Gushiraho ba nyir'amazu: Ibyiza n'ibibi bya HOA, uburenganzira ninshingano, ingorane zishoboka mu Nama Nyiricyubahiro
Iyo abapangano cyangwa amazu mashya, hubatswe igihe kirekire, bahitamo gushiraho Hoa, bagomba kwiyumvisha ibyiza byose nibibi. Kubijyanye nibi, kimwe nuburyo ubufatanye bwaremwe, tugiye kubivuga.
Nk'uko amategeko agenga imiturire ya federasiyo y'Uburusiya, abapangayi ba nyirayo ba nyir'inzu barashobora gusobanurwa hagamijwe gucunga umutungo wabo. Imwe mumoko yimiterere ni ubufatanye bwa nyiri amazu (HOA). Uyu ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu washyizweho na ba nyiri ibibanza (gutura kandi bidasubirwaho) gucunga hamwe no gukemura ibibazo byo gutunga, gukoresha no kujugunya ibintu bisanzwe.
Kuki ibyiza byo gucunga imbaraga zubufatanye? Dore bimwe muribi. Ubwa mbere, Hoa irashobora guhitamo isosiyete ikora. Kubwibyo, niba ubwiza bwa serivisi butangwa butubahiriza ibisabwa abapangayi (urugero, birahumeka cyangwa bikurwaho nakarere kabuhari, bigufasha guhagarika amasezerano no kusoza undi muryango cyangwa abantu. Icya kabiri, Hoa yigenga irateganya imirimo yo gusana murugo rwe, isobanura urukurikirane rwabo. Igikoresho cya Akoack ni gahunda y'iyi mirimo no kugereranya amafaranga yemerwa mu nama rusange y'abagize HOA, ntabwo ari ngombwa kubaza ubuyobozi bw'Umujyi kugenera amafaranga hanyuma utegereze ko bazahagera.
Imyitozo yo gushyiraho amategeko mu karere akenshi ihujwe n'ibitekerezo by '"abafatanyabikorwa b'amazu" na "condombium". Ariko, condominuum ni imitungo itimukanwa ubwayo (harimo umugambi wubutaka mumupaka washyizweho uherereyeho inyubako yo guturamo nibindi bintu byubutaka byumutungo), hamwe nibindi bintu byubutaka byumutungo. Ubukorikori bushobora kubaho nta HoA, ahubwo ni ukuyobora (ibikoresho by'ibibuga no kwakira imyidagaduro, gusana, gusana ibibanza byo gukodesha).
Hariho indi manda yegeranye - Koperative yimiturire (HSK). Itandukaniro riri hagati ya ECC na HoA ni uko HST yashizweho mugihe cyo kubaka inzu, hanyuma ikavuka, tegura HOA. Twabibutsa ko amakoperative yimizu hamwe nubwubatsi agomba guhinduka muri Hoa mugihe.
Kuki unita?
Ubufatanye ni ubuhe? Kugirango dutange ubuzima bwiza kandi bwiza bwabenegihugu, kugirango dutegure kubungabunga inzu tukamenya uburenganzira bwa buri nyir'ibibanza byo guturamo kugirango ducunge ibintu.Ibikoresho bya TCG byashyizweho biva ahantu hakurikira:
Ubwishyu buteganijwe, intangiriro nizindi misanzu yabagize ubufatanye;
Inkunga y'ingengo y'imari kugira ngo ikore ibikorwa no gusana inzu, indishyi z'abayobozi b'ubushobozi runaka zibyiciro bimwe byihutirwa by'abaturage (kugira ngo bakire inkunga, Moscou TSZH igomba kwiyandikisha mu gitabo gishinzwe imiyoborere - Ibisanzwe, bikorerwa kuva mu Kwakira 2007);
Amafaranga yinjizwa mu bikorwa by'ubukungu (kwihangira imirimo) y'ubufatanye bugamije gukora imirimo no gusohoza inshingano za Hoa.
