Abaterankunga benshi bahura nikibazo cyo gushyikirana. Akenshi utanga amashanyarazi yaho ashoboye gutoragura imbaraga zemewe bihagije usibye kumurika inzu yigihugu, ariko ntabwo ari akazu k'ibihugu bigezweho. Nigute ushobora kwinjiza amashanyarazi munzu utarenze ku mategeko n'amabwiriza y'ubu?
Ushaka ntabwo ari bibi
Niba waguze inzu mu nyungu za karusa hamwe nubufasha bwubuhanga bukenewe, ikibazo cyimbaraga cyurugo rwawe kimaze gukemurwa. Inc. Ibibazo bivuka mugihe ugerageza kubaka inzu cyangwa kubaka ishyirwaho ryamashanyarazi risanzweho mu midugudu, imidugudu, aho ubushobozi bwo gukomera, aho ubushobozi bwigihe cyaho budahagije. Ongera ugabanye iyi mbaraga kubwabo, inzira yemewe iragoye.
Dufate uruhushya rwo gutoragura urugo rwawe rutangwa na grid yaho. Mugihe, mbere yo gutangira igishushanyo, ni ngombwa gutumiza umurimo wa tekiniki wo guhuza amashanyarazi yinyubako kugeza kumurongo. Umukoresha uzaza agomba kwiyumvisha neza ko ahakaze amashanyarazi (boiler, amagorofa ashyushye, ibikoresho byo gushyushya amazi, ni uruganda ruhagije rwo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi kugirango tumenye ibisanzwe Igikorwa. Nyuma ya saa sita, bizagukuraho gukenera guhindura umushinga cyangwa kongera kubaka amashanyarazi.
Igikorwa cya tekiniki cyateguwe hashingiwe ku ibaruwa yandikiwe injeniyeri mukuru w'umuryango w'ingufu afite gahunda yo guhuza ingufu za tekinike yerekana icyiciro cy'imbaraga mu rugo. Ibaruwa igomba guherekezwa n'inyandiko zerekana iburyo: aho urubuga ninyubako ku butaka, gihamya y'uburenganzira bwo gutunga ubu butaka bwemereye uruhererekane rwo kubaka inzu, ihujwe n'imiryango myinshi: Gorgaz, Rostelecom, Vodokanal, Imbaraga za EDR ubwabo. Umukono wabo wemeza ko habaho kubaho cyangwa kubura itumanaho ryegereye cyangwa ku butaka bwarwo. Uru rwandiko rusuzumwa muri pto rwumuyoboro wakarere cyangwa mumijyi. Kurwego rwo gukusanya umurimo wa tekiniki, insga yamashanyarazi cyangwa yemerera guhuza, cyangwa itanga ibyifuzo byihariye igikenewe gukorwa kugirango ikibazo gikemuke. Impuruza cyangwa umugozi muto wa voltage ya voltage (0.4 kv) kurambura ahantu hegereye (cyangwa inkingi), imbaraga za zikwirakwizwa hagati yabakoresha bahujwe nayo; Muyindi, ikibazo cyakemuwe no kugabura imbaraga kubera umubare wibintu bimaze gukoreshwa neza. Hariho kandi uburyo bwa gatatu - kubaka inyandiko zayo.
Tekereza uko ibintu byiriweho igihe inzu yubatswe hafi yumurongo wingenzi wo kwandura amashanyarazi ufite ubushobozi bwa 35. Mubyukuri, hamwe nukwemera abashinzwe amashanyarazi, urashobora guhuza urusobe ukoresheje umutego kugiti cyawe. Kugeza vuba aha, amategeko yigikoresho cyo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi muri ubu buryo. Mubyongeyeho ibibazo, umwuka cyangwa umugozi muto Voltage Umurongo wa voltage wakuweho, kandi imbaraga zayo zakwirakwijwe hagati yabakoresha. Niba ubushobozi bwinyuma ataribwo, ibisohoka byonyine byagumye: Hindura umutego kugirango ukomere. Birumvikana, kubiciro byiyiyandikishije shyashejwe. Umugereka: Igiciro cyumurongo wo murugo kubushobozi bwa 100 KVA ni amafaranga ibihumbi 60-80.
