Indorerwamo ziri mu Ntema. Ni ubuhe bwoko bushya bw'indorerwamo "bugizwe" abashushanya nuburyo bwo kubishyira mu bikorwa?
Ifoto v.nepledova
Amakuru y'Iburasirazuba.
Igishushanyo kidasanzwe kizakora indorerwamo ikintu cyose gikora neza
Umucyo wanjye, indorerwamo, vuga ...
Imbaho zo gushushanya kuva mubintu bimwe byindorerwamo bifitanye isano
Kumabara, urashobora gufata imigozi ifite imitwe idahwitse
Indorerwamo idasanzwe
Ibihe bigoye byakozwe mu ndorerwamo zizarambika icyumba icyo ari cyo cyose
Indorerwamo ku buryo bwiza bwo gukorwa kuva ikea
Indorerwamo hamwe na mosaic
Imyambarire yindorerwamo ihora ihinduka. Uyu munsi, indorerwamo nziza hamwe nibintu bitandukanye byamashusho yubusa bikenewe cyane.
Ifoto v.nepledova
Urugero rw'indorerwamo ya croughr ni nini. Induru yibikoresho byo mu gikoni byakinnye nibishusho bishya
Indorerwamo burigihe ikurura ibitekerezo kandi ihinduka ikintu gikora imbere.
Ihagarare kuri disiki zakozwe ukoresheje tekinoroji ya UV gluing
Kugira ngo wirinde microcenarpine, kugirango usukure indorerwamo, koresha imfukiruka ziva mubikoresho bisanzwe
Kwinjiza mubikoresho bikoresha umwenda ufite ubunini bwa 6mm
Ifoto V.Viliev
Indorerwamo- "Ibice" Bishoboka Gukuramo isura nshya ku isi isanzwe
Amakuru y'Iburasirazuba.
Indorerwamo Shirma
Gushiraho indorerwamo nini bisaba uruhare rwa Inzobere
"Kwica igihe" ubu ntabwo bizakora
Ubwenge bwa Jeworujiya agira ati: "Urashaka kuba mwiza muri buri cyumba mu ndorerwamo. Ubushobozi bwo gushushanya bw'indorerwamo, ubushobozi bwo gukora ingaruka za optique ikoreshwa neza muburinganire bwa none. Ni ubuhe bwoko bushya bw'indorerwamo "bugizwe" abashushanya nuburyo bwo kubishyira mu bikorwa?
Guhitamo kwa Bwelliant
Byasa nkaho umurimo woroshye ugomba guhitamo indorerwamo ahantu hatandukanye nibice bikora byo gutura. Niba ubonye indorerwamo nini, ushobora kwibona uhereye kumutwe kugeza kumaguru, mu ndorerwamo yimiterere yicyumba, kandi ubwiherero buzakenera igitambaro kidasanzwe. Iyi yose ni ukuri gutereka. Bagomba kwibukwa, nubwo waba ushaka indorerwamo gusa, ahubwo ni ikintu cyubuhanzi, kizahabwa uruhare rwibintu byishimo byimbere byimbere.
Ibikurikira, bizagomba gutekereza kuri, - ibintu biranga ibintu. Birumvikana gufata icyemezo hakiri kare ufite agaciro gakwiye kandi icyo ushaka kubona kigaragara mu ndorerwamo. Ibibazo bike cyane, ariko ntabwo ari inzira ihendutse - kugirango ubone moderi yiteguye ukurikije kataloge ikabigira baguette. Niba ubishaka, urashobora kuvugana nuwashizeho ufite icyifuzo cyo guteza imbere ikintu cyumwimerere kugirango imbere imbere yawe. Kurugero, kubyara ikadiri ya imperial kuva mu kibaya cy'Uburusiya. Menya ko gahunda nkiyi izakora rwose (urashobora kubona umunyabugeni wabigize umwuga), ariko mugihe kimwe icyitegererezo gifite uburebure bwa cm 110 bizatwara amadorari 10.
Igipimo cyingenzi kigena amahitamo nubwiza bwindorerwamo. Nubwo hakaba ari nziza gute, itazigera ihisha inenge. Abahanga basaba kwigenga kugenzura umwenda kugirango ingaruka za ndorerwamo umurongo. Ibi bikorwa byoroshye. Kuri intera ya 1-2m kuva canvas, fata ikaramu mukiganza kinini. Wibande kureba uko byabyaye. Noneho tangira kwimura ikaramu itambitse. "Ishusho" ifatwa nk'ibyiza niba ibigaragaza bidashoboka "kureremba", ahubwo bigenda kumurongo ugororotse.
