Byose bijyanye n'imiyoboro yo hasi-ubu itera itumanaho ryiza mu nyubako zo guturamo, imirimo ya tereviziyo, radiyo, automatication, mudasobwa, nibindi.
Uburebure bwurusobe ruto rwibikorwa bitandukanye mumazu ya none abarwa na kilometero
Kugira ngo wirinde kwivanga hamwe na Mechanical byangiritse, insinga zitose zisozwa mubyuma
Insinga zo hasi zirashobora gushyirwa muri pisine ya pvc
Byakozwe nuburyo bufunguye umuvuduko wo hasi wihishe inyuma yinkuta zuzuye umurizo
Imirongo y'ibyuma ikoreshwa muguhindura umubare munini winsinga muri tekiniki.
Ipimisha ipine-voltage imiyoboro ya voltage ikozwe neza nkipiminsi yamashanyarazi
Umuyoboro muto-wubu ni igice cyingenzi cyibikoresho byubuhanga byimiturire igezweho. Tutabaye ibyo, itumanaho ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru ntirishoboka, televiziyo, radiyo, ikora mu rugo ntakora, ntukore kuri mudasobwa. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo hasi-butunganijwe kandi ni ibihe bishoboka mu nyubako zamaguru?
Serivisi
Bake muri twe dutekereza ku ntego y'insinga n'insinga bitazwi nande kandi iyo byoherejwe mu gisenge kijya ku kindi, bigonzwe mu bagore ba munsi y'ubutaka.
Bizaba hafi ya voltage voltage dutanga televiziyo, radiyo ya Wired, terefone na interineti, sisitemu yumuriro, umutungo wingufu wibanze, ibikoresho byimikorere yinyubako. Kubera ko monopolisation y'ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi ijyanye no gutanga serivisi z'umuguzi ku nsinga muri iki gihe, nta miryango itandukanye irema imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi make, kura insinga n'insinga zombi n'ukarere. Kurangiza itumanaho mu mibereho bihenze cyane kandi mubihe byumujyi ntabwo buri gihe bishoboka. Kubwibyo, insinga zurubuga ruto rukunze kumanikwa kumirongo yamashanyarazi ishyigikira kandi ijugunya murugo murugo. Ibi bikorwa kandi mugihe ushyizeho umugozi wa fibre optique optique, aho ibimenyetso byanduzwa nkibiryo byoroheje. Niba bidashoboka kurambura insinga ikintu nuburyo bwo mu kirere cyangwa uburyo bwo kubutaka, ibimenyetso byanduzwa ukoresheje imiyoboro ya radiyo.
Kubona mu nyubako binyuze muri atike cyangwa hasi, insinga zo hasi ninsinga zigaragara cyane kuri izo ntego, zifite imiyoboro ibiri cyangwa myinshi, kandi irambuye kugirango ikwirakwize. Ibi bintu bifite uburyo bwo kwiyongera cyangwa kwambuka, na byo, bishyirwa hasi cyangwa mu kabati kato. Amazu y'abaguzi yubatswe ku mishinga y'ikinyejana cya 20, mu rwego rwo hejuru yinjiza no kugabura (imbaho z'amashanyarazi) zo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro mito, nk'itegeko, igice cyihariye cyerekanwe. Inyubako ya buri munsi ifite ibikoresho byo kuzigama ingufu, inkinzo zitandukanye zifite ibikoresho. Nubwo voltage yukuntu imiyoboro mike iriho ni 12-24v, kandi imizigo itembamo irapimwa muri milliamperes, insinga, insinga nibikoresho byo hasi ni igice cyamashanyarazi cyinzu n'inzu. Bashyizwe muri sisitemu rusange yo kunganya ibishoboka kandi bishingiye ku mategeko yigikoresho cyo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi.