Ariko, ikibazo nuburyo bwo gushyira ahagaragara umutego kandi ibikoresho birimo ibikoresho byayo. Nkingingo, imirongo ihindura mucyaro ifite uburyo bwa kiosk yashizwe ku nkingi ziyoboye. Iyi myumvire isaba uburanga budasanzwe. Irakora kandi kwishyiriraho imbaraga zamashanyarazi kuri masts yihariye. Niba amazu mashya arubaka ku butaka bwUmudugudu, kandi kuvanaho igihugu munsi y'ishuri ntabwo yatanzwe, umukiriya azahura n'igikorwa cyo gukemura iki kibazo kugira uruhare rw'ubwubatsi bwaho. Ntabwo ari ukuri ko azinjira mu iterambere ry'abatezimbere. Mu bihe nk'ibi, inkingi yoroheje (mini-sasita) ikoreshwa muri ibyo bihe, ingufu zibyo zigufasha guhuza imiyoboro nyamukuru kuva ku kazu kamwe kugeza kuri kazu kanini. Aba bahinduranya bashyizwe kubintu bisanzwe (ibiti bitoroshye cyangwa bishimangirwa) inkunga nibyiza birasa. Ni "Hardy" - Emerera gukata kuri 40% n'umutwaro ugera kuri peak; Gukoresha ibikoresho byubatswe no kubarinda kandi, cyane cyane, ntukeneye kubungabunga. Amasosiyete manini ya elegitation atanga ibikoresho nkibi: Kurugero, Ikidage Abb, Siemens, Umunyamerika Howard. Ibiciro bihindagurika muri $ 3500-4000. Imiti yinkingi yimbaraga zimwe zumusaruro wa Biyelorusiya, Ukraine, Ikirusiya ni kabiri bihendutse. Itandukaniro nyamukuru riri hagati yibyo analogue ryakozwe mu Burusiya na CIS, ni uko bakeneye serivisi zihoraho, akenshi zikora imirimo y'ubutegetsi, aho amato y'amategeko yujuje ibisabwa agomba no kugira amato y'amashanyarazi mu bumenyi muri leta ya Grid.
Ella Sirotina, inzobere mu ishami rishinzwe gushushanya ishami ry'umwami jsc
Ibisabwa byibanze kugirango umushinga utanga amashanyaraziUmushinga wo gutanga imbaraga ukorwa kumiterere ya tekiniki yumuryango wamashanyarazi agomba kuba arimo:
1. urutonde nyamukuru rwibishushanyo mbonera; Reba n'inyandiko ziherekeza; Inyandiko isobanura. Ibikurikira byerekanwe:
- Amakuru rusange yerekeye kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi;
- Kubara insinga n'ibice by'insinga ukurikije Pue;
- Kubara imigegi ngufi yakarere, gutakaza voltage kurwego rwa kure rwumuzunguruko;
- Ibisubizo byo kugenzura byikora kubushobozi bwo guhagarika;
- Gutegura ibaruramari ry'amashanyarazi;
- Ibisabwa kugirango ushire imisozi miremire ya rusange nitsinda;
- Gutegura uburinzi bw'umurabyo;
- Igikoresho cyo hasi;
- Ingamba ku mitunganyirize y'umutekano w'amashanyarazi.
2. Gahunda yo gutanga amashanyarazi amwe hamwe no kugena ikinyamakuru no kwambukiranya insinga y'ibiryo, insinga; Hamwe nuburyo bwo kurambika no kuba imibare ku kinyamakuru cya cable.
Gukemura umurongo wumurongo umwe wamashanyarazi byerekana ko rusange yashizwemo kandi akabarwa imbaraga, ubungubu, cosf, ikirango hamwe nigice cyinsinga zabo.
3. Ibikoresho bya gahunda. Igomba guhuzwa na gahunda yimbaraga za grid hamwe nigikoresho cyihuse. Inshuti yerekana umubare n'imbaraga zabakira amashanyarazi, bihuye na gahunda yo kuniga, berekane umuriro n'ibyumba biturika (kwiyendagura ibyumba byometse).