Twizere, guhatirwa kumenya ko indorerwamo zo murugo mubijyanye nubuziranenge ziracyatakaza ibicuruzwa. Ibicuruzwa by'Ababiligi, Ikidage, Igifaransa na Ceki byatsinze ku isoko ry'Uburusiya. Barwanya ubushuhe kandi byangiritse bidasanzwe (guhungabana kwayoye, ibishushanyo). Iya nyuma ni ingenzi cyane, kuko iyo ifatanye inyuma yindorerwamo, ibyangiritse ku ruhare rurinda bizabaho, biganisha ku kurimbuka kwa canvas, cyane cyane mu byumba bitose.
Indorerwamo zatumijwe mu mahanga zirinzwe cyane, zikaba zikozwe mu bwiza buhebuje, rimaze gusozwa no koroshya ikirahuri cya M1, kikaba kidafite ibibyimba byo mu kirere ndetse no kwerekana agaciro kagenwe ntagoreka. Kugereranya, reka tuvuge ko M4 M4 yemerera ubwoko butandukanye bwahinduwe, cyane cyane kumpera. Gukomera. Uruhande rwinyuma ntabwo rwambutse gusa (nko mu rugo), ariko rutangwa hamwe na kimwe kirinda (electraplating, impinduramazi, amazi arwanya amazi, plastike. Igisubizo nigice cyizewe cya canvas kuva mubushuhe, isura ya chip na grandches. Imbere ya Skol, icyerekezo cyimideli y'Uburusiya kirashobora gutangira kurimburwa vuba, kandi kubwindondo zatumijwe mu mahanga, Chip ntabwo iteye ubwoba rwose.
Indi mpaka igena ibyo dukunda nigiciro cyicyitegererezo. Politiki yukuri hano ntabwo yirukahendutse. Indorerwamo nziza yubunini bwiruka (7080cm), ukurikije impuguke, ntishobora kugura amafaranga 5000 ahendutse. Icyitegererezo cyishusho hamwe na facet amafaranga "usekeje" birashoboka ko bizakorwa mubushinwa, bivuze ko ubuziranenge butazaba burebure.
Ahantu hor ndor yifuzwa gutegura iki gishushanyo mbonera.
Ifoto A.Elistratova
Ubuso bworoshye burarambiranye. Igishushanyo cya Geometric cyakoreshejwe numucanga cyo guhuza ibintu byimbitse
Ifoto M.STEPANOV
Urukuta rw'indorerwamo, umwanya wo gukubata, ni ngombwa mubyumba bito
HASMODICICAL MURI INZU YACU
Kwagura akarere! Guhera guhera mugihe cyububyutse bwindorerwamo bikoreshwa mukugura umwanya. Ibishushanyo bya canvas, bishimangirwa nikadiri, bihindura rwose ibipimo byicyumba. Rero, oval kandi irambuye indorerwamo ihagaritse yongera uburebure bwicyumba. Indorerwamo imwe yamanitswe itambitse, yo kwagura neza umwanya. Ibihe byindorerwamo binini kurukuta rwose, cyane cyane buringanirwa butandukanye, byuzuza icyumba gifite amanywa. Mugihe kimwe, amahuza yingingo zingingo zerekeye umuntu ntigomba kuba kurwego rwijisho ryabantu.
Abashushanya bujuririra uyumunsi hamwe nubuso bwindorerwamo cyane. Irasezererwa, yajanjaguwe muri geometrike cyangwa, kurenga ku ndorerwamo imwe, kora ibihimbano. Urukiramende rwerekana, kare, uruziga rw'imvururu imwe rugize injyana isobanutse mucyumba, kora uburyo bushimishije bw'ahantu, bigukwemerera kwirinda imbonankubone. Bigira ingaruka mbi psyche yumuntu. Indorerwamo tile aho "hunika". Kubwibyo, impapuro zitandukanya zigomba gushyirwa muburyo gutekereza butaziguye birukanwa muri byo. Ubudashidikanywaho kuva aho bireba ihumure riboneka bisa nkaho rifite uruhande rw'imbere rwa canvas hamwe no kwambikwa indorerwamo y'imiterere itari yo. Byongeye kandi, amaherezo, ibisenge by'indorerwamo byari ibyabo byacu byatanzweho imyanya (itagira ibara cyangwa bitandukiriye ubururu). Noneho ni umunsi w'ejo.
