zovuta zakunja. Pomaliza, pamapeto pake mumakhala mitengo ya matebulo atatu, yomwe imayenda panjira zitatu zofananira zofananira zitatu, monolithily zimalimbikitsidwa pa pulasitiki. Mitsempha iyi idapangidwa kuti madzi opopera anthu ambiri opopera pakuthirira. Pamtunda wamkati wa hoses kuti mayendedwe a kumwa madzi akumwa amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki yemwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa algae. Mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri (katswiri) yomwe idzagwiritsidwa ntchito panja imatetezedwa ku radiation ya ultraviolet ya ultraviolet.
Mitundu yonse ya mitengo ya pulasitiki ndiyosavuta kukhazikika kapena bala pamtundu wapadera. Komabe, mlimi aliyense amadziwa kuti ndi madeti ati omwe angamasuke atatha kugwira ntchito ndi chiwongola dzanja chaitali pa chiwembucho. Zimakhala zothekera, kuthetsa ndi vutoli. Wotchedwa Nokussuonsystem amakupatsani mwayi kupewa zovuta zambiri. Chingwe chapadera chokhwima chomwe chimaperekedwa pakupanga pasanjidwe la pasodzi sizimalola kuti zichitike, zopotozedwa ndipo zimalepheretsa kupezeka. Kuwongolera payipi yotere, kumakukakamizani mokwanira.
Wamaluwa waku Russia amalakwitsa chimodzi, pogula kapena polyethylene apadera a hoses ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuthirira ziwembu. Amapangidwanso kwambiri kuti ayandikire mawaya ndi zingwe mu konkriti wonunkhira ndikutchinjiriza kuwonongeka kwa mapaipi a polymeric. Pakatikati pamtunda umakhala woperewera, kukana madzi mkati mwake kuli kokulirapo kuposa malire ololedwa, chifukwa cha mitsempha yomwe imakhala yolimba mwachangu ndipo amawonetsa mabowo microscopic.
Funso loti pali mzere wowonekera pakati pa payipi ndi chitoliro chochokera ku zinthu za polymer sichinathetse ngakhale akatswiri omwe amaganiza zosinthana mwa njira zosinthira.
Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha ntchito ndi phytodiziain, komanso matekinoloje atsopano oyambitsa madzi amakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mapapu apulasitiki osinthika. Ndiwovulirako panyumba yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala ndi kachitidwe ka malo okwirira, komwe kumayenera kutembenukira pakuyala ma hoses pansi. Dothi lamchenga, amapangidwa m'chifapo chosefera a Seotext, ndi dongo - lokhala ndi zosefera pansi kuchokera ku fiber, zomwe zimazungulira, ndikupanga mpweya pakati pa dongo ndi chubu.
Malinga ndi malingaliro a zinthu, magwero ayenera kusewera mapaipi kuchokera ku zida za polymeric momwe amalumikizirana. Zachidziwikire, zochulukitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale payipi yoyenerera, kulumikizana kumakhala kodalirika kuposa kuwombera kapena kupezeka polumikizidwa. Komabe, pamanja oyikidwa mwaukadaulo osokonekera a 8-10 ATM. Kuphatikiza apo, pali madilesi apadera, mafayilo, ma tees, zonunkhira zomwe zimalola kuvala hose yolumikizirana ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimatsimikizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafoni osinthika. Chidziwitso chosangalatsa - Kodi ndi chiyani cha Moscow Lord "Center Ard-Plus". Awa ndi zowonjezera zamkuwa zomwe zimalola kuti nyumba zolumikizira zitsimikiziro zomwezo zodalirika zomwe zitsulo ndi zitsulo ndi mapaipi omwe amalumikizidwa.
Ma Hosser onse kuti ayende ...
Tsoka ilo, opanga zapakhomo amapitilizabe kuchitira hoses ngati tanthauzo la tanthauzo lachiwiri. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale popanga zinthu zabwino za ku Moscow zowoneka bwino "zowonetsera za polsofethylene hose zimawonetsedwa ndi mtundu wa fumbi komanso mawonekedwe a hose ya shawa ndi osakanikirana sizikuwonetsedwa.
