Chifukwa cholemba nkhaniyi ndi mawu omwe amawerengedwa pa tsamba limodzi lomanga: "Nyumba za njerwa zimapangidwa kudzera mu ukadaulo utatha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zolakwika zam'matuzi ndizovuta ..."
Chithunzi: Ivan Sorokin, olemba ntchito ya Project Olga Konyn, Ekaterina Ivanova
Mukakumana ndi "kusokoneza" kotere, mukukumbukira nyumba zotsala zomwe sizinachitike, m'makoma a zomwe zidapangidwa mthira, chipinda chapansicho chidasungidwa, kugonako kunasonkhanitsidwa chifukwa cha zosauka zamiyala. Koma zonsezi ndi ntchito ya ogwira ntchito, ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa ndalama za makasitomala, ndi maloto awo osavomerezeka a chisa cholowa. Akatswiri pankhani ya ukatswiri womanga akhoza kutsogolera zitsanzo zambiri za zizolowezi zomanga nyumba zomwe zimasankhidwa kuti zisaine sentensi yaimfa yomwe ikumangidwa kapena nyumba yokonzekera. Munkhaniyi, sitingakhudze kuwerengera kwa nyumba. Ntchito yathu ndikunena za zolakwika zomwe zimachitika pomanga.
Chithunzi: Kadmy / Fotolia.com
Pa gawo lazosankha
Kuchokera kwa njerwa zimadalira kudalirika komanso kukhazikika kwa makhoma a nyumba. Ntchito yomanga nyumba imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya izi: Njerwa ya chinsinsi cha chinsinsi (chodzaza ndi phwindbow), silika, mwala wapamwamba kwambiri. Loyamba ndi bala lofiira, lopanda mabowo, chifukwa cha 8 mpaka 12% ndipo akusunga ngati maziko a maso. Malinga ndi ukadaulo wopanga, njerwa za pulasitiki ndi zosalala zimasiyanitsidwa. Njerwa yachiwiri siyingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumanga maziko, malo okhala, mipanda. Njerwa yowoneka bwino yomwe imasiyana chifukwa chadutsa komanso osagwirizana, omwe ndi ozungulira, pang'ono, chotupa kapena chotupa. Mabowo amapanga 13-43% ya rick voliyumu. Mphepo yamkati imachepetsa kutentha pakati pa malo a nyumba ndi msewu, kotero makhoma kuchokera ku zinthu zabulolo amatentha kuposa kuchokera pamlingo waukulu. Kuphatikiza apo, njerwa yofewa ndiyo 25-40% mosavuta, yomwe imachepetsa katundu pamaziko. Makoma ochokera kwa njerwa wamba (komanso zodzaza, ndi zopanda pake, zimafunikira kuvomerezedwa pambuyo pake kapena kuyang'anizana.
Ndiwolephera kugwiritsa ntchito njerwa ya silika yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku nthawi yosakanikirana ya laimu ndi mchenga wa quartz. Kuti mupeze mphamvu ndi mikhalidwe yosasunthika, imaposa njerwa yambewu, komabe, chifukwa cha mayamwidwe amadzi ambiri, malo omwe ntchito yake ndi ochepa. Posachedwa, m'malo mwa njerwa, Mwala wanthawi zonse umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (kujambulidwa). Zinthu zazikulu zopangidwa mosavuta njira zonse zaukadaulo: Kuchuluka kwa yankho kumafunikira, nthawi yomanga imachepetsedwa. Koma phindu lalikulu la chipikacho ndi chotsika kwambiri chofanana ndi 0.29 w / m ● <<mu <<otheka, ndizotheka kuyika makoma ndi makulidwe a 64 masentimita osagwiritsa ntchito kutchinjiriza: mwala wapamtima kuphatikiza mawonekedwe oyang'ana njerwa.
Kuteteza njerwa za njerwa, hydrophobic siketi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chinyontho. Ngati makonzedwe sanachitike pa nthawi ndikuwonekera, amatha kuchotsedwa, amatha kuchotsedwa ndi zinthu zogwira ntchito pansi ndi zoyeretsa zipatala. Chithunzi: "Krako"
Popanga njerwa zonse zikhalidwe ndi mwala wojambulidwa, ukadaulo wa zinthu zopanga zitha kuthyoledwa, ndipo zimakhala zosayenera pakumanga.
