Ibisenge bya Scope ntibikora gusa ikingira gusa, ariko nanone imikorere yo gushushanya. Kubyerekeranye nubwoko bwibisenge, ibikoresho, ibiciro nibikoresho byacu.
Ifoto ya E. Lucia, V. Nekrasova
Ni igisenge nkikintu cyihariye cyo kugaragara gitanga uwashushanyijeho amahirwe akomeye yo gukora isura nshya, igezweho ndetse igezweho ndetse numwimerere yinzu yigihugu ya cottage
Ifoto K. Manko.
Ifoto K. Manko.
Gukomera kumanikwa lifter bigaragara imbere. Amajwi ateye ubwoba. Ariko imbere yabana - ikintu ntikisubirwaho
Igisenge cy'inzu munsi ya Bituminious Bituminius ikora nk'ibibaho bikomeye, amazi meza cyangwa chipboard
2- Mauerlat;
3- Gusunika;
4- ibyago;
5- kugoreka
Kuva kuri wire kugirango uhambire ikirenge cyimyenda kurukuta rw'amatafari;
6-Crutch cyangwa inguzanyo
Kugirango wongere imbaraga nubukomere bwa rafter igishushanyo, ibintu biremereye cyane birushaho gukorwa mucyuma. Kumenyekanisha hagati yicyuma byuzuye ibintu byimbaho
Ifoto M. Stepanova
Itandukaniro imbere yimbere ninzira yoroshye yo gukemura byinshi bitandukanye na varishic cyangwa biolact
Shyushya igisenge birashobora kuba mugihe cyayo na nyuma ya nyuma yuburyo
Mu myaka yashize, amazu yaje gutangira kubonwa nkikintu kingana cyubwumvikane bwose bwinyubako. Uyu munsi, impuzandengo ya nyirayo, ushaka guha inzu ubwoko bwubahwa gusa, ahubwo no kwerekana, ku giti cye, ku giti cye bigomba guhitamo imbaraga, kudaharanira inyungu, kurwara, kurwanya umuriro, gusa Kuvuga, umuyaga no kuvomera), ariko nanone gushushanya igisenge.
Ibisenge birasa kandi bito. Ibibanza bifatwa kugirango bihuze imiterere ifite impengamiro yo kwifuza hejuru kuva 1 kugeza 2 kugeza 2.5, no kurwego - hamwe na. Tugomba guhita tuburira ko muri iri suzuma tuzaganira gusa hejuru y'ibisenge byashizweho, kuko usibye kurinda (kubera umusozi ku nkombe, ntabwo ari ugusenya) bakora umurimo wo gushushanya) bakora ibikorwa by'ibishanga. Ndemerwa nururimi rwinzobere, ni ubwubatsi kandi bugaragaza, bityo bakatsinda kubaka akazu. Amafaranga, ingano nuburyo byanditse biterwa na (kudatinya pafos) yUmushinga ninyungu zabakiriye, ndetse no mu bihe bisabwa nibisabwa.
Ubwoko bw'inzu y'ibisenge
Ibisenge bifatwa kugirango wibande ku ruhande rumwe, Double, Hollow, umurongo, iyi mico y'inzu akenshi (reba ibisenge by'amazu ku ifoto). Ntabwo bishoboka cyane guhura na giteye imbere, dome nigisenge. Mubisanzwe, byoroshye uburyo bwo gushushanya, biroroshye kuyishiraho. Hamwe nikibazo (kurugero, ubwoko bwinshi), igisenge kibaho udusimba twinshi rwinkoni zikora inguni yimbere. Aba nibyi bita bam'abanzi aho kwizerwa cyane hejuru yinzu. Ikigaragara ni uko imisozi y'amafaranga ari itarenze ku buryo buhanamye. Ariko, iratemba amazi menshi, niyo mpamvu amazi yibintu bisaba kwitabwaho cyane. Byongeye kandi, urubura rurundanda mu bigo, ibyongera umutwaro hejuru yinzu. Kandi wubake igisenge nk'iki, kandi biragoye rwose kubireba. Ntibitangaje kubona inzobere zishaje zivuga ngo: "Birafuzwa ko inzu yo mu gisenge ishusho igoye yari ifite atic ikonje. Noneho igisenge kizaba kirekire kuko biroroshye kubikurikira. "Muburyo bwera, ibintu byose byavuzwe haruguru (ugereranije byoroshye) byinzu birakurikizwa ahanini kumazu mato mato, akazu. Amazu ya Szoorodal, yagenewe gutura burundu, ibintu biragoye.