Mu - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hoses yakunja ndi nyumba. Zogulitsa izi zimawonetsedwa muulemerero wake wonse. Diso la makoswe amtundu wa Chingerezi, Chitaliyana, Chigrini, Chinema cha Chijeremani, Chijeremani ndi Turker ndi zokongoletsera za masitolo apadera omwe ali ng'ombe. Zoposa 400th PVC Hoses ndi zina za polymeric zopangidwa ndi kampani yosinthika yosinthidwa, kampani yachi Greek temxacos.a. Makampani otsogola ku Europe amapereka ". Kuwunika kwa ogula kunapezeka ndi ma hope akuthirira za firt yolimba ya ku Italy. Osati chaka choyamba, wogula wa ku Russia waperekedwa posankhidwa pang'ono ndi ma hoses omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbali zonse zomanga ndi makampani, kampani yaku Germany Unicor RochsysSestember. Kuphunzitsa msika ndi Friatec-Fritherc-frimac, kupanga mapaipi ndi hoses kuchokera ku zida za polymeric, komanso zida za kuwala ndi kukhazikitsa kwawo. Kupanga mitengo yamagetsi kumaperekedwa ku Russia ndi Kalata ya Italiya ku Italy.p.a. Kudera nkhawa kwa Davin Vavin kumagulitsa mapaipi ake okhetsa ndi kuyika ma network ku Russia ndi Cis kuyika ma network mkati mwa nyumbayo. Opanga Turkey ndi othandizira a Turkey amagwira ntchito, omwe amayambitsa mpikisano womwe siwogulitsa kuti malonda awo apitirire kwambiri ku Euronge ku European, komanso mitengo yotsika. Pakalasi yake, zinthu za Turkey sizoyipa konse, makamaka monga mtengo wake. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti amawerengedwa kuti azikakamiza 3tm, kutentha kwakukulu ndi 65c ndipo musatenge kutentha. Chogulitsacho chimaperekedwa ndi zinthu za ku Turkey firms desennplastic, wa SIATT ndi Makampani ena. Pa chiwonetsero cha katundu waku South Korea ku Moscow, sejico adanenanso kuti mitsempha yosiyanasiyana yamoto yochokera ku Polysthera ndi Polyirethane chifukwa chomveka. Zinthu izi zimapita kuti zisinthidwe ka manja ndi manja awo, ndikusinthasintha pafupipafupi kuposa moto wina umachitika.
Osangomaliza zinthu zomwe zimabwera ku Russia zokha. Mmodzi mwa Duarsach Woyamba wa Bavari adayamba kupereka zogulitsa ndi zida zobwereketsa kupanga mapaipi ndi hoses, zomwe zidapangitsa chidwi cha akatswiri azamalonda ku Russia. Mwachidziwikire, dziko lathu likatulutsa mitundu yake yamitundu ikuluikulu ya hoses ndi mapaipi osinthika, pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloji achilendo komanso apanyumba kale mu Zakachikwi zatsopano. Umu ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'munda wa zapakhomo ndi zadziko lapansi "hose" ndi kugwiritsa ntchito hoses.
Ndalama zingati?
Tiyeni tinene mwachindunji: kawiri-zitatu kuposa mapaipi a polima a mainchesi. Ubwino wa kugwiritsa ntchito hoses umatsimikizika, komabe, osati pamtengo, koma kuthekera kwawo. Mtengo wa 1p / m wa payipi yothirira, kutengera kukula kwa kukula kwake, kuyambira $ 0,5 mpaka 3, pambale yamadzi kuchokera pa $ 3 ndi 47, potentha - namondwe 3, Makina oyambira - kuyambira $ 3.5 mpaka 45, kwa magetsi - kuyambira $ 0,5, ponyamula zida zambiri - kuyambira $ 15 mpaka 218.