Mwachitsanzo, nkhani imadziwika ngati mwala wokazinga wa centumic, pomwe nyumba yokhazikika idakhazikitsidwa mu pendulum ya kovye, patapita nthawi, patapita nthawi, ". Munthawi yoyesedwa yovuta komanso yayitali, wopanga mapulogalamu pamaziko a kafukufuku wa labotale adakwanitsa kutsimikizira kuphwanya njira. Zachidziwikire, chitsanzochi sichimasokoneza zoyenera zomanga. Chipatala - sankhani kusankha.
Njira yosavuta yodziwira mtundu wa njerwa ndizowoneka. Ngati mukuwona kuti pachimake ali ndi mtundu wolemera kuposa mawonekedwe akunja, ndipo mphete zagundani, kulira kumagawidwa, ndiye mu mtundu wake mungakhale otsimikiza. Kumveka ndi wogontha, ndipo mpiru kapena pansi pali madontho, zikutanthauza kuti njerwa ndizotsika mtengo. Zinthu ngati zoterezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukana kozizira ndipo zimatengeka ndi vuto lalikulu la chinyezi.
1 - nsapato; 2 - Wolemba primer; 3 - Dowel; 4 - zotupa zamagetsi; 5 - Guluu; 6 - Mbiri ya ngodya; 7 - Boardiorboard; 8 - Njira yothetsera vuto; 9 - Kinda; 10 - Mbiri ya Base; 11 - Chovala cha pulasitala. Makina Owona: Igor SIGHHhagigin / BRETA Media
Njerwa yofufuzidwa idzakhala ndi m'mphepete wakuda, yosungunuka, nkhope yolimba. Zinthu zoterezi zimawonedwanso kuti ndizoperewera (zili zopsinjika kwambiri, ndipo miyala yake sizigwirizana ndi, pambali, njerwa zitha) ndipo sioyenera kumanga. Ngati timalankhula za njira zamaukadaulo posankha zinthu, ndiye kuti mphamvu zake ndizofunikira, zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi kalata yophatikiza ndi digito yowonetsera katundu wovomerezeka mu kg / cm2. Mphamvu ya njerwa ya njerwa - 300 kg / cm2. Komabe, pomanga kanyumba ndi kutalika kwa mizu iwiri kapena itatu, mtundu wa m100 ndilokwanira. Chithunzi china chofunikira cha njerwa ndi kukana chisanu (kuthekera kwakuthupi kupirira madzi ena ozizira ndikuwotcha dziko lodzaza madzi). Amadziwika ndi chilembo F. Pomanga pakati pa Russia, akatswiri amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njerwa ndi chisanu, komanso bwino - F50.
