Amakuru yingufu "Green" ni yongere gukumira kwaramamare. Turakubwira ko ari byiza guhitamo inzu yigenga - imirasire y'izuba cyangwa inganda z'umuyaga, hanyuma usobanure ibintu byo kwishyiriraho.
Ifoto: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Imirasire y'izuba hamwe n'amashanyarazi yagabanijwe cyane ahandi amasoko y'amashanyarazi. Ikoranabuhanga ryombi ryateye imbere, ibiciro bigabanuka buhoro buhoro, hanyuma, kurugero, mu cyiciro cya 200-250 urashobora kugurwa mu magana 15-20.
Ifoto: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'amasoko ahitamo?
Ubwoko butandukanye bwa Silicon Slar Parlar. Ihinduranya hamwe na module imwe (indege ya module ikozwe muri sitari ikomeye ya silicon). Ifoto: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Ubwa mbere, fata umwanzuro w'amashanyarazi ukeneye. Ugiye kubaka sisitemu yo gutanga ingufu murugo rwose kumirasire cyangwa ingufu cyangwa kuyikoresha nka sisitemu yo gutanga amashanyarazi yihutirwa? Nyuma ya byose, ibiciro byibiciro biratandukanye cyane. Kuri sisitemu yihutirwa (hamwe nimbaraga zisohoka zo mu 200-500 w), imwe kugeza kuri ibiri y'izuba n'ibikoresho by'inyongera birahagije - gusa ukurikije amafaranga ibihumbi 40-50. Ariko wimuke rwose kumugereka wigenga uzaragura bihenze cyane. Kurugero, sisitemu kuri soya-winjije hamwe nubushobozi bwa metero 2500 bizatwara amafaranga ibihumbi 300-400. Urutonde rusa rwimibare no mubiciro byibiciro byamashanyarazi.
Abagenzuzi b'izuba, bahindagurika na bateri zigezweho zishyuwe munsi yubuzima ntizifata umwanya munini kandi ntukeneye icyumba gitandukanye. Serivisi yabo n'ibikorwa byabo birashobora gukorwa haba mugato kandi kure, ukoresheje tablet cyangwa terefone (ukoresheje ethernet cyangwa umuyoboro wa wi-fi). Ifoto: ABB.
Hamwe na module ya polcrystalline (irimo kristu nyinshi). Ifoto: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Ako kanya uhitamo ubwoko bwa "icyatsi" biterwa nibiranga ikirere na geografiya. Reka tuvuge, kubice byihuta cyane bifite ikirere gikennye (urugero, muri Crimée), bateri yizuba birahujwe neza. Mu turere duhuriye, ku misozi n'inyanja, birangwa n'umuyaga ukaze, haragaragaye neza. Ahanini mu Burusiya bw'Uburayi hari ahantu hato hamwe n'ikirere, bikwiranye n'ubundi bwoko bumwe cyangwa ubundi bwoko bw'abakora amashanyarazi. Mubihe nkibi byumvikana gushiraho ubwoko bwombi bwamabatozi bazasimbuza. Nibyo, sisitemu nkiyi ihenze cyane - ariko icyo gukora, ibi nibiranga ikirere cyuburusiya.
Ifoto: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Imirasire y'izuba
Kugeza ubu, ubwoko bubiri bwibi bikoresho byatanzwe: Silicon na firime. Buri wese muri bo yagabanijwemo ubwoko:- Silicon monocrystalline. Buri module kugiti cye-yakiriye ikozwe hashingiwe ku isahani ya silicon yakozwe muri kristu ikomeye. Iyi bateri iratandukanye muburyo bukomeye (kugeza kuri 22-24%), ariko nanone igiciro kinini;
- Silicon Polycrystalline. Isahani ya module yihariye ifite imiterere igizwe na kristu nyinshi za silicon, kubera igikoresho gikenewe hafi. Imikorere 13-15%;
- Silicon Amorphous. Ku giciro cya 20 ku ijana munsi ya Polycrystalline, imikorere ya 6-8%;
- Filime, ishingiye kuri Cadmium Televouride, Cadmiride ya CADMIM, ibikoresho bya polmeric, nibindi baragaragaye vuba kandi ntibibonerwa nabakora benshi nkibyo bitanga ibyiringiro. Imikorere nigiciro ni hafi 20% kurenza iya Amurfuyo.
