Ibibazo byubwishingizi bwumutungo: ibintu namategeko, ingaruka zubwishingizi nibiciro, amasezerano yo kwishyura.
Mu buryo bumwe ko ukinguye kurusha abakene. Iyo ufite inzu, inzu, imodoka nibintu bihenze, usanzwe ufite ikintu cyo gutakaza. Umwambi wo kumererwa kwawe ntiguha ibiruhuko kubintu byubugizi bwa nabi. Nigute? Tekereza kwishyura umutekano wimitungo igaragara: Gushyira induru, guha akazi umutekano kandi, birumvikana, kwishingira ikintu kirenze ibyo kuri wewe.
Ifoto ya V.Nkepledov mu myaka ibiri ishize, ibikoresho byinshi bitangiye ubwishingizi byasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyacu. Byari bijyanye n'ubwishingizi bw'inzu n'amazu, ubwishingizi bw'inguzanyo, ubwishingizi bw'inshingano mu gusana no gukora amazu. Uyu munsi turasaba kuvuga kubyerekeye kugenda kw'umutungo. Ni ibihe bintu bidashobora kuba ibintu byubwishingizi? Ni iki gisobanukirwa kwishingira? Birashoboka kwishingira umutungo wimukanwa ukwayo? Ni ikihe gihe cyo kugura ubwishingizi? Bitwara angahe kandi igiciro cyacyo gishingiye ki? Ese gusubizwa kumwanya wubwishingizi? Reka tugerageze gusubiza ibyo bibazo.
Ni iki kidashobora kwishingirwa?
Niba utekereza, munzu yacu no munzu hari ibintu byinshi cyangwa bike byingenzi ntashaka gutandukana. Ariko, bamwe muribo ntibashobora gufatwa nkububiko bwubwishingizi. Ni:Inyandiko, gahunda, gahunda, ibishushanyo nizindi nyandiko;
amakuru ku itangazamakuru ryubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose;
amafaranga (mu kirusiya cyangwa amahugurwa);
impapuro (kuzamurwa, fagitire, nibindi);
Ihuriro ry'agaciro muri Nuggets, Diyama idafite amakadiri;
Ibimera byo mu nzu, ingemwe n'imbuto.
Byongeye kandi, abishingizi benshi ntibakora rwihishwa terefone zigendanwa kugirango ubwishingizi. Nta sosiyete izashingira umutungo mu nyubako yihutirwa, abahomo aho cyangwa ikoreshwa ryabujijwe n'ubuyobozi bwa leta / amakomine. Abishingizi banenze banze guhangana nibintu bibitswe mumazu yangiritse. Byongeye kandi, ibintu nibintu bikunze kugaragara nubwishingizi gusa kurubuga rwubwishingizi, ni ukuvuga imbere yinzu cyangwa inzu runaka aho nyirayo atuye.
Ariko, ibidasanzwe bidasanzwe biva kumategeko. Kurugero rero, itsinda rya alfactory rizaba rishinzwe amafaranga ufite murugo iyo ubonye politiki yubwishingizi bwa Alpha. Na "rosgosstrakh" Rimwe na rimwe izashobora gutanga umutekano ufata nawe, usigara mu biruhuko cyangwa mu rugendo rw'akazi.
Ubwishingizi n'ibintu by'ubwishingizi
Imitungo yose igomba kuba iy'umuryango we ufite ubwishingizi cyangwa abagize. Iwam agomba kwerekana ko ubatunga. Kubwibi ukeneye kwerekana ibyangombwa bikwiye, nka cheque yububiko,
Ibikoresho byo murugo, kunywa, gukoresha, bigamije kuzuza ibikenewe hamwe nibikenewe kumuco: ibikoresho, amashusho ya elegito, ibikoresho bya muzika, ibikoresho bya muzika, ibicurane, imiduka, impumyi, amarundi , ibitabo, amagare, amagare y'abana, ibikinisho. Ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byibyuma na diyama, ibyegeranyo, amashusho, ibya kera nibindi bifite agaciro k'umuco cyangwa bihenze kugiti cyawe. Ihame, urashobora kwishingira imbunda no guhiga imbunda (imbere y'uruhushya rwo kubika no kwambara), ibikoresho byo kubaka ibinyabiziga, ibikoresho by'ubukungu, imashini ziteranira, poubs, nyakatsi, nyakatsi, nyakatsi , imva (inshundura, uruzitiro, ingano) nibindi byinshi.