4. Kugaragaza ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, ibicuruzwa nibikoresho.
5. Igishushanyo mbonera. Bagomba kuba bafite amakuru kumurongo wo gucana, imirongo yitsinda, byerekana ikirango, umusaraba nuburyo bwo gushyira insinga ninsinga.
Kaminuza y'umushinga nayo ikubiyemo gahunda y'ingabo zikigo, byerekana ikirango n'ibice by'insinga z'itsinda, p- no kongera kubaka, urutonde rwibikoresho by'amashanyarazi.
Intlosure y'ibikoresho yerekana (niba hari) amasomo ya zone iturika, kumurika mucyo.
Kwizihiza mu mpeshyi kiyoboye umubare winsinga, imibare yitsinda, byerekana ibibanza byo kwishyiriraho amatara, kuzunguruka, socket, ubwinshi bwumushinga.
Kwishyiriraho Amashanyarazi
Gutegura umurongo w'amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi yo hanze n'imbere mu gihugu akwiye guhabwa imiryango ifite uruhushya rwo gukora ubu bwoko bw'inganda za Leta cyangwa ikigo cya Leta cyo kubaka n'imiturire. Nta mahirwe yo kwemezwa mu bihe byemewe bya "Ibumoso". Inyandiko z'umushinga urangiye zihujwe muri gride yaho na leta ya leta na leta ifatwa hakurikijwe amategeko.
Kwishyiriraho no gushiraho umushinga bigomba gukora imiryango yo kubaka no kwishyiriraho bifite uruhushya. Kwipimisha no guhindura ibikoresho hamwe nigikorwa cyakurikiyeho cyateganijwe ni ushinzwe amashyirahamwe amwe cyangwa ubundi, niba uwambere afite uruhushya rwo kwipimisha yatanzwe nitangazamakuru rya leta.
Nyuma yo kwishyiriraho ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi mu nzu, inyubako zubukungu no ku butaka bw'umutungo muri Laboratoire yemejwe n'inzego za Leta za Leta, pasiporo ya tekinike y'ibikoresho byashizweho bigomba gutangwa. Kuba wasuzumye ibyangombwa nibisubizo by'ibizamini, umushinga utanga nyir'icyemezo cyo kubahiriza amashanyarazi kituma ari ngombwa gutanga uruhushya rwo gukoresha uruhushya rwo gukoresha ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi (intebe zigenda, amashyiga y'amashanyarazi,. Ishingiye kuri iki cyemezo gihagarariye inkunga y'ingufu za Leta kigomba gutanga igikorwa cyo kwinjira mu mashanyarazi kugira ngo kinjiremo urusobe. Noneho ururigo rwamashanyarazi hamwe na nyir'inzu bategekwa kurangiza amasezerano yo gukoresha amashanyarazi. Ku cyiciro kimwe, bakora igikorwa cyo kwakira ibikoresho byibaruramari kandi bitanga umusaruro. Konale, kora imbaraga zo gutanga inzu. Bizamuye inshuro grid yaho, ifite ingabo z'abaturage (umukiriya) hari amasezerano yo gukumira, gufata neza serivisi zumurongo mbere yo kwinjira munzu (umugozi) murugo.
Ikibazo kirakwiye: Bizatwara angahe kubakiriya bigenga, gasuke cyangwa umurongo wamashanyarazi kwambura inzu ye? Impuzandengo yimishinga yo gutanga imbaraga zumukono ufite ubushobozi bwumutungo wa metero 5-30 mukarere ka Moscou iri kuva kuri Maleya 6 kugeza 40. Igiciro cya serivisi zubwubatsi no kwishyiriraho imiryango iterwa nubunini bwumushinga kandi kubera ibihe bishyirwaho: bihenze, hejuru, hejuru, hejuru yibipimo ngenderwaho. Ntabwo ari ibanga kubona umurimo wumushinga uhendutse kuruta kwakira imikono mubyemereye, kandi ntibishobora kuba bitanu ntabwo ari icumi. Montage yumurongo wamashanyarazi hamwe nubufatanye bwose buzaba nyir'inzu ku giti cye mu karere ka Moscou mu rwego rwo kuva ku mafaranga ibihumbi 7 kugeza kuri. Igisubizo kihenze cyane ni ikirere cyinjiza murugo kuva kumurongo wingenzi wumurongo wingenzi wa voltage kuri 1 KV. Kimwe, ariko hamwe nihuza kumurongo wa voltage high-voltage kandi ikoreshwa ryibiganiro bya transformer bizasaba ishoramari ryinshi ...