Amategeko yimiturire ya federasiyo y'Uburusiya ntabwo abuza HoA guhabwa amafaranga yinjira kugirango agere ku ntego zemewe n'amategeko. Kubwibyo, ubufatanye bwemerewe gukoresha ibikorwa byubukungu. Nibyo, twakagombye kumenya ko urutonde rwibinyabuzima bwe mubisanzwe bigarukira kuri serivisi, gukora no gusana umutungo utimukanwa mu nyubako y'inzu, mu nyubako y'ibindi bintu bimwe nabyo mu nzu, ndetse no gukodesha igice cyumutungo rusange.
Ni ngombwa cyane ko Hoa abona amahirwe yo gukoresha nubutaka bwabandi. Urashobora gutanga umugambi mubice byose byibikorwa bya HOA - Ntabwo ari ngombwa gukora mugihe ubufatanye bwaremwe, cyangwa mugihe cyo kwiyandikisha. Icyemezo cyo gushushanya umugambi wubutaka mugihe cyo gutanga gusangira gifata bagenzi - ba nyir'inzu mu nzu mu nama rusange. Ku mabwiriza yabo, ibyangombwa byose bikenewe birashobora gutegura umuyobozi wa Hoa. Nyuma yibyo, bigomba gukoreshwa mumuryango wa leta yaho, uzihanganira icyemezo cya nyuma cyerekana iherezo ryaho. Icyitonderwa: Ihererekanyabubasha ryumutungo kuri ba nyir'ibibanza ni ubuntu.
Amazu aho bashinzwe amazu ashingwa cyangwa ashizweho, mbere ya byose harimo gahunda yo kuvugurura amafaranga yimigabane yumujyi. Kugira ngo urugo rwawe rusubirwe ku gihe, mu nama rusange y'abagize HOA, birakenewe guhitamo ku iremwa ry'ikigega cyo gusana igishoro cyo gusana. Umukino nkuko nyiri inyubako yo guturamo kandi idatuye nayo azategekwa kohereza amafaranga muriyi kigega ukurikije icyemezo cyinteko
Ibihunyira. Abagize abanyamuryango ba HOI batandukanye barimo basuzumye bihangayikishijwe n'uko ubufatanye bufite ibyiza bikurikira:
Ba nyiri ba nyiri urubuga rwunze ubumwe muri Hoa rwose bashoboye guhindura politiki ya sosiyete ishinzwe imiyoborere. Ntamuntu ufite uburenganzira bwo guhatira abapangayi kugirango akusanyirize amafaranga mumirongo isangiwe mu bikoresho byo mu nzu yimpu, ariko birakenewe ko imashini yinyongera igomba kuba ifite ibikoresho, kandi abagize ubufatanye barashobora kuboneka kubwibi;
Ubufatanye butuma bishoboka guhitamo isosiyete ikoresha. Mubikorwa, ibi bivuze ko banyiri ubwabo bagenzura ireme rya serivisi rusange babahabwa. Izi "Gusubiramo" bikorwa nk'urugero, abakozi ba Hoa (Engineer Ohereza), umuyobozi cyangwa abagize Inama y'Ubutegetsi. Niba habonetse ihohoterwa, kugenzura ikibaho, iki kintu kizasobanurwa kandi gishobora kuba ishingiro ryo guturika amasezerano nayi sosiyete y'ubuyobozi. Aakt, yanditseho ireme ry'imiturire n'imirimo rusange, ni ishingiro ryo kwisubiraho kwishyura serivisi rusange zitangwa;
Nubwo imitwaro ikomeye y'abagize inzu y'inzu iteganijwe gukora ku bijyanye n'amafaranga yabo, Leta itangira inkunga n'ingengo y'imari;
Umutungo wose wa HOA urashobora kuzana inyungu zingenzi kubanyamuryango bayo. Uburenganzira bwo kuyobora ibikorwa byo kwihangira imirimo butuma ubufatanye bugufasha kubona amafaranga ku itangwa ry'ibibanza bitatuye cyangwa ndetse n'urukiko rw'inyubako (urugero, mu rwego rwa tekiniki);
Abagize HOA barashobora kwishimira byoroshye (ariko, ishyanga, ubukishwe nibyishimo - ubwinjiriro bubinzwe neza, parike yabo, parike yabo, ikibuga cyabitswe neza, umwana wawe azahatanira.