Noneho amahirwe y'imiyoboro yo hasi-iriyongera, kubera ko ibiro by'Umuyobozi by'imijyi minini yafashe gahunda zitanga umusaruro wo gutanga gahunda zishinzwe ibaruramari ry'ingufu n'invumba zo mu mijyi. Kohereza ibimenyetso muri byo bikorwa cyane cyane ku nsinga. Rero, mukarere kari hafi ya Moscou, imbaraga zumuryango wa komine yihariye numucuruzi wacyo, umuyoboro wumujyi wa Intranet urangiye. Abafatabuguzi bayo bishimira kubona interineti kubuntu kubikoresho byamakuru yaho, byanditswe kubyakiriye abaganga, kwishyura konti ya yo.p. Abenegihugu benshi bashiraho gahunda yumutekano no gukurikiranwa na videwo mu nzu zabo, bakira amakuru ajyanye n'imiterere y'ibibazo mu nzu no kubura ingabo.
Ni iyihe mashyirahamwe afite uburenganzira bwo kurwara mu ngo z'uruhu ruto, ni ubuhe burenganzira n'inshingano batwara imbere y'abakiriya n'ubuyobozi, aho inzu iherereye? Ubusanzwe, imitwe yitumanaho ifite uburenganzira bwo gukora umurimo nkubu (terefone zabo na wirega ni mububasha bwabo) hamwe nimishinga ya komise zemeza ingaruka za tereviziyo hamwe nimiyoboro ya tereviziyo. Iyi miryango ifite impushya za Minisiteri y'Itumanaho ku kazi mu rwego rw'itumanaho rito. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'akazi ribanzirijwe no gusoza amasezerano n'umuntu wigenga, niba bigeze kuri terefone cyangwa kuri kaburimbo mu nzu, cyangwa hamwe n'ikigo gishinzwe amategeko (Hwu, DEZ cyangwa iyishyirwaho y'umuyoboro rusange. Uburenganzira n'inshingano by'ababuranyi bigaragazwa, ibihano biteganijwe. Abatunganya ivugurura ry'amazu n'imirimo rusange y'uburenganzira kuri iki gikorwa cyahawe imishinga itandukanye y'ubucuruzi. Bafite kandi impushya zo kwishyiriraho kwishyiriraho itumanaho rito. Iyi miryango yishora mu rugo rw'umurongo wagenwe hamwe n'imirongo yagenewe televiziyo) televiziyo, kwishyiriraho mu gihe cya sisitemu yo kugenzura amashusho na interineti, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ubwoko bw'itumanaho ryihariye. Umubano wabo numukiriya utanga amategeko nayo byemewe namasezerano.
Gushyigikira
Umunsi umwe uri hafi, mugihe imiyoboro ya voltage yamagorofa make yinyubako zizatangira guhuza na sisitemu yubukungu (SCS), nkuko bikorwa mubiro bigezweho. SCS ni iki? Iyi ni ibikorwa remezo byitumanaho rusange byinyubako / inyubako igoye, yagenewe kohereza ibimenyetso byubwoko bwose, harimo imvugo, amakuru na videwo. SCS irashobora kandi gukora ntabwo ari munyubako, ahubwo ni ahantu hatandukanye cyangwa no mu nzu.SCS yubatswe kuburyo binyuze kuri buri sofface (guhuza sisitemu) ishobora kwinjira mumiyoboro iyo ari yo yose ihuriweho. Kurugero, kuva kuri firime ya videwo, gahunda ya tereviziyo cyangwa vuga kuri terefone. Muri iki gihe, hari imirongo ibiri ihagije kumurimo. Isake, nkitegeko, guhuza mudasobwa na TV kuri terefone ya kabiri. Insinga ziraturuka ku mirimo yo gukwirakwiza ingingo (panel aho ibikoresho birimo). Ingingo zo gukwirakwiza zihujwe n'imirongo yumurongo, kandi bamaze guhuzwa numuyoboro nyamukuru wurubuga rwimbere.