Polycrystalline kandi ushingiye kuri Amorfous Silicon wabonetse isaranganya rikomeye. Izi mpinduka ziroroshye gukora no guhendutse kuruta inteko imwe ishingiye kuri Crystal, kandi ibinyonyo bya metero ya amormon ntabwo bisabwa amashanyarazi, bikaba byoroshye amashanyarazi kandi, kubwibyo, byiza kuri Hagati y'Uburusiya, aho iminsi myinshi iduka. Uturere twiganjemo ikirere gisobanutse (Crimea, Aziya yo hagati), Ahubwo, nibyiza gukoresha bateri-na Polycrystalline.
Umuyaga
Amashanyarazi yumuyaga ahindura ingufu mu mashanyarazi. Uburyo bugezweho bushobora gukorana numuyaga muto (2-3 m), nubwo umuvuduko mwiza wumuyaga kubikorwa byabo ari hejuru kandi mubisanzwe 10-12 m / s. Kumuvuduko wumuyaga, 3 m / s generator yumuyaga izabyara imyaka 5% yububasha bushoboka, kumuvuduko wa 7 m / s - hafi 50%. Kubwibyo, mugihe uhitamo moderi ya generator, birakenewe gusuzuma impuzandengo yumuyaga wumwaka mukarere kawe, iki kimenyetso gihora kigaragaza mubisobanuro.
Hamwe na module ya amorhous. Ifoto: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Hitamo generator yumuyaga nubunini bwa buri kwezi buri kwezi. Ugomba kubara umubare w'amashanyarazi ukeneye. Reka tuvuge ko uhisemo kuba ubukungu kandi bigarukira gusa ku mucyo wihutirwa, imikorere ya pompe yo kuzenguruka hamwe nibishoboka byo kwishyuza terefone cyangwa mudasobwa igendanwa. Noneho uzakenera imbaraga zisohoka muri 150-200 W, ifite 50-100 kwh buri kwezi. Ibikorwa nkibi bizatanga icyitegererezo gito cyamashanyarazi, birashobora kugurwa uyu munsi ku bihumbi 20-30. Niba kandi ukeneye imbaraga nyinshi, noneho generator yumuyaga igomba gutorwa cyane: moderi itanga amasaha menshi ya kilowatt-amasaha magana, ariko kandi uzaba amafaranga azaba menshi - amafaranga 100-150.
Igisubizo cyuzuye hamwe na bateri yizuba hamwe na turbine ikomeye yumuyaga yagenewe umuyaga, ihinduka muburyo butandukanye. Ifoto: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, kubara kuri bateri y'izuba nabyo bikorwa. Umubare w'amashanyarazi usabwa ubarwa, kandi module yatoranijwe hashingiwe ku kubara kugirango imikorere yabo ikaze hamwe na garanti ibemeza ko ukeneye. Kubara bigenda bihinduka gato, kubera ko agaciro k'ibisekuruza bya buri kwezi bihinduka cyane kuva kumwaka. Mu mpeshyi ni ntarengwa, kandi mu gihe cy'itumba kigera ku 10-20% by'impeshyi. Noneho, hitamo imirasire yizuba ukurikije niba bagiye kubikoresha mugihe gishyushye (mugihe cyigihugu) cyangwa umwaka wose. Byongeye kandi, imikorere yumusaruro ishingiye cyane kuburyo uherereye neza. Niba badahindutse koherezwa mu cyerekezo cyiza no ku nguni iburyo, bityo imikorere yingufu igabanuka cyane - kuri 20-30%, ndetse nibindi byinshi. Kubwibyo, nibyiza ko kubara kubikorwa bisabwa bya bateri, bita aho hantu habo, hari inzobere.
Gahunda ya Hybrid ya Hybrid-izuba ryizuba
IJAMBO: Igor Smirhagin / Burda Itangazamakuru
Ibyiza bigereranywa nibibi byizuba sini
| Monocrystall | PolyCrystall | Amorfous Silicon | |
Igiciro | Muremure | Impuzandengo | Hasi |
Imikorere, imikorere,% | ~ 22. | ~ 15. | ~ 10. |
Ibisabwa Kumurika | Hejuru: Birasabwa kuri intebe ya bateri kugirango imirasire yizuba iguye mu ndege ya perpendicular | Hejuru: Birasabwa kuri intebe ya bateri kugirango imirasire yizuba iguye mu ndege ya perpendicular | Gusaba cyane imfuruka yo kugwa kwizuba |
Gukora neza mu bihe byacu | Hasi | Hasi | Hejuru |
Ubuzima bwa serivisi | ~ 25. | ~ 20. | ~ 15. |
Aho nuburyo bwo gushiraho bateri hamwe nabagenzi
Imirasire y'izuba igomba kuba iri kure cyane kuburyo izuba ribagwamo. Mu majyaruguru y'isi, imirasire y'izuba ikoherezwa mu majyepfo, munsi y'ubutagira ihuye n'uburinganire bwa geografiya. Mubikorwa, imirasire yizuba isanzwe ishyirwa kumurongo wamajyepfo yinzu. Niba nta bishoboka nkibi, noneho bateri ishyirwa mumwanya muto, kandi guhinduka bigomba kongerwaho kubikorwa. Birashobora kuba ngombwa kongera umubare wa module.