Ni uwuhe mutungo abantu bishingira kenshi? Abenshi mu bishingizi babasuzuguye natwe yemeye ko ari ibikoresho bihenze kandi bitanga ibikoresho bihenze, ibikoresho n'ibikoresho by'ubwoya.
Abahanga bose bavuga ku guhitamo ubwishingizi, abahanga bose bagaragaje akamaro k'ibisobanuro nyabyo by'agaciro kabo kandi, kubwibyo, amafaranga afite ubwishingizi. "Niba ari Bibonyemo, umukiriya guhatirwa kwishyura hejuru cyane ubwishingizi premium (uruhare), ariko indishyi gusa kwakira mu mafaranga kitarenze agaciro nyakuri k'umutungo, - gisigura Maryan Protasova, wungirije umuyobozi wa Risk mu Studyer wa Ishami ry'Ubwishingizi riva mu muriro hamwe n'ingaruka ziherekeza muri sosiyete "Ubwishingizi bw'imari" .- Niba umubare w'ubwishingizi usuzuguritse, umukiriya azahabwa ubwishingizi mu mafaranga asanzwe, agenwa nk'igipimo cy'amafaranga y'ubwishingizi, kuri Agaciro nyako k'umutungo wishingiwe washinzwe kuzirikana kwambara ibintu. Kurugero, niba umukiriya yishingikirije imitungo yo kubeshya kumadorari 30 isanzwe, kandi agaciro kayo ni $ ibihumbi 15 $ . (50% by'amadolari 60 arimo kwizirikana kwambara) ".
Igitekerezo cya mugenzi wawe gikomeje Lydmila Shukavich, umuyobozi w'ishami rishinzwe iterambere ry'Isosiyete y'Ubwishingizi "Mrss": "Gusaba ubwishingizi bw'ubwishingizi, hanyuma ingano y'ubwishingizi bwubwishingizi, hanyuma ingano y'ubwishingizi bwubwishingizi, hanyuma ingano yishyurwa ibarwa kugirango yambare umutungo namafaranga yishyurwa hashingiwe ku shingiro y'igiciro cyo kugura ibintu nk'ibyo ku munsi w'icyemezo cy'ubwishingizi. Cyane cyane byavuzwe kuri mudasobwa bwite zataye cyane. "
Muri rusange, amafaranga y'ubwishingizi yashyizweho n'amasezerano y'ababuranyi (umwishingizi n'uwishingiwe) kandi ntashobora kurenza agaciro k'ubwishingizi (cyangwa ibintu) by'ubwishingizi. Igihe gishya cyagenwe mugihe cyo gusoza amasezerano yubwishingizi, "hashingiwe ku mafaranga akenewe kugira ngo abone iyo ngingo, bisa byuzuye n'ubwishingizi, guta agaciro.", Nkuko byanditsweho, urugero, muri Amategeko yubwishingizi bwisosiyete "uruhushya". Biragaragara ko mugihe cyamasezerano yubwishingizi, agaciro k'umutungo gishobora kugabanuka cyangwa kwiyongera. Kugenzura bizakorwa hitaweho impinduka.