Agahinda hamwe namakuru atandukanye na scalsrations SCS ifite ibyiza byinshi. Ubwa mbere, sisitemu ni rusange: urashobora guhuza terefone na TV, na mudasobwa kumigozi imwe. Icya kabiri, ni sisitemu ifunguye. Bituma bishoboka gukoresha ibikoresho byose byurusobe rwibikoresho bitandukanye kandi bituma gukoresha icyarimwe muburyo butandukanye bwurusobe rwamasezerano (amategeko n'amabwiriza y'ibimenyetso by'amakuru). Ibi ni ngombwa kuko protocole yibikoresho byikora byumusaruro bitandukanye ntabwo buri gihe bihuye. Igikoresho cyose cya elegitoronike waguzwe, kizakora kumurongo. Icya gatatu, SCS ifite umubare munini wibiciro byandika: Kuva 100 Kbps kugirango ubone ibitekerezo bigera ku 10,000 MB progaramu. Mubikorwa, ibi bivuze kuzigama amafaranga twishyura kuri terefone na interineti mugihe runaka.
Hamwe nibyiza bya SCS bifite ibisubizo byingenzi: Biracyari umuhanda. Rero, kubikorwa bisanzwe, umuyoboro ugomba gushyirwamo kugirango iterambere ryakurikiyeho. Izi ni selile zinyongera mumisatsi yo guhuza insinga ninsingaminsi, hamwe na amplifiers yakoreshejwe mukubaka imirongo, kandi insinga zifite imirongo myinshi kugirango habeho ibikoresho byinshi, nibindi byinshi. Kugeza ubu, ibi byishimo birira inshuro 3-4 bihenze kuruta kwishyiriraho imiyoboro itari mike.
Icyuho
Uyu munsi, kwiyongera kwihuta no kuri interineti ububiko bwamazu bisaba kubashushanya kugirango bakire ibisubizo byintoki. Hagati aho, birakenewe cyane kubwibi, gost, intera nindi nyandiko zigenzura mubwubatsi mu gihugu ibintu bidahari.
Abashushanya no gushiraho imiyoboro yo hasi-yahatiwe kwishimira muri 1998. Imbaraga zemewe n'amategeko "n'ibipimo ngenderwaho n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'ikoranabuhanga byo kwishyiriraho itumanaho, gutangaza radiyo na televiziyo ya OST-600-93 Minisiteri y'Ubutumanaho bw'Uburusiya." Cerare, muri bo kubera impamvu zifatika ntabwo zikoreshwa mu mpinduka mu kwishyiriraho ibikoresho byo hasi hamwe n'ibikoresho by'itumanaho byatuje mu myaka 10 ishize. Kubera ko Ikoranabuhanga n'ibikoresho byaturutse mu mahanga, inzobere mu mahanga zishimisha amahame y'amahanga, ibipimo ngenderwaho n'inyandiko z'ishami, byateguwe hakurikijwe ububasha bw'ibihugu by'Uburayi na Amerika, ariko nta cyemewe n'amategeko, ariko nta cyemewe imbaraga mu gihugu cyacu. Aya ni amahame mpuzamahanga iso / ies1188, Abanyaburayi EN50173, Ansi / tia / eia-568-a. Amabwiriza afatika akoreshwa namahugurwa namabwiriza yabakora ibikoresho binini byibikoresho byo hasi, nka "gahunda yo kwemeza EIB", ukurikije uko abadage bahuguwe.
Rero, imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro ya enterineti irasabwa kugirango yubahirize amahame mpuzamahanga ISO / IEC1, cyangwa E. Ukurikije iyi nyandiko, insinga za interineti ni ibyiciro bya gatanu na gatandatu. Ibi bisabwa bihuye, kurugero, UTP, UTS ya STP hamwe numuyobozi wa 0.4-0.65mm numubare wa Nexans (Ubufaransa, Itumanaho ryiza (TAIWAN ), "Yerekana" (Uburusiya) Idr. Aya ni insinga z'amashanyarazi zishingiye ku bigore bagoretse hamwe n'umuhengeri wa 100, 120 na 150 ofms ku gishushanyo mbonera kandi kidafunze, kimwe na lober-optic fibles. Amashanyarazi make y'amashanyarazi ninsinga zikoreshwa cyane muguhindura amakuru hamwe nisaha imwe kuri 1 mhz, mugihe insinga nziza zitanga ihererekanyabubasha ryihuta. Kuva mumihanda yanyuma, ikoreshwa mugushyira imiyoboro yinyuma. Kwishyiriraho imiyoboro yimbere mubisanzwe bikozwe ninsinga z'amashanyarazi ninsinga.