Chithunzi: Vadim Kovalev / Bameda Media
Momwe mungapewere kuwoneka kwamadzi mu chipinda chapansi
Pangani nyumba yokhala ndi chipinda chapansi kapena pansi pamalopo pomwe mulingo wa madzi ochepera 2 m kuchokera kwa malo ochepera 2, ndipo ndikuyembekeza kungoyambira khoma la maziko (popanda kukhetsa mwala) - Vuto lathanthwe. Zotsatira zake zimatha kutsogolera, wolemba mzerewu posachedwapa adawona m'modzi mwa zinthu zomwe zili kudera la Moscow. Nyumba yatsopano ya njerwa, yolekanitsidwa bwino ndi mawonekedwe achipatala, ndipo m'chipinda chapansi mu kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira. Pamene oyimira akatswiriwo akafika pamalopo adayamba kumvetsetsa, zidapezeka kuti nyumbayo idamangidwa popanda pulojekiti yotukuka kwambiri, ndipo kutsogoleredwa ndi ntchito ya Wotsogolera zidapangitsa zolakwika zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, maziko amatetezedwa ku chinyezi ndi woonda wosanjikiza wokutidwa ndi mabowo omwe adayendetsa mawonekedwewo adatsegulidwa. Wotsogolerayo adatsimikizira mwini wake kuti ngati tikuluma ma sheet pamwamba pa mafuta pamwamba, ndiye kuti amatseka mabowo ndi madzi sizidzalowa pansi. Kasitomala wovutawo adakumana ndi mawu otsimikizira kuti: "Omangidwa nthawi zonse, ndipo zonse zinali bwino."Mwina zonse zikhala bwino ngati ngalande idachitika molondola. Koma gulu lankhondo linapangidwa popanda ntchito, monga mbali yotsetsereka, etc. Zotsatira zake, zolimbitsa thupi zidasefukiratu, ndipo madziwo adapita kuchipinda chapansi. Ekisodo wakufa. Ndipo chilango cha ukatswiri womangawu ukumveka motere: Kutulutsa keke ya pie kuti ikhale yopanda madzi, kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri ndikukonzekera njira yatsopano yowonera ndikuwopa kupompa kuchokera ku tambala wokwanira. Koma kudera lamasilikali, kumatheka kuyika mapaipi okhala popanda kulikonse, kotero, monga momwe tikuwonera, osati zolakwika zonse zonse zitha kuwongoleredwa.
Zomwe sizingasunge
Mu nyumba ya njerwa, monga machitidwe amawonetsera, nthawi zambiri kulakwitsa chimodzi kumakopa winayo, ndikuwongolera vutolo, muyenera kupita ku "magwero". Ndipo "magwero" amawerengedwa kuti ndi kafukufuku wofunikira, womwe uyenera kuchitika kumalo opangira ntchito yamtsogolo ngakhale pakukonzekera ntchitoyo asanachitike. Zosinthidwa zimathandizira kudziwa momwe nthaka ndi mulingo wapansi, komanso amagwiranso ntchito posankha mtundu wa maziko ndikuwerengera zakuya zake. Nachi zitsanzo kuchokera pa zochitika za akatswiri akuwonetsa momwe Russia ingachititsere zotsatira zake.
Pamtunda, nyumba ya njerwa idamangidwa popanda kufufuza kulikonse komwe kumangidwa. Sizinali zotheka kungolowa kumene, koma ngakhale kumaliza: Pachilimweko, ngakhale nthawi yotentha pamakhala madzi, ndipo makhomawo amakutidwa ndi ming'alu. Kodi chifukwa chake ndi chiyani? Mu chisankho cholakwika kwa mtundu wa maziko. Mwina malowa sikuti ndi madzi ambiri okha, ndipo mtsinjewo wobisika umayenda. Molimba mtima, zimakhala zovuta kutcha chifukwa chake, zotsatira zoyipa zimawonekeratu. Ndipo ichi ndi cholakwika kwambiri chakupha kwambiri - nyumbayo idzasakaniza mokwanira ndikuyimitsanso, tsopano akudziwa kale, "mwana wa zolakwa za zovuta".
Chithunzi: Aterija Studio Studio
Pa siteji ya maziko ndi maziko
Tiye tikambirane gawo lotsatira la zolakwika. Unyinji wa 1 m2 khoma la njerwa ndi 1200-2000 makilogalamu, omwe amafunikira chida chokhazikitsidwa, chomwe chili chotsika kwambiri kuposa chakuya kwa dothi (kwa dera la Moscow - pansi 1.5 m). Ngati chipinda chapansicho chakonzedwa kapena chapansi chimagwira ntchito, kenako ndikudula kwambiri ndikutsanulira maziko a monolithic. Pakadali pano amapanga zolakwika zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kufa. Ngakhale maziko adapangidwira moyenera, koma omangawo sanayime nthawi yamphamvu ya mphamvu ya iwo (SP of 70.133330.2012) ndikuyamba kuthira (masiku khumi), makhodi), ming'alu zitha kuwonekera pamaziko.