Hasi cyangwa mu kirere?
Ikindi kibazo kivuka kubishushanyo - ni ubuhe bwoko bwumurongo wo guhitamo? Hariho uburyo bubiri bwo gutwara amashanyarazi: ukoresheje umugozi wo mu kuzimu no hejuru yindege. Iya mbere ni nziza cyane, ariko igura inshuro 1.5-2 ihenze kubera guhura nakazi hamwe nigiciro kinini. Igiciro cyakazi kiva kuri 25 kugeza 100% byigiciro cyibikoresho nibikoresho. Ariko, gutanga amashanyarazi kuri kabili byashyizweho mu mwobo birashobora kurekurwa ahantu hose kandi ntabwo buri gihe. Inzitizi ziba ubutaka butarimo acide, amazi menshi, inzuzi n'amazi, imibiri y'amazi, bimaze gushyirwaho mu gihugu cy'itumanaho, imigezi izerera. Iyo winjiye kumurongo, cyane cyane mu gihe cy'itumba, ba nyir'ibibazo byo gutura mu makuba baguma badafite amashanyarazi mugihe cyiminsi itatu cyangwa irenga yindege, bisaba amasaha umwe cyangwa abiri. Kubwibyo, guhagarika imirongo yubutegetsi nibisubizo bisanzwe.
Umurongo w'indege. Dukurikije amategeko, insinga yikigereranyo, yagoretse mu gikoresho ugereranije na wire yitaruye cyangwa yubuntu, igomba gukoreshwa kumurongo wamashanyarazi. Kugirango handsheline yindege ikoresheje insinga zigufitse (Vli) uyumunsi ikoresha kwishyigikira insinga zizewe (SIP). Ishami kuri winjijwe riremewe ngo rikoreshwe mu bwigunge, ryagoramye mu gitsinga hamwe ninsinga zidafite insinga.
Igishushanyo cya Sip nicyiciro cya kabiri cyihariye cyahinduwe hafi ya Cyine zifatanije zemewe zeru kuva mumagambo adasanzwe. Nibiba ngombwa, gucana inyuma no kugenzura insinga birashobora kongerwaho kubiryo. Kwigunga bikozwe mu mirasire ya ultraviolet na ozone, "ihujwe" ku rwego rwa polyethylene hamwe no gukomera kwinshi mu bikoresho byabayeho. Iri hiyo ntabwo rimeneka nkigisubizo cyubushyuhe no gusohora umutsima mumuyaga. Insinga za Finlande NK Ingufu Oy (Nokia), Amasosiyete y'Ubufaransa Alcatel, Nexans, ndetse n'inzego z'amashanyarazi zo mu Burusiya "Sevkabel".
Umuhanda wa lint ugomba gukorwa ninsinga yicyiciro cyigice kimwe (byibuze 50m2). Gufunga, guhuza no kwinjira no kwinjira muri SIP bigomba gukorwa hakoreshejwe gushimangira umurongo (gushyikirana, inanga, guhuza amashami, imiyoboro ya bandage). Intera kuva kumurongo wo hasi yinsinga zo hejuru yisi numuhanda wumuhanda ugomba kuba byibura m 5.5, kubice bitaza mumuhanda ntabwo ari munsi ya 4m. Mbere yo kwinjira munzu, intera kuva insinga kugeza ubu nibura m 2,5.