Twabibutsa kandi ko kuboneka kwa Hoo byongera agaciro k'isoko ry'amazu mu nzu. N'ubundi kandi, abantu bose bifuza ko ibitanda byindabyo bikaba byiza, ingazi zifite isuku, concierge, kandi intercoms yakoze (uru rutonde rushobora kwishyurwa ubuziranehe.
Leta irashaka gufasha sisitemu ya HOA. Kubwibyo, ntabwo hashize igihe kinini mu turere tutari muto (by'umwihariko, i Moscou), ubufatanye bwakuwe ku musoro w'ubutaka. Ni nako bigenda ku makoperative y'imiturire, ECC nandi makoperative y'abaguzi bashinzwe guhaza abaturage bakeneye amazu - ubu ntagomba kwishyura imisoro ku mitwe y'ubutaka akoreshwa na bo kugira ngo agere ku mirimo y'amazu y'Uburusiya .
Abahanga bemeza ko byunguka byinshi gucunga inyubako nyinshi. Itegeko ntirivanga - HOA imwe irashobora kurerwa kuva abapangayi ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi. Byongeye kandi, HOA ifite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo urupapuro rwo gucunga urugo: kwigenga, binyuze mu masezerano ataziguye n'imiryango itanga ibikoresho cyangwa binyuze mu masezerano hamwe na sosiyete ikora ubufatanye. Ihererekanya ryuzuye ryumuryango ushinzwe kuyobora imbaraga zose ukurikije umutungo usanzwe birashoboka.
Omini. Ariko, ntabwo ibintu byose bitagira ibicu - hariho Hoa hamwe nibibi byayo:
Akenshi, ibikorwa bya ba nyirubwite ntibabona inkunga ziva mubuyobozi bwibanze. Ibitaro, uburyo bwo gukorana hagati y'ubufatanye n'abayobozi, bikenewe cyane gukemura gahunda z'amazu ijyanye n'imiturire, ntabwo ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu mategeko. Urugero rusanzwe: Niba umuntu wo mu bapangayi mu rugo, aho hari Hoa, bidashaka kwishyura imisanzu no gukora amafaranga y'ingirakamaro, kugira ngo agarure imyenda abinyujije mu rukiko. Igihe cyose urukiko ruzemeza, igihe kinini gishobora kurengana, kandi ibikorwa bizatanga abagize by'agateganyo muri iki gihe;
Amavuta adashaka rwose kwinjira muri hoa. Naho amategeko, abayobozi b'umujyi basabwa gusubiza itandukaniro riri hagati yo kwishyura abagenerwabikorwa (kandi ntibari munsi y'ibisanzwe, kubera ko iki cyiciro cy'abaturage gisigaye kwishyura ibikoresho) ndetse n'abafite indishyi zisigaye, ariko mu myitozo nk'izo zibaho Ni gake cyane;
Amafaranga yo gukoreshwa muri Hoa aruta munzu isanzwe. Ariko birakenewe kumva ko umubare wigihugu wingirakamaro wateganijwe rwose ari kimwe kubanyamuryango, naho abatuye ayo mazu aho ubufatanye butarema. Icyemezo cya AVTID ku biciro by'inyongera (urugero, ku bikoresho byo mu garage yikora, umurongo wa Lobble Amabati, imitako ya Lobble, yishyuye serivisi z'abashushanya neza) ifata inama rusange y'abaturage cyangwa Inama ya Hoa . Kubara no kuvurwa kubibanza byo guturamo hamwe nibikorwa byibikorwa birashobora gukorwa numucungamari mukuru, umucungamari cyangwa umuyobozi wubufatanye. Byongeye kandi, birakenewe kuzirikana ibibazo byo kunanirwa gutanga serivisi cyangwa gutanga serivisi zingirakamaro zikorera amashyirahamwe (urugero, nyuma yumurimo wo gukumira imitwe, ntabwo yarimo amazi ashyushye ku gihe);
Intsinzi ningirakamaro mubikorwa bya Hoa ahanini biterwa na Perezida na Guverinoma. Kubwibyo, guhitamo abayobozi bagomba guhura nibitekerezo. Ariko nibi nibi ntibishobora kwemeza ko umuturanyi wubahwa ukomoka mu igorofa ya gatanu adashaka guha igice cy'amafaranga rusange, kandi umuturanyi uri kurwana kuva ku bwinjiriro bwa kabiri azahinduka umuyobozi mwiza.