Kuphwanya kwa zofuna za Snip kupita ku mwala womangidwa kale: njerwa zomwe zidatulutsidwa kale zidayamba kugwa; Makulidwe a seams sanalemekezedwe, omwe adachepetsa mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya khoma la nyumba; Chitsanzo cha "makoma" a nyumba. Chithunzi: "Katswiri woyimira pawokha"
Gawo lofunikira lotsatira ndikuwotcha madzi (ndi pansi) ndi chipangizo cha ngalande. Ngati simuteteza konkriti pachinyontho chifukwa cha chinyontho, pakadutsa pores, nthawi yozizira madziwo adzakulitsa, zomwe zingayambitse mapangidwe a microcrack omwe amathandizidwa pamaziko. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuli kofunikira kukonza zopingasa zake zopingasa komanso zopingasa. Zolakwika pa siteji iyi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosayenera kapena kuphwanya ukadaulo wa kugona kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, hydrokh kozoxylazol rolls iyenera kupangidwira osakwana tsiku limodzi mchipinda ndi kutentha kwa 20 ° C. Nthawi zambiri omanga omanga sanyalanyaza izi, ndipo zotsatira zake, kugonako kumachitika ndi kuphwanya. Chitsanzo china cha ukwati womanga. Malo onse a maziko asanachite madzi osautsa ayenera kukhala owuma (chinyezi chovomerezeka osaposa 5%) komanso primer amakhala osalabadira. Pochita, chifukwa cha nyengo kapena kusasamala, antchito nthawi zambiri amakhala akudzitchinjiriza kwa maziko. Ndikovuta kwambiri kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe ake odalirika pankhaniyi. Ndipo - "bowo lamadzi nthawi zonse limapezeka" ndipo chipinda chapansi chidzaza kunyumba. Kuphatikiza pa ofukula, ndikofunikira kuchita zowongoka (zotchedwa odulidwa) hydro kudzipatula, zomwe ndizofunikira kuteteza makhoma a chipinda chapansi ndi nyumba kuchokera ku chinyezi cha nthaka ndikulowetsa maziko a maziko. Nthawi zina imakhazikika ndi kuphwanya, mwina amaiwala kuyika. Malinga ndi malamulo omanga, nyumba zosavomerezeka, madzi odulidwa ayenera kuchitidwa mu maziko (monga lamulo, 20 cm pamwamba pamlingo womwewo). M'nyumba ndi cellars, ndizoyenera m'malo awiri - pansi pa pansi ndi m'munsi mwa nyumbayo, pamwamba pamlingo womwewo.
Masiku ano, nthawi zambiri pomanga nyumba ya njerwa ya njerwa amagwiritsa ntchito atatu. Itha kutsogozedwa onse mu zigawo zitatu ndi payokha, ndiye kuti, ndiye kuti, ikani khoma laonyamula mkati, kenako lidzabereka ndikuyika. Koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri sikuti ndikuyiwala kuyika katundu wa ngongole (kulumikizana kosinthika). Amakonda kupanga waya wachitsulo cholumikizidwa, kukhazikitsa ndi gawo 60 cm molunjika ndi 60 cm molunjika. Amamangana mokha khomalo ndi nkhope yoyang'ana njerwa ndi makulidwe a 120 mm. Nthawi zina omangawo amakhala "kuyiwala" kuonetsetsa kuti mabowo akhazikitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapendeke otsika kwambiri - 25-35 kg / m3. Popita nthawi, imakhazikika, ndipo khoma limataya kutentha ndi njira zotchinga. Timalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito makulidwe a kachulukidwe ka 80 kg / m3. Pakati pake ndi khoma lakunja liyenera kusiya versor 5 cm, komanso m'munsi ndipo pansi pa cornice kuti mupange mabowo oyenda kunja kwa womangayo.