Amazu agezweho
Uyu munsi, igihe amazu yo mu gihugu yabaye aho atuye burundu kuri ba nyirayo, bariyongereye cyane mubunini. Hariho impamvu nyinshi hano. Umunaniro wa mbere numwimerere wa nyirayo mubintu bigufi byashyizwe mu nzu y'imijyi. Icya kabiri, kubaka akazu kari munsi ya 250M2 ni ubukungu butagira inyungu: Agaciro kagabanijwe ka 1m2 ni hejuru cyane. Amagorofa menshi, hepfo aha agaciro. Byongeye kandi, nyir'ikigo kigezweho ntigishaka kubaka ibintu byoroshye, ariko inzu nini munsi yinzu ya gie. Ibisimba bisa-ibisimba bimaze kuvugwa mu ntangiriro ya Ninities yo mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri, urashobora kuboneka mu mfuruka iyo ari yo yose y'igihugu. Basa neza. Abanyezamu baracyarangiye - abatwakiriye ntibari bafite amafaranga ahagije kuri iyo ngingo. Ntibishoboka kandi kubigurisha, ntamuntu ufata.
Icyifuzo gisanzwe cya nyirurugo cyigihe gishya cyubatswe inzu ifite igishimishije, niba ubishaka, ubwubatsi bushimishije. Ariko isura yinyubako ntabwo ari isura gusa, ahubwo no hejuru, hamwe na ijwi, bikora umurimo wubatswe kandi utunganya. Abashitsi bacu bavuga ko kugaragara k'akazu ka kijyaho ku buryo buterwa no ku gisenge, bigomba kunonosora imiterere, kugira icyo ari byiza. Byongeye kandi, silhouette n'amabara yinzu bigomba guhuzwa nubutaka bukikije. Kandi basubiza kubyerekeye ibisenge ntabwo ari ukundi nkuko indi surade yinzu.
Hariho n'imyambarire ku gisenge, bihindura hafi imyaka itatu. Kurugero, niba hashize imyaka 10-12, umukiriya hafi yabyo byasabye ko amajyandwe n'indi "kwiyongera", ubungubu, ubungubu bwa tekiniki mu kurema no kwiyongera "), arabona yavuganye ibyifuzo bye. Ariko murugo wabonye elegance elegance. Ubwoko bwa kera bwabaye kuremo byinshi kandi urwego rwinshi rwumwirondoro. Iki gishushanyo gikenewe cyane mugihe cyashyizwe mumwanya wa attic wongeyeho murugo. Tutabaye ibyo, hafi nta nzu y'igihugu ya none ntabwo irenga. Ndetse no mu nyubako nini cyane, ahari umwanya uhagije mu rukuta rw'imari, cinema yo mu rugo, ibyumba by'abashyitsi, ibyumba byo kuraramo, n'ibindi. Ninde uzatunganya inyongera, kandi bihendutse kuruta ibyari kuri Amagorofa nkuru?
Bigomba kuvugwa ko ibisenge ubu bitangwa mugihugu cyacu bitandukanye nubwitangwa, kurugero, mubihugu byinshi. Niba hari ahantu muri Espagne cyangwa mubugereki, abubatsi basanga byoroshye kubibazo byubwumvikane bwubwubatsi, abashushanya ntibazakora badakeneye. Impamvu ni ikirere cyoroshye. Hano no gukomera ku mvubo, urubura ruryamye hejuru yamezi atandatu. Niyo mpamvu abumva bahuye nibizaza murugo bizatangira ... Yego, ni kuva hejuru yinzu. Mubisanzwe, ubanza gutanga igitekerezo cyubwubatsi, tegura gahunda murugo, menya umubare wamagorofa. Ariko rero, uhite utangire gukora abatwara (kandi atari hanze gusa, ahubwo n'imbere) bigomba gukurwaho munsi yinzu kugirango bifungurwe no gusamba. Bigaragara kandi ntibishobora: ubunini bwibice ntibishobora kuba imipaka.