Kol hasi kugirango uhuze aho washyiramo?
Nubwo inyandiko ngendamiza ku miyoboro yo hasi mu gihugu cyacu ntizihagije, "Igiti cy'ubuzima ni icyatsi kibisi." Inzobere ziyobowe n'inyandiko zose. Byombi mu gihugu cyo murugo no mumahanga cyo gushyira insinga za terefone hamwe nibikoresho byo kwinginga bya terefone, Gushiraho imiyoboro yo hasi-iriho gukurikiza amategeko atatandukanye cyane namabwiriza yamahanga namabwiriza. Nk'uko OSF-600-93, intera iri hagati ya kabili ya terefone kandi irengana insinga zibangikanye zo gucana cyangwa kwisiga imbaraga zigomba kuba byibuze 25mm. Ibisabwa nkibi bifitanye isano neza nimiyoboro aho ibimenyetso bya analog (terefone gakondo, radiyo, televiziyo) yanduzwa. Kubera ko ibimenyetso byimibare bikoreshwa muri terefone ya interineti, kwishyira hamwe ntabwo biboneka kugirango bandure ingaruka zikomeye. Kubwibyo, intera iri hagati yumurongo wa enterineti kandi ufite amashanyarazi arashobora kuba make.
Birabujijwe gutangira insinga zo hasi hamwe ninsinga zubu nvuborora yamashanyarazi, kuko mugihe uri mu mbaraga zamashanyarazi zitaringaniye, birashoboka kwinjira mumiyoboro yo hasi. Atea yamaze gucibwa hamwe nibikoresho byihariye. Mugihe wambutse insinga yibigega binini bigomba kuba bidafite agaciro kurukuta, ariko kugirango uve hejuru cyangwa munsi (muri stroke). Urashobora kumenya ubushobozi bwinsinga ureba muri gahunda yo gushiraho aho ibirango byabo byerekanwe. Insinga zashyizwe hanze yinyubako iyobowe n'imiyoboro y'amazi, ingazi z'umuriro n'amadirishya, bigomba kurindwa kwangirika no kwangirika kw'ibyuma. Agasanduku k'ikwirakwizwa gakenewe kuba ku rukuta kuri byibuze 300mm kuva ku gisenge. Gushiraho udusanduku twinshi hejuru yimiryango, gufungura na Windows ntibyemewe.
Yashyizwe ku buryo bwo gufungura cyangwa bwihishe bwo kwiyandikisha kuri terefone (uhereye kumasanduku yo gukwirakwiza kuri terefone) bigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa bikurikira:
ube mugufi kandi utagororotse;
Witondere ahantu mu nyubako z'amashanyarazi, itangaza rya radiyo n'ibindi byoherejwe no guhuza nabo bishoboka;
Imbere mu nyubako, niba inzara irakinguye, inyura ku rukuta ku butumburuke bwa 2.3-3m kuva hasi kandi irenga 50mm kuva ku gisenge; Niba bihishe, hanyuma kumurongo wibikoresho byinguzanyo muburyo bworoshye.
WIRING kubikoresho byanyuma bigomba gukorwa ninsinga ikomeye, imashini ntirwemewe. Insinga za terefone zijya mu cyerekezo kimwe zigomba gushyirwaho ugereranije, hafi yabo. Hamwe ninjiza yinjiza munzu ya terefone ya terefone kuva hejuru hejuru yinzu cyangwa bibaye ngombwa ko yinjira munzu (mubisanzwe muri tetic) igikoresho cyo kugenzura (Azu) (Azu), bigomba kuba bifite ishingiro.
Umuyoboro wavuzagurira cyane (kuboneka mu ngo ni itegeko hakurikijwe amategeko ya Minisiteri y'ibihe byihutirwa), nk'uko bisanzwe, bikorwa n'inyama zo guhishwa (mu masasu, kurukuta). Ku buryo bugufi, niba insinga n'insinga zumuyoboro wa terefone hamwe no gutangaza byashyizwe mu gasanduku rusange, birakenewe kubahiriza intera iri hagati yabo kugirango ikureho intera ya radio ku biganiro bya terefone. Intera igomba kuba byibuze 50mm muburebure bwumurongo 70m, 15mm ifite uburebure bwa 10m.