Alexander Shukhatovich
Katswiri wotsogolera amafunsa kuti "amawayimira bwino"
Pamalo oyika makoma
Pakadali pano, zolakwitsa zoterezi monga kusokonekera kwa makoma a makhoma, osagwirizana ndi ma diagonals nthawi zambiri. Zotsatira zake, makomawo amayamba "kugwa". Posachedwa chilema cha ngolo chikuwoneka, chizikhala chosavuta kukonza. Kuphwanya kwina, kuloleza ntchito yomanga, sikungowonongedwa kwa seams. Nthawi zina ogwira ntchito akukhulupirira kuti ngati kugona kwake kuli kovuta, ndiye kuti simungathe kuyesa, chifukwa makomawo amalekanitsidwa ndi njerwa za nkhope. Komabe, njira imeneyi ndi yolondola. Nayi zofunikira zazikulu zomwe ziyenera kuwonedwa mukamamanga makhoma.Makoma amayamba kukhazikika ndi ngodya. Kulondola kwa ngodya yomanga nyumbayi kumayesedwa ndi malasha. Kuyang'ana mzere uliwonse wamaso ndi osachepera kawiri konse lamulo ndi mulingo. Ngati kupatuka sikupitilira malire, kumachotsedwa nthawi yotsatirayi. Kupanda kutero, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse "zolemba" zolaula (magulu). Ndi mtundu uliwonse wa kuyika pamakona azungulira mozungulira, zitsamba ziyenera kudutsa, ndikupanga loko. Chifukwa chake, choyamba chinaima mzere woyamba wa khoma limodzi ndikuyika mzere woyamba wa khoma lachiwiri. Mzere wotsatirawu umayikidwa mbali ina: Choyamba - khoma lachiwiri ndipo mzere wachiwiri wa khoma loyamba amaphatikizidwa. Njira ina yaukadaulo yofunika kwambiri ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi zomangamanga. Pachifukwa ichi, zolimbitsa zitsulo (glid yolumikizidwa) imaphatikizidwa ndi yankho mu seams pakati pa njerwa patadutsa mizere isanu ya zomangajambula. Ponena za mwala wambiri wamawonekedwe, zomwe zimafunikira kuti zilimbikitsidwenso m'makoma a makoma zimapezeka mu malingaliro a opanga pazopanga izi.
Mitundu ya seams
- Pakati pa njerwa zimachitidwa m'njira zingapo:
- Mu chiwonetsero cha zinyalala - yankho silinabwerere ku nkhope yakunja ya njerwa, ndipo malo ogulitsira adakalipo. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati khoma likukonzekera kuyikidwa. The osakaniza wopakidwa ukukutidwa ndi kap, zidzakhala bwino kungokhala pakhoma.
- Mu sublica, yankho limadzaza kusiyana ndi nkhope ya njerwa. Mlendo wa mtundu uwu umapangidwa ngati madera oyala ndi mapaka moto, komanso amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zokongoletsa.
- Adapita kapena kulongosola "malo opanda pake". Popanga yoyamba igwirire ntchito pang'ono kudula chubu kapena ndodo yozungulira. Kuti mupeze msoko wa convex, gawo la pamwamba limadulidwa chubu.
Onetsetsani kuti mukuyang'ana makulidwe a seams, kuyang'ana chizindikiro chamizere asanu ndi mtunda wazotsatirazi: Kutalika kwa zomangako kumagawidwa mu mizere ndipo makulidwe a njerwa amachotsedwa. Makulidwe wamba a ma seams opingasa mkati mwake amayenera kukhala 12 mm, ndi ofukula - 10 mm. Kunyalanyaza kulikonse pankhani imeneyi kumatha kubweretsa kuti chindapusa chamiyeso m'magawo osiyanasiyana chimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa masheya. Mukamaliza kugona, seams imafunikira nthawi yomweyo yodzazidwa ndi yankho komanso yolumikizana (kugawa). Msoko woyipa woyipa ndi cholakwa chomanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa mphamvu mu mphamvu ya zomangamanga ndi kutentha kwa nyumba yomanga nyumbayo.
Chifukwa chachikulu chowonekera m'mphepete mwa makoma ndi zolakwika pomanga maziko. Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa chinthu chimodzi kapena chotheka ndipo ndizotheka kupulumutsa nyumbayo, ndikofunikira kulumikizana ndi akatswiri. Adzachititsa kuti ayeseni bwino nyumbayo, adzakhazikitsa zomwe zimayambitsa ndipo zidzapereka malingaliro oyenera. Nthawi zambiri, ming'alu yopyapyala imatsukidwa kuchokera yothetsera mayankho ndi fumbi, kenako ndikudzazidwa ndi matope amadzimadzi pogwiritsa ntchito pampu yamatayala. Ming'alu yayikulu imakonzedwa motere: magawo a zomangamanga owonongeka amatulutsidwa, kenako ndikutseka kung'ambika kwa khoma lonse la khoma ndi magawo osiyana ngati njerwa. Nthawi zina, khoma limalimbikitsidwa ndi zitsulo zachitsulo.