Nkigisubizo, umwubatsi uhora ashakisha kumvikana hagati yigitekerezo cyubwubatsi nuburyo bwinzu, birema imisozi ikenewe kugirango imisozi ikenewe kugirango imisozi ikenewe kugirango itere amazi kandi ikemure yitonze ko imifuka yitwa shelegi idashimwe, aho urubura ruzaterana. Muri icyo gihe, bigize igisenge nkuko byari biva mu bice by'ibanze ku giti cyabo, aho bihambira bibiri, ibibuno, amahema n'ibishushanyo byubatswe. Buri gice gishingiye ku nkike zifata (kubwibyo bakuwe munsi yinzu), ubahuze numubare wubatswe. Imwe cyangwa irindi ribozaga (mumiterere ingana kuva 10 kugeza 70) yometseho gusa ukurikije igishushanyo (cyane cyane ibitekerezo, ariko nanone uzirikana imiterere yikirere. Kurugero, kubwubwinshi bwimvura yo mu kirere, kubogama buri gihe biyongera, ariko mu mbibi zifatika, kubera ko ibikoresho byinshi biri mu gisenge gikumbi.
Mubisanzwe, simpler gahunda nigitekerezo cyubwubatsi bwinzu, igisenge gito kitoroshye kiragenda. Kandi bivuze byinshi byizewe. Byose nkuko biri murwego rwavuzwe haruguru "ugereranije". Ingaruka zayo ku buryo bugoye (nkuko tuzabibona mugihe kizaza) nabyo byashyizwe mubikorwa. Kubwibyo, kujya kurubatsi, gerageza ubanze uhitemo ibintu bifatika igisenge cyurugo rwawe ruzaza.
Igishushanyo
Niba agasanduku k'igihugu gasasu gake rwigihugu cyubatswe nibikoresho gakondo (ibiti, ibiti cyangwa amatafari) kandi bibarwa duhereye kubisabwa gukiza ibisabwa, ubushobozi bwo gutwara buzagerwaho. Na 200-250%, ni ukuvuga hamwe na margin nini.Hamwe nigishushanyo cyo hejuru, ibintu byose biratandukanye. Igomba kumenya neza kubara. Igitekerezo gihagije cyo kwishingikiriza kubyabaye kubaturanyi cyangwa brigade yubaka abantu bataratandukanya, akenshi bihinduka mumuzi wibeshya. Iyi myambarire hari ukuntu inyura yinzu ya m 66 mubunini, aho igomba gukora ibipimo mugihe cyintambwe ya m 1, hafi yinama yose yibeshye irakwiriye, usanga ku isoko (urugero, 50150mm, ndetse na margin ). Ariko niba ufite inzu ya 250m2 nibindi byinshi, hamwe nuburyo butunguranye, ikosa rwose rizavuka. Amakosa ko mugihe cyo gukora kizahinduka ibibazo. Icyemezo cya AI gishobora gusaba amafaranga menshi yo gukoresha igishoro. Muri rusange, "umubabaro uhembwa kabiri."
Igishushanyo cyigisenge cyatsi gitangirana no kubara ibirenge byimyenda. Igice cyabo kigenwa ukurikije imitwaro isanzwe (ubukana bwigishushanyo ubwacyo, igisenge "pic" umutwaro wumuyaga) ningugu yimfutiro yinzu, hamwe numutekano (byibuze 1.4). Kubara nabyo bigena intera iri hagati ya rafters (intambwe). Ariko ibi ntibikiri umwubatsi, ahubwo ni umushushanya-uwashushanyije. Ibara inkoni, itezimbere umurima, nibiba ngombwa, reba ubushobozi bwo gushyigikira inkunga nishingiro rihuye munsi yabyo. Yahisemo, imijyi ikoreshwa cyangwa imanikwa. Kugena niba hakenewe ibintu hagati: gutangaza kwemerera gupakurura ibicuruzwa, cyangwa gukomera kwitondekanya kugirango wirinde "ingendo". Birashoboka guhanura hakiri kare icyo igishushanyo mbonera kizaba gizaba kiramutse gisubijwemo "agasanduku" ka 66 m. Kuri ibi bisobanuro, ubwinshi bwibishushanyo, kuva Inzu ni nto, izakosorwa byoroshye.