Dukurikije inyigisho ya Fegshui, ntabwo yifuza cyane kumanika indorerwamo. Ubuso bwerekana, buhera buri umwe umwe gusa, azashobora gukwirakwiza imbaraga zingenzi mubyumba. Verisiyo yimyambarire yamasasu - Imipaka yubugari bwubugari. Afurika, ihamye hafi ya perimetero yicyumba, ndetse igaragara ibyerekanwe, izakina urumuri rutangaje rwerekana hamwe na grare nyinshi.
Ibikoresho byo mundorerwamo. Icyo tuvuga, indorerwamo zishobora gushushanya imiterere iyo ari yo yose yihishe. Imiterere yonyine nibura byibuze hejuru. Ku itegeko ku giti cyawe kuri wewe, kubarwa, hamwe n'inkingi, hamwe n'imitwe idahwitse izakorwa. Guhindura ibi ni ngombwa kuvuga ku ikoranabuhanga rishimishije ryakoreshejwe neza mu gukora ibikoresho n'ibikoresho. Iyi ni iyi bita uv gluing, iguha kugirango ureme ibishushanyo mbonera nta mfubyi uhambiriye (urugero, amasahani yikigo mubwiherero). Kubintu byihuse ibirahure byakoreshejwe uv kole. Ihame ryo gukora riroroshye: Ibihimbano bikoreshwa mubuso bwuzuyemo, ibice birakosorwa kandi bimurikirwa nitara rya ultraviolet. Munsi y'ibikorwa bya ultraviolet yimirasire, hashyizweho umuyoboro mubisobanuro neza, ukurikije imbaraga zisumba izindi. Ikoranabuhanga ryoroshya guhuza ibintu byikirahure byikirahure ku gishushanyo rusange no kubera gukorera mu mucyo wa Seam utanga, koroshya no gufungura.
Umusenyi no gutunganya ikirahure kugirango indorerwamo zibangambiye mu kirere. Mask yo gukingira ikoreshwa hejuru. Ahantu hagenewe gutunganya gukomeza gufungura. Ahantu hashobora gutera imbaraga bakubita intwaro no kuyishushanya, gukata mikorobe yikirahure. Umusenyi arashobora kuba hejuru nubunini- mubihe byanyuma, hashyizweho ishusho ikomeye mu kirahure. Canvas yavuwe hamwe no guterana kwa sandbi yanduye - ndetse ikora ku rutoki isiga ibinure. Kugira ngo wirinde ibi, indorerwamo nk'iyi yuzuyemo ibihimbano "logner-toner" (mu bantu bitwa "anti-pale")). Irarinda kandi kurwanya ibimenyetso by'abakozi bashinzwe isuku, mikorobe na mold. Ahantu h'imiti ni ubwoko bwo guhuza, aho hejuru yikirahure munsi yigikorwa cya shimi ziba matte. Ugereranije n'umusenyi, imiti irayoroka, witonda. Indorerwamo za Matte zitanga ikirahure kikomere. Kuri yo ibitoki ntibigaragara.
Ingaruka z'indorerezi z'abasenyi zirashobora kuboneka ushyira film idasanzwe ya Matte Polymer kuri yo. Ntabwo biramba kuruta guterana amagambo nyayo, nubwo abakora batanga garanti ndende kuri bumwe muburyo bwabwo. Kumakoraho, filime isa na plastiki. Uwo uzumva inzibacyuho kuva hejuru yindorerwamo kuri filime - ni "hejuru yikirahure", mugihe cyo gutunganya ikirahure ", mugihe cyo gutunganya ikirahure nicyerekezo cyingirakamaro ku kirahure ubwacyo.
Geometrie n'ibara
Ingano! Ibibazo bibiri bitandukanye rwose ni ukugura indorerwamo nto kugirango ukore imirimo yibikoresho byo gushushanya cyangwa binini (kuva kuri 3m2).