Umuyaga ufite umurongo uhagaritse wo kuzunguruka urangwa nurusaku ruto. Ifoto: Shutterstock / Fotodom.ru
Nibyiza, niba ufite margin kumwanya wo kuzamuka, aho mugihe kizaza ushobora gushirahomo inyongera cyangwa byinshi. Kuberako bitinde bitebuke uzagira igitekerezo cyuko byaba byiza wo kongera imikorere ya sisitemu.
Imirasire y'izuba igomba gushyirwaho kugirango bashobore gukorerwa. Ibi ntibizi gusana imirimo yo gusana gusa, ahubwo no gukora isuku - bigomba gukorwa buri gihe, ukuyemo amababi yaguye ari imbaho, umukungugu numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda numwanda. By'umwihariko ni ngombwa ni ukuboneka kumwanya hamwe no gukoresha umwaka uzigama kubera gukenera koza urubura.
Umuyaga uhuhije wumuyaga kugirango ufite intege nke (kuva 2-3 m / s / s). Ifoto: "Umuyaga-Imbaraga"
Umuyaga usabwa kugirango ushire ahantu hirengeye h'ubutaka. Ntabwo ari ngombwa gukiza mast: ku butumburuke bwa m 8-10, imbaraga z'umuyaga ziriyongera hafi 30%. Umuyaga mugihe ukora gishobora kuba urusaku, ni ko bimeze neza kubishyira hafi ya metero 20 uvuye munzu. Kubwamahirwe, urusaku ruto-rufite ingaruka ku buzima nisi yinyamanswa, gusa ibinyago byumuyaga bifite ubushobozi bunini cyane bikorerwa - kuva ku ya 100 kandi hejuru. Kubwibyo, umucyo nububasha buke bwibinyampeke byumuyaga rimwe na rimwe bishyirwaho hejuru yinzu, kandi kubwibyo bihe byifuzwa gukoresha imitiba.
Umuyaga ureba neza ku butaka bw'Uburusiya bw'Amajyaruguru (mu murango n'icyorezo), aho, nk'ubutegetsi, impuzandengo, impuzandengo ikomeye y'umuyaga ngarukamwaka.
Kärcher Isolar Sisitemu yo Gusukura Ifoto Yingufu Galvanic Ingufu. Gusukura bateri yanduye cyane yongera ingufu zishingiye ku ingufu hafi ya 20%. Ifoto: Kärcher.
Ibikoresho bidahitamo
Usibye ibibazo byubu (generator yumuyaga cyangwa bateri yizuba) uzakenera:
- Inverter - ihindura ikibanza gitangwa na Slar Panel cyangwa bateri, muburyo bundi bushya nubushobozi bwa 220 V.
- Bateri zishyuwe (AKB). Barundanya gutanga amashanyarazi mugihe habaye ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa kubijyanye nigihe generator idatanga ikiriho (urugero, imirasire yizuba nijoro).
- Kwishyuza abagenzuzi - Ibikoresho bishinzwe icyerekezo cyamashanyarazi cyakozwe na generator. Tutabaye ibyo, generator izagomba guhagarika intoki za bateri kuri buri joro kandi nyuma ya buri kirego. Byongeye kandi, abashinzwe kugenzura kongera imikorere ya generator kugeza 30-50%.
- Gufunga generator. Kubijyanye na generator yumuyaga, ni uburebure ntarengwa bwa m 8-10. Kuri Slar Shine, ni imitwe yo kwishyiriraho hejuru yinzu cyangwa ibishushanyo bitandukanye.
Nkuko imyitozo yerekana, ibikoresho byibikoresho bigomba kwishyura hafi ya generator.