Ibice byambukiranya byimazeyo ahanini byateganijwe nisoko gitanga ibiti byubunini bukuru. Niba ibipimo ngenderwaho bidahaza uwabatezimbere, hanyuma wifashishije imbarutso yinyongera. Kurugero, amaguru arimo kwiyongera (mugihe nta burebure buhagije) cyangwa gutwara ibiti kugirango byongereho. Hariho uburyo bwo gukoresha amaguru asanzwe (yashizwemo) amaguru adashobora kuba ndende kandi afite imbaraga kurenza uko bisanzwe.
Umushushanya agena ingamba kandi kubitekerezo byinyongera byubushuhe, bikenewe, kurugero, kuruhande rwibisenge ntabwo ari bike ugereranije no gusakara. Rero, kubijyanye no tile, byibuze impengamiro yinzu ni 22. Ku gisenge hamwe n'umusozi kuva ku wa 16 kugeza ku ya 22, birasabwa gushiraho uruhande rwinyongera rwo kwigomeka muri Tile. Hamwe no muri boas kuva 10 kugeza 16, iyo bishoboka kumaraso munsi yigisenge, hamwe nibyitwa bitwa igisenge (ibikoresho byazungurutse kuri bitumen ishingiro rikora itapi ikomeye) ryafashwe. Amazi yaguye munsi ya tile, gusa azunguruka hejuru yigisenge. Ubu buhanga nabwo bushobora gukoreshwa hejuru yinzu hejuru yicyuma cyangwa "erector".
Ibice byingenzi bya rafter igishushanyo
Igisenge kibungabungwa nigishushanyo cyihariye kigizwe nigisenge, nigisenge cyubwikorezi bwakorewe hejuru yinzu yinzu, urubura, urukuta. Igishushanyo mbonera giterwa nimiterere yinzu, kubaho no gutunganya inkunga yimbere, ingano yikigero, kimwe nimitwaro isanzwe.
Igishushanyo nyamukuru mu gishushanyo mbonera - inyabutatu. Ari umugome cyane. Ikintu nyamukuru cyibirenge byose byamazi yubuhinzi byashyizwe ku rugero no gushyigikira isanduku.
Kumanika Rafal Wishingikirize gusa ku nkunga ebyiri zikabije (urugero, gusa kurukuta rwinyubako nta nkunga yo hagati). Amaguru yabo akomeye akora kuri compression no kunama. Byongeye kandi, igishushanyo gikora imbaraga zingenzi zambitse zimaze gutangwa zishyikirizwa inkuta. Mugabanye iyi mbaraga bifasha gukomera (ibiti cyangwa icyuma), guhuza amaguru ya rafting. Irashobora kuboneka nkigice cyaka (kandi muriki gihe gikora urumuri rwinshi, ni ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mukubaka igisenge) no hejuru. Biteganijwe ko biri hejuru, birakwiye cyane kuba. Kandi byizewe bigomba kuba isano ryayo na Rafters.
Slopades Shyira mumazu ufite urukuta ruciriritse cyangwa inkingi itera imbere. Impera zabo zishingiye ku rukuta rwo hanze rw'inzu, kandi igice cyo hagati ni urukuta rw'imbere cyangwa inkunga. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibintu byabo bikora nkibitaramo gusa. Nubugari bumwe bwinzu, igisenge gifite sputum rafters biroroshye kuruta ibindi byose (bisaba ibiti bike kandi, kubwibyo, kugura amafaranga). Mugihe ushyiraho amafaranga menshi yigishushanyo kimwe cyo gusakara, kuzunguruka no kumanika imirima yo kwinjizamo irashobora guhinduranya. Iyo nta nkunga yo hagati, kumanikwa ibisanzwe, ahari, - nyakatsi.
MauryLalat. Amaguru yo guhatanira ntabwo ashingiye ku rukuta ubwabo, ahubwo ashingiye kuri bar- mauerlat. Inyubako zihebye na Mauerlat ni ikamba ryo hejuru ryitorero (Log, ibiti). Hamwe n'inkuta z'amatafari, ni flush idasanzwe hamwe n'ubuso bw'imbere bw'urukuta rw'ibiti (uhereye hanze, bigomba kurindwa no guhagarika amatafari). Hagati ya Mauerlat n'amatafari, byanze bikunze habaho urwego rufite ubushuhe (urugero, ibice bibiri bya rubberoid).