Uburyo nyabwo buragenda cyangwa buke. Ku wa kabiri ugomba kuzirikana misa ya Nunes, ibyo, nkibisanzwe, gira igitekerezo cyinzobere gusa. Mbere ya byose, ibyagutse byindorerwamo ntibigomba kunanuka: 2-4mm byemewe neza kubintu bito, ariko bidahagije, niba tuvuga kubyerekeye "imishinga nini". Ubunini bwa canvas nini, bizashyirwa ku rwego rwuzuye (ibi, by the way, ntukifuze inzobere, kandi imiterere y'ingenzi yakazi keza) igomba kuba 5-6mm. Bizaba byumvikana gutumira umujyanama mumahugurwa asanzwe mugukata no gushiraho indorerwamo nini. Igipimo cyo mu mwanya kizagena imiterere yurukuta kandi igashyiraho ubunini bwa canvas.
Imiterere n'ibara. Indorerwamo ya kera yikirango, uko bigaragara, ntizigera iva mumyambarire. Nyamara, imigendekere mishya muburyo irasaba imbere nibintu bifite iboneza ritoroshye. Inyabutatu, Rhombus, "ibitonyanga", "ukwezi" n "izuba" - Izuba Rirahurizwa ku ndorerwamo Cavase y'indorerwamo, ngerageza kwirinda imvururu na reference. Mubisanzwe, iboneza rigoye rwose kandi mugihe indorerwamo ikora imikorere yo kwinjiza gushushanya kurubuga cyangwa iribasiwe njyanama yabandirimbo, ishami ryishyiriritse. Ibi bintu biragoye cyane imirimo igaragara kumufuka wabakiriya. Gutunganya ibigarari byurukiramende bizana kabiri bihendutse kuruta gutunganya impapuro zigoye (uruziga, arndy, impande zose).
Ikibazo cyo gutunganya inkombe kijyanye no kuboneza ibicuruzwa. Amahugurwa yo murugo atanga ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwo gutunganya: icyo cyitwa Eurocrome, cyangwa gusya (akantu keza), na fasite (inkombe (inkombe yaciwe ku nguni runaka cyangwa hanyuma igacogora). Gusya ni bihendutse kuruta umukiranutsi. Muregure wenyine: 1 p. M polishing kumurongo ugororotse ugura amafaranga 70., murwego rwumubare - amafaranga 140. Fazet nuburyo buhenze kuruta uko byagutse kandi binini. Kurugero, ubugari bwa 5-15mm bwimigati 5-15mm igura amafaranga 110, na 40mm ubugari bumaze kumara 550. Ariko abanyacyubahiro "gukata" kumpande bizatanga indorerwamo yerekana umwihariko kandi wimbitse (kwibeshya bishingiye ku mategeko ya optics). Byongeye kandi, umukiranutsi igufasha gukora nta kamaro-baguette, kandi ibi bizanyemera, kuzigama.
Ibara ryindorerwamo rimwe na rimwe ntabwo ari ngombwa kuruta ifishi. Iki kintu kirasuzumwa cyane mugihe akarere k'imbere kasukuwe. Ijwi risanzwe (icyatsi, umuringa, ubururu, imvi, zahabu) bigerwaho binyuze mu gukoresha ikirahure kidasanzwe, bigakorwa hakoreshejwe ibyuma bitandukanye. Menya ko mu ndondo y'amabara y'umusaruro watumijwe mu mahanga (Glaverbel, Ububiligi; pilkington, Ubwongereza) Ubufaransa) mu Bufaransa, ariko bugumaho igicucu, ariko ibicucu byo mu rugo bishyikiriho garagaza ibara ryabo rikabije, birumvikana ko ari kimwe bihamya ko bitabashyigikiye.
Umwanya windorerwamo wamabara ni munini: kuva kuri wallpaper-panel kuri staclative ntoya yinjiza ibikoresho byongerera ibikoresho. Ni ngombwa kuzirikana ko rimwe na rimwe rihindura neza igitekerezo cy'ibidukikije, kandi, kandi, mu buryo bwemewe, kuri twe. Urugero, mu muringa n'indorerwamo zahabu ingaruka bitangaje, bikaba kiramaze igihe kirekire gikoreshwa mu solariums na salons ubwiza: ku gutekereza bituma, uruhu ureba neza arategurwa kandi z'amapfizi. Indorerwamo ya Azolothy, yatoranijwe mucyumba cyo kubara mu muhondo, kuzamura imbere y '"izuba" kandi risa n'ibinyabuzima byose kuruta icyitegererezo gakondo.