Abishingizi bose batezimbere tekinike zo kumenya kwambara umubiri. Hano hari ingero ziva mumategeko yubwishingizi bwumutungo wa ROSGAKH. Icyumba cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bikabije (akabati, ameza, birahagarara.p.), bikozwe muri chipboard cyangwa mumwanya wububiko, bikozwe na filbor inkwi, hasize irangi.d.- Na 3% . Sisitemu ihagaze na sisitemu ya acoustic "ashaje" kumwaka wa 6%, kandi, kurugero, mudasobwa, inkeri, kwiruka, amakoti, 10%. Imyenda y'abagore, blouses najiji, kimwe n'ishati y'abagabo na t-shati ishaje ku mezi 12 kuri 20%, hanze y'abana- 30%.
Reka tuvuge niba uhisemo kwishingira ko ikoti ryumuzingo yaguzwe mumwaka mbere yanyuma, agaciro kayo isoko kazagenwa muri iki gihe, kandi ntabwo mugihe cyo kugura, kandi ntabwo mugihe cyo kugura cyashoboraga kuzamuka ku giciro cya 30%), kuzirikana Kwambara - hafi 7% kumwaka. Biragaragara ko waguze noneho kumadorari ibihumbi 2. Ikoti ryubwoya rirashobora kugereranywa $ 35. Gukuramo 27 = 14%, ni ukuvuga kumadorari 2600.
Ibi birakoreshwa gusa kubintu bisanzwe bya buri munsi bifite ubwishingizi kandi kongerera urugo. Imiterere yubwishingizi bwa kera, ibishusho, amashusho nibindi bikorwa byubuhanzi ni umuntu ku giti cye. Abahanga b'inzobere bafite uruhare mu kumenya agaciro nyacyo k'umutungo runaka, harimo n'abasuzuma bigenga. Ikigaragara ni uko noneho isoko ryuzuyemo impimbano nziza, no kuyitandukanya niyitabira abahanga mubantu bake gusa.
Mugihe ugura ubwishingizi, ni ngombwa kumenya neza umubare wubwishingizi. Ishyirwaho n'amasezerano y'ababuranyi kandi ntashobora kurenza agaciro nyako k'umutungo aho waho ku munsi w'amasezerano y'iperereza. Kubara amafaranga asabwa kugirango agure ingingo isa, idahwitse.
Hamwe cyangwa ukwe?
Ifoto yumutungo wimukanwa wa V.Npfurwa mu birindiro urashobora kwishingikizwa haba muburyo bumwe, ubwabwo, hamwe nubutambaro nibikoresho. Ku bijyanye n'amazu yo mu gihugu, dachas n'izindi nyubako, inyubako yongeyeho nk'ikintu cy'ubwishingizi, ni ukuvuga, gutwara ibintu by'inyubako. Hano birakenewe kumenya ko umubare wibintu wahisemo (urugero, kubaka + umutungo wimukanwa), umuvuduko wo hasi kuri buri umwe muribo.
Lydimila Shukovich ukomoka muri Madamu ati: "Umuntu arashobora kwishingira gusa ibyo abona ko ari ngombwa, byibuze ikote rimwe ry'ubwoya mu kabati." Ikindi kibazo kirakwiye. "Akenshi, umutungo wimukanwa ukundi wishingikirije abantu bakura amazu kandi babone ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho by'ubwishingizi bw'ishami ry'abagabo". - Byongeye kandi, abakiriya bamwe ntibatinya ko Inzu yabo cyangwa inzu yabo bazababazwa n'umuriro cyangwa ikigobe, ariko batinya uburemere bw'imitako, antique ari.P. Noneho wishingire ibintu ku giti cye. "
"Abafatanyabikorwa benshi bahitamo kubona ubwishingizi bwinjijwemo, burarangiye ndetse n'umutungo wo mu rugo, - basangira ubunararibonye bwa Dmitry Maslov, Visi-Perezida wa Rosgosstrakh." Ariko ibi ntibisobanura ko umutungo udashobora kwishingikishwa ukundi., ntabwo ari kuri paki yuzuye gusa, ahubwo no ku kaga kimwe, vuga ko umuriro cyangwa ubujura. Ibintu byose bizashingikiriza ku byifuzo by'abakiriya ndetse n'ibicuruzwa by'ubwishingizi. " Muri rusange, nk'uko Maryanov Protasovoy muri sosiyete "Ubwishingizi bw'imari", porogaramu zuzuye zemerera nyir'umutungo guhitamo hagati y'ibishoboka ndetse n'umutungo cyangwa kuri buri wese ongeraho ubushobozi bw'imbere (ibyago byo kwangiza abaturanyi). Gahunda nziza, yubwishingizi ihuriweho igomba kumenyekana akamaro kubakiriya.