Impera yo hejuru yamaguru yintoki, nibiba ngombwa, irashobora kubungabungwa na sisitemu ya racks na skeaks. Kubikorwa, gupakurura amaguru adaseke unyuza umutwaro kurukuta rwimbere cyangwa inkingi zishyigikira, kimwe no kwemeza imiterere yuburinganire.
Mugihe habuze inkuta zifite inkuta zakozwe, agatsinsino k'ibirenge by'imyenda birashobora kwishingikiriza ku biti birebire, uburebure bwayo bugarukira gusa ku mutwaro ubikora.
Ski ikora. Ikibanza cya Rafter Igishushanyo cyinzu yose yinzu, ihuza urusaku (Isambu) hagati yabo. Ni kuri yo igifuniko cy'umunwa kizategurwa mu gihe kizaza.
Nibindi bibiri byigenga. Niba ikariso itangwa mu ndege y'amaguru yihuta, itangwa n'umurima wihuse, noneho uhanganye n'umuyaga uhuha ukora, urugero, muri buri mugozi w'inzu, ibisabwa Umubare wibintu bya diagonal byashyizweho. Barashobora kuba umubyimba wa mm 30-40, batewe imisumari hejuru yikirenge kinini kandi hagati (cyangwa hejuru) umuturanyi.
Kugira ngo igisenge kidasenya umuyaga, amaguru adasekeje hamwe na Mauerlat agomba kuba yuzuye inkuta. Kugirango ukore ibi, ibyuma (impfizi yintama) zifunze mubusambanyi munsi yikirenge cyangwa mbere yibirenge byinguzanyo bikurura ibirenge bya rafter bikururwa ninkweto ya 6mm. Kubika, ubu buhanga bufatwa nkibihitamo: Ikamba ryo hejuru hamwe nurukuta rusigaye ruhora duhujwe neza.
Uburyo bwo gusamba
2-Semi-haul;
3-Cone;
4- Igisenge cya DricapIng gifite umusatsi wa kabiri; 5-Kubaho bine;
6- Dome;
7- Pyramidal Igisenge kimwe Nindege ihindagurika yashyizwe ku rukuta rwo hejuru. Skat, nkitegeko, yandikiwe kuruhande rwumuyaga.
Bibiri-bingana, cyangwa imbaraga, igisenge Igizwe n'imisozi ibiri igamije ku mpande zinyuranye. Urukuta rwanyuma rwa mpanderutu rwanyuma rwakozwe hamwe nigishushanyo cyitwa Imbaraga nizina ryibisenge ubwabyo. Ihitamo riroroshye gukora, kwiringirwa mubikorwa. Kimwe mu bwoko bwimiterere yinyuguti ebyiri ni "urusenge". Igizwe nubusozi bubiri bwitonda bufunze hejuru, naho amakasi abiri ahagaritse, arakomeza. Iyi fomu igufasha gukoresha byimazeyo umwanya wati, ariko bigoye mu gukora.
Urupapuro rune. Skate ye yose ifite icyerekezo cyimpande zombi ihuriweho na vertike mugihe kimwe. Ibisenge bine bifatanye ku nyubako, kare muri make, bita amahema.
Igisenge cya Walm Ni ubwoko butandukanye bwigisenge ine yinyubako yinyubako yurukiramende. Yakiriye izina ryayo kuva ahahanamye, abantu bakubise urunuka. Ubuso bwa Skape ya TrapezoDal kuruhande rurerure na mpandeshatu ebyiri - ngufi. Ugereranije nuwabanje, iyo fomu nkiyi ntabwo ishimangira gusa imikorere ikingira hejuru yinzu, ahubwo iha no kubaka inyubako igaragara. Walm Igisenge cya kabiri . Skate yo ku ruhande yaciwe igice cyingufu (kuva hano nizina-igice-cya kabiri), kandi gifite uburebure butoroshye kumurongo wumusozi kuruta skate nyamukuru. Igice-Haul gishobora kuba hejuru (triangle) cyangwa munsi (trapezium).
Ibisenge byinshi Ikoreshwa mumazu yibikoresho bigoye. Kurugero, yashizweho hejuru ya kare kare nkibisubizo byimiryango ibiri yinzu yimyenda yimyandikire. Birashoboka gukora igisenge hamwe numubare munini wingufu. Kugaragara neza no guhuza ibyumba byinshi hamwe ninzu imwe. Ibibi by'imikorere.