Hariho, by the way, hamwe nindorerwamo chameleon ihindura ibara ryabo bitewe ninguni. Kurugero, bikozwe ninshingano kugiti cye hamwe ninzibacyuho yoroshye yibara imwe mubindi. Guhindura birarangiye hamwe no guhindura indorerwamo mu kirahure.
Indorerwamo ya Indorerwamo irashobora guhabwa urutonde urwo arirwo rwose. Hariho umugabo ushimishije
Ingorabahizi yo gutunganya igishusho cyindorerwamo kigaragarira kubiciro byayo. Impamvu nyamukuru irakunzwe
Shaka kuneka. Umuntu wese azi ingaruka zizuba ryindorerwamo, nyir'ubwite ibona ukuri mubuzima bwayo bwose, kandi amaso ye akomeza kuba yihishe ibirahure by'amayobera. Igitekerezo cyo gukoresha izo tekinoroji imbere imbere gikurura abashushanya igihe kirekire. Mubyukuri, urukuta rwindorno rusanzwe rutera amashyirahamwe ahoraho hamwe na salle cyangwa akabari. Niba urumuri nuburiganya rwose bifuza, ariko mugihe kimwe nta cyifuzo cyo kwishyira mu gasanduku runaka, ikirahure cyindorerwamo kirakwiriye ningaruka zo kugaragara kuruhande rumwe. Binyuze mu kirahuri nk'iki kuruhande rumwe, birashoboka gutekereza byose neza, ariko ntibigaragara nibindi, usibye kubitekerezaho. Muri iki gihe, bigomba kwibukwa ko ingaruka ntarengwa "zikora" niba uruhande rwindorerwamo rurinze cyane. Nkuko "urwenya" rimwe na rimwe bikoreshwa mugushushanya amababi yumuryango, kurugero, mubyumba cyangwa ubwiherero (ikintu nyamukuru ntabwo ari ugutera uruhande rwimpande mugihe ushyira). Ibice, mu mucyo hamwe na imwe kandi bitabangamira kurundi ruhande, birashobora gusimburwa neza n'imitambiro cyangwa shirms.
Umutabo ntabwo ari ikadiri gusa! Byemezwa ko ari ikantu riha indorerwamo ingwate kandi igena iyayo iy'imiterere yihariye. Ariko siko bimeze. Rimwe na rimwe, inka ubwayo yashushanyijeho tekinolojiya igoye yo gukurikiza, icapiro rya silk-ecran, hejuru yubusa. Tuvuga bike, mubitekerezo byacu, mugihe uburyo buke buzwi bwo gushushanya inzinguruzi ikwemerera kugera kubisubizo bishimishije rwose. Kurugero, kugirango ukore intama zumusenyi zikoresha amashusho yikirahure (bararekuwe, urugero, ivlack, Ubutaliyani). Kunywa hamwe na pigment zitandukanye, zifasha gukora ikadiri hafi ya canvas, kora ikirere cyinyenyeri cyangwa imiterere yicyuma. Igikundiro cy'ikoranabuhanga ni uko, hamwe n'ibisubizo bidashimishije, irangi rishobora gukaraba n'amazi isaha imwe.
(Ikigereranyo cya Quarta-Eco Igishushanyo) Indorerwamo zamabara imbere imbere zikora ingaruka nini zo kwagura umwanya kuruta ibisanzwe. Niba ukeneye kongera umwanya wicyumba, shyira kurukuta rwarwo, na 2/3 kuva ku gisenge, indorerwamo. Bizagaragaza ibiri mucyumba, mugihe bitera ikiruhuko cyikindi cyumba, hamwe nibara ritandukanye ryinkuta, indi mvugo yibikoresho nizindi mwenda.
Ingaruka zishimishije cyane zitanga indorerwamo yamabara iherereye mu idirishya. Ifata urumuri kuva mu idirishya, bityo yongera urumuri rw'icyumba. Niba indorerwamo ari toni cyangwa intoki zishyushye, kuba "urumuri rwizuba" bizahora bitangwa, nubwo "igice cyumwaka ari ikirere kibi". ATO, urabona, ni ngombwa ko uzamura imyumvire. Gerageza rero ntutinye ushize amanga.