Pa gawo lomaliza
Nthawi zambiri, kumapeto kwa mpanda wakunja, omangawo amavomereza zolakwa zomwe pambuyo pake zimayambitsa mawonekedwe oyera - machesi. Zachidziwikire, simudzawadabwitsa. M'malo mwake, fanizo lokhala ndi matenda osachiritsika omwe amafunikira chithandizo kwa nthawi. Mchere pachimake cha mchere - osati zokongoletsa, koma osati chopanda vuto. Kukula kwa makhiristo amchere mu ma pores a zinthuzo kumatsatiridwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa njerwa. Zisindikizo pa ma faces zimapangidwa chifukwa chotuluka pansi ndi crystallization ya mchere womwe umapezeka m'mabuku omanga (m'madzi, omwe amawonjezeredwa pa yankho pa yankho lomwe, njerwa). Monga matenda aliwonse, ndikosavuta kupanga kupewa, m'malo mothandizira.Choyamba, kwa njira yovuta, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito simenti ndi mchere wochepa komanso wopanda zowonjezera (komabe, ngati zomangamanga zimachitika mu nyengo yozizira, popanda zowonjezera sizingachitike). Kachiwiri, onetsetsani kuti yankho silinagwere kutsogolo kwa njerwa (apo ayi ndikofunikira kuti muchotse ndi burashi yowuma). Chachitatu, nthawi yomwe simungathe kugwira ntchito, ndipo makhoma amafunika kuphimbidwa ndi filimu. Chachinayi, tayika zigawo za makoma (akamakula) ndikofunikira kutengera njira ya hydrophokha (madzi opanga madzi). Pambuyo pa njira zoterezi, mawonekedwe a njerwa amayamba kugonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi kuzungulira kwake, chinyezi sikugwa ngakhale mulifupi ndi m'lifupi 1 mm. Madzi salowetsedwa pamwamba, ndipo amatuluka kuchokera pamenepo.
Momwe mungagonjetse zodzikongoletsera
Ngati kutalika sikungapewe, ayenera "kuthandizidwa". Mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala, zip ndi herurogeneous: amakhala osungunuka. Njira yoliguo yochotsera anthu ndi ena kulibe. Koma musanachite motsutsana ndi "mdani woyera," ndikofunikira kudziwa chifukwa chake. Kuthana ndi kupezeka kwapezeka ndi zinthu ziwiri. Loyamba ndikuyeretsa chikhocho chokhala ndi njira yamankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito ziswazi zapadera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo acidics ndi okonda kuchulukana. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito nyimbo zonse zilinso chimodzimodzi: mankhwalawa (omwe amagawidwa ndi madzi, ngati akuwonetsedwa mulangizi), amaikidwa pakhoma ndi burashi, kupirira 20-30 Mphindi, kenako zotsalira za yankho zimasowedwa ndi madzi. Gawo lachiwiri (hydropholization) ndikuteteza zomangazi kuti zisalowe mu chinyezi zomwe zimathandizira kuchotsedwa kwa mchere wa khoma. Pachifukwa ichi, sisilicone (sisilicone) mankhwala omwe amapereka perepiki yazinthu zobwerezabwereza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Njira zothetsera makhoma zikukamba za kuphwanya kapangidwe ka nyumba ya njerwa. Chithunzi: Tatyana Karakuluva / DREDA Media
Pomwe khoma limapangidwa, muyenera kuphimba nthawi yomweyo ma hydrophozezerrs. Panthawi ya mpweya, ntchito yomanga yomangayo siyingachitike. Chithunzi: Tatyana Karakuluva / DREDA Media