Kurinda ibikoresho byumurongo ukurikije inkuba hamwe namashanyarazi yo mu kirere, ibikoresho bifatika bikorerwa kuri 1 KV. Inkunga yashimangiwe neza, uwatwaye umugozi wa zeru agomba kuba ashimangira ko gushimangira inkunga ya becrefed. Ku nkunga yimbaho, umuyobozi uyobora ushyizwemo (ubwumvikane) cyangwa umugozi ufite umugozi wicyuma, witwaje Zeru agomba kwifatanije nuyobora cyangwa umugozi. Abarumbuwe hamwe nabafite aho bagarukira ku nkingi bagomba kwishyiriraho isi mu gitonyanga. Kugirango ukore abayobora inyemezabuguzi ya Vli kugeza 1 KV, birakenewe gukoresha insinga yuzuye urusaku hamwe na diameter byibuze 6mm.
Umugozi urambaraye mu mwobo. Dufate ko ubushobozi bwimari bwumukiriya nibisabwa na tekiniki yubwubatsi bikwemerera gukora imyambaro yitumanaho. Muri uru rubanza, abahanga bagenwa ninyandiko ya Brand ari nziza. Inzoka y'amashanyarazi hamwe na aluminium n'imitsi y'umuringa, ibarwa ku muyoboro uteganijwe wo guhinduranya impapuro z'impapuro za SUlFateur, ziterwa na Olokanimphole n'ibindi bisigazwa bya olokafobi. Ibishishwa bishimangira umugozi bikozwe muri aluminium, biganisha, ibyuma bikonjesha cyangwa nta na gato. Umubare w'ibicuruzwa byonyine byo mu gihugu byo aho ujya (umusaruro "Moskabel", "Sevkabel", "inganda za Cable Okb") zifite ibintu birenga 30. Nta bihangange bike byinganda, nka Nexans, Raychem, NK imbaraga Oy zitandukanijwe.
Nk'uko byatangajwe na PuU n'inyandiko ngenderwaho, umurongo wa kabili ugomba gushyirwaho ahantu hatagaragara ibintu bidahungabana umugozi w'icyuma (ubutaka buke hamwe n'imyanda y'ubwubatsi n'imyanda yubaka, ivu ry'ibinyabuzima, n'ibindi, n'ibindi) . Umugozi ntugomba kuba hafi ya 2m uhereye kumyanda na Cesspool. Imiterere mu mwobo ivura inzoka hamwe na 1-2% yuburebure bwa ecran. Shyiramo impeta ya kabili irabujijwe kugirango yirinde kwishyurwa. Niba ushaka guhuza insinga (cyangwa umugozi hamwe), kugirango ushyireho guhuza bidasanzwe bivuye mubikoresho-byamafaranga, 1-1,5m. Ubujyakuzimu bwibimenyetso bya primer muri primer ntabwo ari munsi ya 0.7m, mugihe twambuka umuhanda, mumihanda hamwe na kare - 1m, murwego rwimirongo mu nyubako kugeza 5m- 0.5m.
Kurinda insinga zo mu byangiritse bya mashini ahantu hateranira hamwe no guhuza abantu bashimangijwe, bashojwe, ceramic, imiyoboro ya plastic, imiyoboro ya plastike hamwe na diameter ya 5m kandi byibura 100mm hamwe na a uburebure bunini. Mugihe wambutse insinga zigera kuri 35 kv hamwe nizindi mvururu za kabili, intera ntarengwa iri hagati yabo igomba kuba 0.5 m.
Agace kafunguye insinga bikorwa ku mugozi, inzego za kabili no kuri trays, gukomezwa ku nkuta z'inyubako no kubaka inyubako. Gabo yinsinga ukurikije ibirindiro byaka bikorwa mumiyoboro. Inyongeramusaruro zakozwe mu myobo ibiri mu nyubako ziyobowe n'ibice bya beto, asbestostos-sima, imiyoboro ya pulasitike idakabije, mu bishe byitwa amaboko. Ibisubizo bya tekiniki bigezweho byerekana gukoresha kashe ya inzererezi ya inzererezi hamwe na kashe yubushyuhe (Raychem).
Abanditsi bashimira Ubuyobozi bwa Royal JSC n'umutwe. Ishami ry'ububiko bw'ibidukikije by'ikigo cya Moscou kibangamira radiyo inzego za radiyo, umwanditsi wa elegitoroniki na Automate Powestle V. K. Monakov kugira ngo afashe mugutegura ibintu.