Ariko uzirikane:
Umutuku atanga inshingano yo kwishima no kongera umuvuduko wamaraso;
Ubururu buturuka kandi buruhutse;
Icyatsi ni ingirakamaro kumaso.
Itumanaho ryigihe
Imyambarire yindorerwamo igenda ikomeza hamwe nuburyo nyamukuru bwimyambarire ya samuntu. Inesl mu myenda ubu ihitamo itangwa mubintu, hanyuma mubyingenzi birashoboka kugirango duhuze indorerwamo zabasaza. Niba umuryango udafite indorerwamo yumuryango mumuryango, tegeka "Antique" yindorerwamo ukunda. Nibyo, ingaruka zitwara igihe z '"umukungugu w'imyaka" urahenze. Kurugero, abantu bakomeye "bali" bafite ubunini bwa 7080cm bizagura amafaranga 3850. (Ugereranije nurubuga rusanzwe rwa feza, itandukaniro rizaba $ 70-80 kuri 1m2).Ubundi buryo bwo kugera ku ngaruka za kera ni ibyakozwe n'abantu. Kugira ngo indorerwamo isa nkaho arengeje umwaka kuri 100-150, ni ngombwa gukuraho urwego rukingira (ubutaka), noneho urwego rugaragaza rukoresha ibigize akambaro cyangwa ubutaka.
Kwishyiriraho no gufunga
Kwinjiza byari byiza, kandi indorerwamo yawe ifite umutekano, ugomba kwitondera aho indorerwamo ziherereye murwego rwimbere murwego rwateguye. Ntabwo bidakwiye gusubika igisubizo cyiki gikorwa nyuma. Noneho hariho ibibazo byinshi: Kurugero, nta mwanya uhagije cyangwa ishingiro ryishyiraho ryateganijwe, bihinduka bidakwiriye.
Igisubizo cyiza nugutumira umujyanama mbere yishimira amahirwe yo kubahiriza ibitekerezo. Kandi, cyane cyane, hagira inama uburyo bwo kwitegura kuzamura indorerwamo kugirango basa neza kubuso ubwo aribwo bwose. Mubyumba bitose, kurugero, ishingiro rigomba gutunganywa hakiri kare hamwe namata inyama na anti-anti-.
Usibye shingiro ryo gukosora indorerwamo (udafite ikadiri), uburyo bukurikira bukoreshwa:
Imigozi myiza Guhora ufata indorerwamo kurukuta. Umubare wabo ushingiye ku bunini bwurubuga. Gusubira inyuma gusa nibyo byihuta byo hanze, nubwo byibuze bikabije byumutwe (1,2 cm), ntibisa neza cyane kurutonde ruto (umurwa mukuru, inkingi zibintu bigoye), cyane cyane ahantu Munsi ya cm 50.
Kole ku ndorerwamo Igufasha gushiraho indorerwamo ku buso ubwo aribwo bwose (bishushanyije, bitwikiriye icyapa cyangwa urukuta ndetse no kuri tile mu bwiherero). Gukabya klue nziza birashobora gucamo cyangwa gukama cyane kuburyo indorerwamo yahinduwe. Kole "ikuraho" uruhande rw'imbere rw'indorerwamo mu migozi y'imigozi, hiyongereyeho, yongera umutekano wo kwizirika. Hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwikoranabuhanga, indorerwamo yagarutsweho ntibishoboka gusenyuka. Ntabwo igabana no ku nkoni itaziguye. Kimwe, ndetse n'indorerwamo nini yakomeretse irashobora gusenywa. Nibyo, mubisanzwe mumasezerano hagati yisosiyete kandi umukiriya harimo ingingo kubishoboka ko ibintu bya Chips muri uru rubanza.
Amasahani Yashyizwe inyuma yindorerwamo agakora ukurikije "loop hook" ihame. Nibyiza iyo bimuwe no munzu ikurwaho, mugihe wimura indorerwamo bishobora kuvaho byoroshye.
Ubuyobozi bw'amabwiriza burashimira ikirakira, "ikirahure n'amahoro", "ikirahuri", "igishushanyo cya Spigel", igishushanyo cya Spigel, "kuroga" kugira ngo gitegure ibintu.