Kugona kwa makoma kumapangidwa ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu. Makulidwe a seams ndi nthawi 2-3 kuposa zomwe zikufunika. Chithunzi: "Katswiri woyimira pawokha"
Kugona kwa makoma kumapangidwa ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu. Makulidwe a seams ndi nthawi 2-3 kuposa zomwe zikufunika. Chithunzi: "Katswiri woyimira pawokha"
Kugona kwa makoma kumapangidwa ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu. Makulidwe a seams ndi nthawi 2-3 kuposa zomwe zikufunika. Chithunzi: Tatyana Karakuluva / DREDA Media
Manja amatsogolera kuchokera pa ngodya ya ma beacon ndi kuvala kovomerezeka kwa seams. Chithunzi: Tatyana Karakuluva / DREDA Media
Kukana kwakukulu pakusintha kwa kutentha kwa ceramic atayikidwa kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mumange nyumba popanda kukumbulira, yomwe imachepetsa kwambiri mtengo womanga. Chithunzi: Tatyana Karakuluva / DREDA Media
Pamwamba pa khoma lisanagumbike ndi kusamba (kumanzere) ndi pambuyo pake (kumanja). Chithunzi: "Matayala"
Kukonzekera gawo lakumaliza. M'maso abowo. Chithunzi: Saint-Gobain
M'mabowo amalowetsedwa. Chithunzi: Saint-Gobain
Pambuyo pa jakisoni wa madzi oteteza, pansi amathandizidwa ndi matope a simenti. Chithunzi: Saint-Gobain
Njerwa zomangamanga pambuyo pa chithandizo cha hydrophokhaliro. Kulowera njerwa, zomwe zimapangidwa zimalepheretsa mphamvu ya capillary. Chithunzi: "Matayala"
Njerwa zomangamanga pambuyo pa chithandizo cha hydrophokhaliro. Kulowera njerwa, zomwe zimapangidwa zimalepheretsa mphamvu ya capillary. Chithunzi: "Matayala"
Kuletsa kwamadzi olefukira kumalepheretsa kukweza kwa capillary kuchokera ku makoma a konkriti kupita kumakoma. Zopangidwa ndi zingwe zotsekemera. Chithunzi: Dörken.
Gawo looneka ngati l-lobzala lotseka. Chithunzi: Dörken.
Pamalo a Shampy, makina amakupatsani mwayi wotsika madzi pansi pokha ndikuchotsa kukakamiza kwa nyumba yomanga pansi. Chithunzi: Wavin.
Zinthu zazikulu za dongosolo: chitoliro cha chitoliro, chowonetsera komanso zitsime zodzaza. Tekinoloje imatanthawuza kusunga mwambowo, chipangizo cha mapilo amapezeka, komanso kuvala ziwalo zodalirika. Chithunzi: "Studio L-kapangidwe"
Kusweka kukhoma kwa chipinda chapansi ndikotheka kutseka pokhapokha maziko akhazikika ndipo sakutchulidwa kuwonongeka. Chithunzi: Petron-Russia
Ming'alu yooneka ngati ya Arc, ikudutsa pazenera la zenera, nthawi zambiri limabuka chifukwa cha kugwada kwa zisanzi. Chithunzi: Tatyana Karakuluva / DREDA Media
Osimbika ndi zotsatira za zolakwa mukamapanga maziko. Chithunzi: "Katswiri woyimira pawokha"
Mumtunda wa njerwa zomangidwa zimawononga madzi. Zomwe zimayambitsa - kusokonezeka kwa ukadaulo wamadzi komanso kusowa kwa madongosolo. Chithunzi: Tatyana Karakuluva / DREDA Media
Izi ndi zomwe zolakwika zakufa zimatsogolera: Chikalata cha khoma chimasokonekera kuti chizidzitchinjiriza kuti ndikofunikira kuti muchitenso. Chithunzi: Tatyana Karakuluva / DREDA Media
Makina omvera amatanthauzira chida cha kusiyana kwa mpweya wabwino pakati pa kusokonezeka ndi khoma loyang'anitsitsa. Chithunzi: "Jetstroy"