Hanyuma, abayobozi ba Hoa bakunze kwinubira ibintu bidafite agaciro byabakodesha no kubura gusobanukirwa. Birumvikana ko abanyamuryango i HoA bafata amafaranga yinyongera, ariko bishyura hamwe nimbaho. Kurugero, ni uwuhe mubyeyi atashaka kurekura umwana we ngo agende mu gikari gifunze kandi gifite umutekano? Ikibazo nkiki kirashobora gukemura neza HoA, ariko, bizakenera imbaraga namafaranga.
Ubufatanye bwa nyiri amazu yemerera abapangayi gushaka amafaranga ku mahugurwa rusange. Kubwibyo, inama rusange yabanyamuryango ba Hoo ifata icyemezo cyo gukoresha by'agateganyo ibintu bimwe na bimwe by'uyu mutungo (munsi yo hasi aho ububiko buhamye, cyangwa urukuta rw'abatumva rwinzu ishyirwa). Urashobora kandi kwagura agace k'inyubako - urugero, konsa atike ukayitambutsa. Amafaranga yinyongera ko Hoa azahabwa agomba gutaha
Uburenganzira n'inshingano
Kugirango twiyumvishe uburyo ubufatanye bukora nuburyo ishobora gufasha abaturage basanzwe, birakenewe kwiga uburenganzira nubushobozi bwe. Reka dutangire hamwe nibikorwa. HoA isoza amasezerano n'imiryango itanga isoko cyangwa yigenga itanga ibikoresho bikenewe kugirango utange abaguzi serivisi nziza mubikorwa bisabwa. Ni ngombwa cyane ko ibisabwa n'amategeko bidacika, kandi ubuzima, ubuzima n'umutungo byabaturage ntabwo byangiritse. Ubufatanye bushobora gukora sisitemu yubushakashatsi bwimbere mu gihugu ikoreshwa mugutanga ibikorwa kubaguzi, bigenga cyangwa hamwe nuruhare abandi bantu.
Kubara no kwishyuza amafaranga yubushobozi bwo gucunga HoA ahabwa inshingano zikurikira:
Mu buryo bwateganijwe, kugabanya umubare w'abo bishyurwa (urugero, niba hari uguhagarika amashanyarazi);
Kubisabwe numuguzi, reba amafaranga ya serivisi kandi bitarenze iminsi 3 y'akazi kugirango utanga inyandiko zemeza neza ko abujijwe kwakirwa, hitawe ku mategeko yatanzwe, ndetse n'amategeko n'amategeko kandi amasezerano, ibihano, ibihano.
Ni ngombwa cyane kwemeza kumenyekanisha no gukorera mu mucyo ku bikorwa by'Inama y'Ubutegetsi ya Hoa. Kugirango ukore ibi, imbere ya collective (generalic), ikinyamakuru cyibaruramari ni inyandiko zubuhamya bwabo, ryemerera icyifuzo cyumushahara umunsi wakazi cyo kumuha iki kinyamakuru. Niba hari imikorere mibi yubushakashatsi bwimbere mu gihugu cyangwa itumanaho n'ibikoresho by'ubuhanga bihengera kubamenyesha nyiri inzu ku manywa, ariko no gutanga ibyahanuwe: gutanga ibyatanzwe na leta bizahagarikwa cyangwa bigarukira. Byongeye kandi, ubufatanye bisabwe na nyirubwite agomba kumuha amakuru akurikira: Amazina, adresses na nimero za terefone zoherejwe hamwe na serivisi zingirakamaro kubiciro, gahunda hamwe nuburyo bwo kwishyura no kwishyura Serivisi, ibipimo byujuje ubuziranenge, igihe ntarengwa cyo kurandura impanuka nubundi buho burenga inzira yo gutanga ibikorwa.
Indi nshingano idashimishije ku buyobozi bw'ubufatanye - kumenyesha abaguzi ku bijyanye no gutanga ibitekerezo mu gutanga ibikorwa, kandi bitarenze iminsi 10 y'akazi mbere yo gutangira ihagarikwa.