Naho insinga gukorana nibikoresho byateguwe kumakuru yihuta (televiziyo, interineti, ip terefone), irashobora kandi gushyirwaho nkibihishe kandi bikinguye. Ubwato bwihishe muri uru rubanza bikorwa muri PVC-amaboko munsi ya etage yazamuye no ku gitsina gahane, inyuma yimyanda yahagaritswe kandi ikaze, kurukuta. Intege nke zifite umutekano hamwe nitumanaho ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi mu bihe nk'ibi zishyirwa hasi hasi n'inkuta. Agace gafunguye kavukire munzira nyabagendwa mumazu mubisanzwe ntabwo bikorwa, ariko birashobora gukorwa niba ba nyirayo banga isura yibikoresho byo mu biro. Hamwe n'insanganyamatsiko iyo ari yo yose iri hagati y'insinga z'amashanyarazi n'amasanduku y'inkweto z'amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi hasi hamwe na socket, birakenewe kwihanganira intera ijyanye nibipimo.
Kurinda ibikoresho mubikorwa byumurongo wubudahuzagurika hamwe no kwikuramo ikirere, imirongo y'amashanyarazi ya sisitemu yo hasi ya televiziyo no kugenzura amashusho igomba kuba. Ibisabwa nk'ibi bikubiye muri Amerika isanzwe J-Std-607 - 2002. "Ibipimo bihuriweho. Ibisabwa bifatika hamwe n'amashanyarazi ya sisitemu y'itumanaho yinyubako z'ubucuruzi." Amapine yo hasi yigunze hamwe nigice cyambukiranya 95mm2 (ukurikije uburebure). Bahuza imitsi yo gukwirakwiza hamwe numurongo wubutaka. Ibikoresho birashobora gukorwa nuburyo bwo guhunga (imigozi, bolts), kimwe no gusudira isothermal. Niba kubwimpamvu ishoboka gushika, insinga zikingiwe kandi ecran irahari.
Ni bangahe serivisi zo kwishyiriraho ku miyoboro y'amagorofa make mu nyubako? Reka tuvuge gusa, birashimishije, ntabwo bihendutse. Ikigaragara ni uko umukoresha adatanga akazi ko kwishyiriraho gusa, bigira uruhare mu kurambika inzu ya kabili, kimwe no guta agaciro k'ibikoresho by'ibanze. Kubwibyo, ukurikije urwego rwa terefone yakarere, ikiguzi cyubucuruzi cyo guhuza terefone mukarere ka Moscou kiva mumadorari 400 kugeza $ 1200 kugeza $ 1200. Umurongo wa interineti wagaragaje ugura amadorari 100 kandi bihenze, umubare umwe urakwiye gushyira interineti interineti. Kwishyiriraho sisitemu yo kurinda, kugenzura amashusho, sisitemu ya edugio na videwo bigereranijwe bitewe nubunini bwakazi, umubare wibikoresho nubunini bwibyumba. Gucomeka kuva $ 500 kugeza $ 5,000 cyangwa birenga. Kwishyiriraho SCS biri ku mpuzandengo $ 30 ku murongo, harimo no kwipimisha no gutanga ibyemezo (nta guhinduka hamwe n'ibindi bikoresho). Munsi yumurongo byumvikana nkigice cyumugozi uva muri gari yagabanijwe kuri sock cyangwa guhuza umuhuza. Insinga ebyiri ziterwa na crab.
Umuco wo gutumanaho wa societe ya kijyambere ukura. Ilyidi, ninde kubwimpamvu iyo ari yo yose utishimira uburyo bwa tekiniki bugezweho bwo gutumanaho, ibyago mu mwanya umwe "mwiza" wo kuba mu mahanga y'isi.
Ubuyobozi bw'amabwiriza burashimira isosiyete "cascade wongeyeho", "tekinoroji ya Ecolan", "interineti", "inzitizi y'ubwubatsi" kugira ngo itegure gutegura ibintu.