Ibisenge byatewe Gira uruziga cyangwa parabolic (ku mazu yigenga ni gake).
Dome hamwe nigisenge Saba guhuza inyubako (cyangwa ibice byayo), bifite urutonde ruzenguruko mubijyanye na. Irashobora kumera dome ya sprical, igorofa iringaniye cyangwa ityaye.
Ibikoresho byinzego za rafal
Ibikoresho nyamukuru byo gukora imiterere yo gutombora mubwubatsi bwamazu bwa buri muntu buracyari igiti. Kubwibyo, bimaze kubishushanyo byateganijwe bigomba gutangwa (kandi mugihe cyo gukora byimazeyo) ingamba zo kubaka kandi zikingira zagura ubuzima bwinkwi. Ibikorwa bya Kontstiventi birimo: Igikoresho cya GATKS kuva ibikoresho byamata Amatungo ahantu hahurira igisenge, kurema no kubungabunga igisenge) hamwe ninzuki zikoreshwa) Mu bice, kimwe n'ibikoresho by'ibiciro bihumeka bitanga imyuka ihumura neza ifite imigezi yo kuzamura ikirere kuri iyi myuge. Ingamba zifatika zirimo gutunganya ibiti hamwe na antiseptique cyangwa ibiyobyabwenge birinzwe.Imitwaro kuri rafyla
Abakinnyi babonye imitwaro ihoraho kandi yigihe gito. Gukata imizigo harimo uburemere bwinzu, ibisanduku, biruka na rafters. Krophennoe shelegi, umuyaga, kimwe na packload (niba aribyo). Agaciro kabazwe kwumutwaro wa shelegi ni 180Kg / M2 mumaguru ya horizontal. Umufuka w'urubura wavuyemo urashobora kongera iki cyerekezo kugeza 400-500KG / M2. Hamwe no kubogama hejuru ya 60, umutwaro wa shelegi nturemewe. Agaciro k'imikorere y'umuyaga ni 35kg / m2 (amahame ya shelegi n'umuyaga watanzwe mu itsinda rya Moscou, rikubiyemo akarere ka Moscou, karimo akarere ka Moscou, karimo ". Ivugurura ry'umuyaga rigira uruhare mu kubara gusa iyo igisenge kibogamye kirengeje 30. Indangagaciro z'umugezi washyizwe ku rutonde zirashobora guhinduka mu kumenyekanisha ibice bikosora. Uburemere bwinzu nigishushanyo mbonera kigenwa hakurikijwe ibikoresho byakoreshejwe nubunini bwimiterere yose. Umutwaro wingirakamaro kuri Rafter wafashwe, mugihe cyo gukoresha igishushanyo mbonera cyahagaritswe (kugeza kumurima wimyenda) cyangwa ibigega byamazi byashyizwe kuri bo, ibigega byamazi, nibindi.
Uwashushanyije akora imibare ibiri. Iya mbere ni imbaraga (aho byemejwe ko ikirenge cya rafter kitazavunika), icya kabiri - kuri diafortion (aho bigaragara uburyo urumuri rushobora kugaburirwa). Rero, kubwimiterere yinyamanswa, ubunini bwo guhagarika umurambe ntibigomba kurenga 1/200 kuva muburebure bwurubuga. Kurugero, ku burebure bwa 6m, gutandukana birashobora kugera kuri cm 2. Birasanini, ariko niba urenze kagaciro, ibyahinduwe bizagaragara nijisho ryambaye ubusa. APRIcs yinzu minini irashobora gutangira kwibutsa pagoda w'Ubushinwa.
Mubihe byashize, igiti cyangwa igice cyakoreshejwe mugukora ibintu. Kugeza ubu, abashushanya benshi n'abamwubatsi bahitamo gukoresha urukiramende rwiteguye hamwe nigice cyambukiranya, gihuye n'umutwaro wo gukemura, cyangwa igice cyambukiranya 50150 (50200) mm, nibiba ngombwa, birakenewe. Ubwinjiriro ahanini ibiti byamabuye ya amene (pinusi, ibiti) nta ngaruka, hamwe nubuswa butarenze 18-22%.