Mu rwego rwo kwiyemeza kwiyemeza ku mbaraga z'imiyoborere ya Hoa y'inshingano zabo, ingamba zishinzwe inshingano zirahabwa. Impamvu zo gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zingana ni ukurenga kubyemera nuburyo bwo gutanga ibintu; Ibibi byatewe n'ubuzima, ubuzima n'umuguzi, kimwe n'abantu babana na we, kubera kunanirwa gutanga izi serivisi cyangwa ubuziranenge bwabo. Kubura icyaha cyumutwe wa Hoa cyangwa umuryango wo kuyobora muri uru rubanza ntabwo witabirwa. Ariko, basonewe inshingano zo gukomera kwimiterere yingirakamaro, nibabigaragaza ko byateje amahirwe yo gukomera. Kurenga ku nshingano z'ibihe bigamije (gukorera amashyirahamwe) cyangwa ibikorwa bibi by'Inama y'Ubutegetsi (harimo no kubura amafaranga akenewe) ntabwo ari mu bihe nk'ibi. Urutonde rwimanza aho abagize Inama y'Ubuyobozi ba Hoa bafite inshingano, bashyizwe mu masezerano.
Ariko ibi byose bireba inshingano. UBURENGANZIRA BWA AVT TSZ kubice byinshi bifitanye isano numubano wubusabane nabaguzi b'imikorere. Ubufatanye bufite uburenganzira bwo kwishyura serivisi zakoreshejwe (kandi, kubwibyo, kwishyura amarushanwa, amande, ibihano imbere yimyenda). Inama y'Ubufatanye irashobora kandi gusaba abo bakozi cyangwa abahagarariye Abakozi ba Seya, batangira serivisi zihutirwa zo kugenzura imiterere ya tekiniki n'isuku y'ibikoresho bya kimwe cya kane ndetse no gusohoza imirimo ikenewe. Igihe cyo gusura kigomba guhuzwa numuguzi (nubwo iri tegeko ridakoreshwa kuri iyo mpamvu ari ngombwa gukuraho impanuka). Niba wanze kureka abahagarariye TCG kandi amakosa yawe azatangizwa (urugero, uzuzuza abaturanyi gahunda yo gutanga amazi), noneho ubufatanye bufite uburenganzira bwo gutsimbarara ku ndirimbo zuzuye.
Hanyuma, inama ya Hoa yahawe ubuyobozi bwo guhagarika cyangwa kugabanya itangwa ryamazi ashyushye, ingufu z'amashanyarazi na gaze. Ariko, ubu buryo ni burebure: kugabanya itangwa ryibikorwa cyangwa guhagarika itangwa ryabo rishobora koherezwa gusa nurukiko. Nyir'icyumba agomba kubanza kohereza umuburo wanditse kugirango wemererwe (nibyiza kohereza ukoresheje iposita hamwe ninyandiko yo kwakira cyangwa kwanduza ukuboko kugera ku kwakira). Ariko bigomba kwiyongera mugihe giteganijwe kurandura umwenda udasanzwe. Kwitabaza - kuzimya gushyushya, imyanda n'amazi akonje birabujijwe.
Ibibazo
Nibyiza, ubu reka tugerageze kureba ibibazo bya Hoa uhereye imbere. Abayobozi b'ubufatanye bazwi ko ingorane nyinshi zihangayitse. Barashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro byinshi.
Icya mbere (kandi cyingenzi) - Kutishyura. Kurugero, uwatezimbere nuwaguze, bamaze kwishyura inzu, berekanwa, kubera ko byakemuwe muburyo butandukanye. Amadeni imbere ya Hoa arakura, abaguzi baba mu nzu, bayisana, ahubwo ko bakoreshwa, bavuga ko amazu atari mu mugaragaro. Nibyo, kandi umushoramari ntabwo yiteguye kwishyura byuzuye, nubwo avuga ko inzu yigumye umutungo we. Mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko, ibi ntibikemutse, bityo rero muri buri kibazo runaka byemewe kugiti cyabo, akenshi mubucamanza.
Ikibazo cya kabiri nubusabane nuwitezimbere: ntabwo buri wese muribo yiteguye gukuraho amakosa agenga inyubako nshya. Niba utumye uwatezimbere arananirwa, abapangayi bakuraho inenge n'imikorere mibi kumafaranga yabo.