Ihame, urashobora kwigira ikintu icyo aricyo cyose, byibuze ikoti rimwe ryubwoya mu kabati. Ikindi kibazo cyishyuwe kuri ibi. Gahunda yuzuye yo kwishingira icyarimwe igishushanyo mbonera cyinzu, umutungo wacyo urangira kandi wimukanwa imbere nibyungukirwa cyane.
Umwaka cyangwa Nastyar?
Mubisanzwe amasezerano yubwishingizi bwumutungo ni umwaka. Nibyerekeranye nigiciro cya politiki kuminota 12 gakondo no kuvuga. Ariko ntizahagarikwa ninzu isigara yitabweho niba usize nasheyz yose? Akazu, gutereranwa nabatuye mugihe cy'itumba? Ubwishingizi buri mwaka buhenze, ariko kubintu biteye ubwoba ...Mu masosiyete yose urashobora kwishingira umutungo mugihe cyumwaka. Ariko igihe gito, niko politiki ihenze izatwara. Ni ukuvuga, ibiciro ntabwo bigereranywa bitaziguye mugihe cyubwishingizi. Umwanzuro wamasezerano yubwishingizi kuri 1mes azatwara mubigo bitandukanye 15-25% byimisoro yumwaka (kandi ntabwo 8%, nkuko byari kubaho, amezi 2 - 30-35% (aho kuba 16 %), kumezi 3 40-50% ni.d. Gushora umutungo mugihe cyamezi 6 kugeza 12 muri rusange ntibikwiye - biroroshye kubona politiki isanzwe ya buri mwaka.
Ibigo bimwe bitanga gahunda zidasanzwe zubwishingizi bwigihe gito. Kurugero, mugihugu cya alfa wekend, bigufasha kurinda inzu yigihugu. Muri icyo gihe, umwishingizi ashinzwe ingaruka z'urupfu no kwangiza umutungo uherereye mu nzu y'abakiriya, mu biruhuko na wikendi. Byongeye kandi, hatitawe niba nta nyirubwite cyangwa murugo. Na rosno itanga "urugo rwawe na leision", kugura ushobora kurinda inzu yawe n'umutungo wimukanwa mugihe cyo kuruhuka.
INGARUKA N'AMAFARANGA
Mu gihe cyuzuye ibyago, umutungo wimukanwa ni ingirakamaro kwishingira, kubera ko buri mpamvu izabarwa ku giciro gito. Dore amakuru kuri sosiyete "uruhushya": Igiciro cyibanze kuri paki yuzuye ibyago bizangana na 0.66%, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda yingaruka zavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu kurutonde rwabavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda yingaruka kuri bo hejuru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu wavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu kurutonde rwabavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu wavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu wavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu wavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu wavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu kurutonde rwabavuzwe haruguru, kandi niba uhisemo amatsinda ya buri muntu kurutonde, mumafaranga ahinduka 1.09% .
Mugihe ugena igiciro cyubwishingizi, biba ngombwa cyane aho ibintu bibitswe: imbere mu nzu, amazu cyangwa akazu. Mu rwego rw '"ubwishingizi bw'imari" mugihe cyubwishingizi ahantu hose hashobora kubaho ibyago harimo ibiciro 0.5-1.2% kumutungo wimukanwa uherereye mu nyubako zitandukanye, na 0.4-9.9% mu nzu.