Kugirango wongere gukomera no kudakunda geometrie yinzego zidasanzwe mubice bimwe, ibintu byicyuma byatangijwe, kurugero, nkinkunga ya skate yikorewe. Kumenyekanisha hagati yibice byicyuma byuzuye ibintu byimbaho. Igishushanyo nkiki ntabwo gikomeye kuruta kwimbaho gusa, ariko nanone kwemerera ibiti bikora kugirango bikore kuri gahunda yashize-amaboko.
Umukiriya, nk'ubutegetsi, ntabwo yanga gukoresha ibyuma (umugabo w'Uburusiya akunda kuba ibimenyetso). Ariko, hagomba kwibukwa ko ingorane zimwe zifitanye isano nigikorwa cyigishushanyo rusange. Ikigaragara ni uko kubera itandukaniro ryubushyuhe bwa buri munsi ku butaka bwibyuma, gakoperate irashobora gushingwa, biganisha ku gushimangira ibintu byegeranye. Kandi hano izakiza gusa kuvura ibiti byakozwe nubushuhe-ibimenyetso no gukoresha firime ibikoresho byamatapimbo, gukingura icyuma givuye ku giti. Ariko muriki gihe, kubutaka bwibiti byimbaho, birakenewe guhora dukurikirana ko bishoboka gusa niba hari atike.
Mu nyubako ya Mansera ifite ibyuma, ingorane zabo, kuko ni umuyobozi ukonje mwiza. Kubwibyo, uburyo busanzwe bwo kwishinyagurira (mugihe ubusukirire bwamagana bwashyizwe hagati ya Rafters) ntibishobora kuzamuka. Inyigisho zigomba gushyirwaho kugirango ibice by'icyuma biri hanze yicyumba cyayo, cyangwa imbere yicyumba (hamwe nibice byose byinzu "igisenge, ubushuhe, ubushyuhe, kunyuranya, kudoda imbere biri hanze). Inzira zombi zifite ibibazo byabo. Imbere, urubanza rwatakaye amajwi akomeye yicyumba (aho barwanye?!), Mu myambaro ya kabiri irakenewe kugirango hanone hari amabati (clapboard, imbaho, ibisigazwa, nibindi).
Rimwe na rimwe, kubaka gukomeye bikozwe mubyuma. Ihitamo nkiryo ni rifatika: Nta kwita ku giti. Ikoranabuhanga ryo kwiyerekana ni kimwe no mu rubanza rwabanje.
Umusaruro wimiterere ya rafal
Nkuko bimaze kuvugwa, imiterere yimyambaro irashobora kuba ibiti, ibyuma kandi ihujwe. Reka dutangire ibiti. Uburyo bushoboka bwo kwakira ni bibiri: Iteka- Iteka ryumurima wa Rafter mumahugurwa cyangwa kuruganda, inzira ya kabiri yo kubikora.Imirima yimbaho mumiterere y'uruganda ikorwa ahanini hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'icyuma (imisumari). Batanzwe ku isoko ryacu rya Mitek Finlande (Finlande), Sisitemu yo Impyisi (Otirishiya), "TekinicPlekt" (Uburusiya ubwazo zashyizweho kashe ziva muri 1.2-2.5mm. Inzego za stropile ukoresheje amasahani isa nicyo cyakozwe mugushiraho no kwizirika ibikoresho. Ibisahani bishyirwa kumpande zombi zihuza. Ikoranabuhanga nkiryo rituma bigora gukora imirima ya rafal kubisenge hafi yacyo. Irashobora gukorwa imirima yombi nibigize byombi bigize umurongo ushyirwa ahabigenewe.
Inzira ya kabiri ifite ibisubizo bibiri. Iya mbere ni ugukora igishushanyo mbonera cya "Groove-Spike" cyangwa ukoresheje imisumari, ku nkoni, byateje hamwe na clamp. Ibisanzwe, rwose gufunga byuzuye imisumari no gucika intege (ariko bigomba kwibukwa ko nkimbaho zumye, iyi line ibura bike mu mbaraga no kwizerwa). Bolts yemerera ibi kibazo kugirango wirinde (nubwo, ibyobo byacubacumbo munsi yabyo, bimwe byagabanije ibiti). Igisubizo cya kabiri ni izishimira ibintu byimbaho ukoresheje ibice hamwe na stereque ya kashe. Varonaka Ikoranabuhanga nkiryo rizwi igihe kirekire, kuri twe ni ikishya. Kurugero, isosiyete wkret-yahuye (Polonye) itanga icyegeranyo cyo gushiraho ibice byintego zitandukanye, bityo rero imiterere itandukanye, uhereye kubintu byisi yose (ibyapa, muri, harimo, harimo, harimo no gushimangirwa). Ikigereranyo cya porogaramu zabo kigenwa n'uruziga rw'ibibazo bya tekiniki n'ibitekerezo byo guhanga byo kwizihiza. Igikorwa cyo gukora imiterere yimbaho zigoye icyarimwe igabanuka kurwego rwababyeyi: igihe cyicyiciro cyifuzwa hamwe nuburebure bukenewe bwo kwishimira, hanyuma, nkuko nabo Vuga, Winni ku buzima.