Rimwe na rimwe, uwateguraga atangiza ba nyiri uzayobya kuyobya ubunini bw'akarere kaho. Iyo abapangayi babonye amazu, bagaragaza ibyifuzo, no ku nteruro: "Ifasi yasobanuwe", yashyizwe mu masezerano, ntamuntu numwe witondera. Amacumbi ya Ivot yaguzwe, Urugo rufite ibikoresho, amaduka n'amaduka bimaze gushyirwaho - kandi mu gikari cyatangiye gucukura umwobo mushya! .. cyangwa abantu bahaye amafaranga yo gucukura inzu hamwe niyitwa kubuntu, hanyuma bari bafite Kwishura gucungwa, bitari, kuko iyo binjiye, mumazu mashya yacyo hari inkuta zo hanze. (Ikigaragara ni uko mumategeko yacu yimiturire adatanga ijambo "gutegura ubusa ku buntu inzu", bityo abaguzi bose bagomba kugira uburyo bugoye bwo kugabanya imihango yo kugabanya inyungu.)
Ikibazo cya gatatu ni ukubura amakuru kubikorwa bya HOA. Abaturage benshi ntibajya mu nama rusange, ariko ibibazo byose bijyanye n'urugo rwabo byakemuwe hano. Kubwibyo, akenshi hoa yahujwe nubufasha bwa "Ibiganiro" - Abo bagize Inama y'Ubutegetsi bashobora kuzenguruka amazu yose mu nzu bakaganira ku manza zihutirwa na ba nyirayo.
Isabute ikaze cyane - Kutitaho kure. Abantu benshi biteguye gutanga amafaranga, ariko ntibashaka kwitabira iterambere cyangwa byibuze baganira kumahitamo ashoboka yo kuzamura ubuzima bwinzu.
Vuga, urashobora kuvuga: HOA ni ngombwa. Ugomba gucunga urugo rwawe ukoresheje ibitekerezo. Beatian kuruta nyirayo, ntawe uzabikora.
Hoa ntabwo afite uburenganzira bwo guhindura ibiciro byingirakamaro: byashyizweho na Guverinoma ya Federasiyo y'Uburusiya. Ingano yubunini bwa Avtot yo kubungabungwa no gusana inzu (icya mbere cyiswe kubungabunga inyubako) bigenwa mu nama rusange y'abagize HOA. Ubufatanye bumwe buraboneka mu ngendo z'ingengo y'imari yo kubungabunga no gusana imiturire y'amazu mu nyubako - ubu bwoko bw'amafaranga aragufasha gukomeza inzu mu buryo bukwiye
Urukurikirane rwibyiciro byo gushiraho ba nyiri amazu
1. Uburezi bwitsinda ryabatabiriye ba nyir'amazu cyangwa ba nyiri amazu
2. Igikorwa cyo kwitegura (kwinjiza abaturage, ibisobanuro byibyiza byo kwishyira hamwe)
3. Inama rusange y'abaturage, ifata icyemezo cyo gushiraho HoA, hitamo Inama y'Ubutegetsi na Perezida wacyo, kimwe no gucunga imitungo (na ba nyir'umutungo ndetse na hoa), kwemeza Amasezerano ya HOA
4. Kwiyandikisha Hoa nk'ikigo cyemewe n'amategeko. Ibi bisaba inyandiko yo Kwiyandikisha kwa Leta, Porotokole y'Inteko rusange ifata icyemezo cyo gushyiraho ubufatanye bw'urugo (kopi y'umwimerere cyangwa ya Noteri), yemejwe n'inama rusange y'abantu (adoze kandi Kubara), kimwe n'inyemezabwishyu yo kwishyura inshingano za Leta yo kwandikisha ubufatanye (Rubles ibihumbi 2)
5. Gufungura konte yo gutura mubufatanye muri banki
6. Ihererekanya inzu mu micungire ya komisiyo ishinzwe umurimo bidasanzwe, ikubiyemo abahagarariye ubuyobozi bw'Umujyi n'Ibihugu by'Ibitabo by'ibinyamuryango (igikorwa cyo kwemerwa no kohereza hamwe na OS-1a hamwe no gusaba inyandiko za tekiniki kuri inyubako)