Agaciro k'ubwishingizi (umusanzu), cyangwa ikiguzi cya politiki, kibarwa nk'umurimo w'ubwishingizi bw'amaso n'ubwishingizi bw'ubwishingizi, bigaragazwa nk'ijanisha. Kurugero, niba ushaka gutanga ibitekerezo byumutungo wimukanwa ufite agaciro k'ibihumbi 30 by'amadolari, biherereye mu nzu, ku mushahara wuzuye, kubwubwishingizi bwumwaka ugomba kwishyura amadorari 261-330 (gusa uva mu igabanuka- $ 105-135 (Igiciro 0.35-0-0%), kandi, reka tuvuge ko kwangiza amazi- $ 45-60 (Amahoro 0.15-0.2%). Amakuru yatanzwe na MDs.
Igiciro cya politiki yubwishingizi giterwa numubare w'ingaruka wahisemo: umuriro, bay, ibikorwa bitemewe n'abandi bantu. Ibyo barushaho kuba byinshi kuri buri giciro kuri buri. Kurugero, mugihe utanga ibitekerezo byuzuye, igiciro cyose gishobora kugera kuri 0.9%, no gufatanya ibiciro bitandukanye, tuzabona hafi 1.5%.
Kwishyura indishyi
Ifoto ya E. na S. MORGnovvy Niba ufite ibirori byishingiwe, gerageza gukora kukintu icyo ari cyo cyose kandi udahinduka ahantu (usibye kudatera ubuzima cyangwa kurema ubuzima cyangwa ubuzima bukikije). Hamagara abapolisi, abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro, byihutirwa cyangwa izindi serivisi, bitewe nibihe, kandi ubyemera kumenyesha ibyabaye kuri sosiyete yubwishingizi. Wibuke ko utavuze uko abayobozi ba leta bireba, indishyi zibyishingizi ntizakwishura. Ukuri kubyabaye bigomba kwemezwa inyandiko mu nyandiko.
Impuguke ziva mu ishami rishinzwe kwishyura Isosiyete y'ubwishingizi irageze aho (byose ari byombi mu mayema y'abashakashatsi ba kera b'Abanyamerika), kandi biragoye gukurura ikintu muri bo. Bitwaje kamera kandi bafite uburambe bwabaguye mubitugu byabo. Ito nibisanzwe, kuko tuvuga amafaranga.
Ntabwo ibigo byose bidatinze kandi hamwe no guhiga ubwishingizi bwishyurwa. Ibi bivugwa kandi kubihugurwa byisoko ubwabo, nabantu bagombaga guhura nibikorwa byishingiwe. Ariko ni ikihe kintu cyiza cyo kutabikora kugirango ushuke umushingizi (muburyo bwo kongera ibyangiritse, bikabuza ibirori byishingiwe, nibindi). Ibitekerezo by'iperereza by'ibisobanuro birambuye rwose bireremba, kandi urashobora "gukomera" ku mugizi wa nabi ...
Uburyo bwo gukora mumuriro cyangwa ikigoshe, ibintu byose birasobanutse neza cyangwa bike. Avota yasabye ibintu byimukanwa byimukanwa kandi birwaye. Kujya kwishingira ibintu byawe muri iki gihe, uzirikane ko ubwiganze busesuye bwibigo byihanganira umutungo wimukanwa gusa no kwiba. Niba umuryango wafunguye urufunguzo (wowe ubwawe, abagize umuryango wawe cyangwa abateye) bakora ibintu byagaciro, nta ndishyi zizubaka. Kubera ko ibikorwa bitemewe by'abandi bantu bagomba kwemezwa n'icyemezo cya polisi ko hatangijwe urubanza rw'inshinjabyaha kandi baburanishwa urubanza rw'inshinjabyaha. Mubinyuranye, ntabwo aribyo.
Abanditsi bararakoze rosgosstrakh, Alustrakhovanie, "uruhushya", ubwishingizi bw'imari "na" kubangamira "kugira ngo bategure ibintu.