Inzego zifata ibyuma nazo zakozwe muburyo bubiri. Inzira ya mbere - umusaruro mu bihe. Hariho ibigo byinshi ku isoko ku isoko, kuri iyi nyandiko. Kurugero, imirima ya Rafter iragenda ikundwa (mubyukuri, sisitemu ya rafter yose) kuva mu gice cyoroshye cya ros-c-lungere (uburebure bwibintu, uburebure bwambere- 2 na 6 m). Imyirondoro itangwa umusaruro wo mu gihugu no hanze. Bapima ugereranije nibicuruzwa bisanzwe byirabura ni bito cyane, bibemerera kubashyiramo imashini zumucyo ndetse tuyidafite. Gufunga ibintu byubaka bikorwa udakoresheje gusudira-kwiyubaha hamwe nicyuma. Ubundi, gukora imirima yicyuma mumiterere y'uruganda birashobora gutumizwa, hanyuma ukabatera ubufasha bwa Crane no kwishyiriraho byanyuma kubyara.
Inzira ya kabiri ni umusaruro wicyuma usohotse kurubuga rwubwubatsi. Tuguze ibyuma 2, imiyoboro yicyiciro ihuye, igahisha robine no gusudira ibisabwa (birashoboka ko ari brigade yubusa) no gukora (ariko, hari amayeri, ariko hari ukuntu hari amayeri, ariko hari ukuntu hari amayeri, ariko hari ukuntu hari amayeri, ariko hariya hari amayeri, ariko hari ukuntu hari amayeri, ariko hariya hari amayeri, ariko hari ukuntu hari amayeri, ariko haribintu hari amayeri). By the way, ni iyi nzira ikoreshwa mugukora inyubako nyinshi zivuwe.
Gushiraho ibisanduku
Abahamye bashyigikira isanduku, igikoresho cyacyo giterwa n'ubwoko bwo gusakara. Ariko mbere yuko itangira kuyishyiraho, uhakanye urwego rutangwa nisoko rushyizwe mu buryo butaziguye kuri Rafter, igenwa na Trarclaivem (ibiti by'ibiti bikabambwe kuruhande rwimyenda). Igikorwa cya kabiri cyiki gikorwa ni ugushiraho icyemezo cyuzuye gihumeka, kizakuraho byinshi byubushuhe kuva mukibazo. Ibisabwa byisukura, byashyizwe kuri metero zijimye zifatanije na orccialation. Ishyirwaho ryayo nukubona umutwaro mu buryo butaziguye hejuru yinzu no kwimura kugeza ku rukuta (kandi abapfukirana umutwaro ku rukuta).
Niba abapolisi bagaragara imbere yibyumba
Ibintu nkibi biranga inzego ebyiri na attike. Hafi y'ibiti byimbaho bigomba gutwarwa neza mbere no gukemurwa. Niba baherereye hejuru bihagije hasi, inzira yoroshye yo gufatwa hamwe na veneer na varialish cyangwa ibihimbano bibangamira. Muri icyo gihe, imiterere yigiti irashimangirwa kandi ifatanye nibara ryifuzwa. Rero-gahunda itunganijwe izazana ubushyuhe nubuzima imbere muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose - Classic na Ampir, bigezweho kandi bigezweho. Ariko niba iki kitari igisubizo kuri wewe, ibisohoka ni kimwe gusa-guhisha igisenge. Kubwibyo, kuruhande rwabo rwo hepfo, urupapuro urwo arirwo rwose cyangwa ibikoresho byo gupfunyika (rwumutse, chipboard, umurongo, ibishoboka byose, nibindi) bifatwa.Ubwoko bw'igisanduku biterwa n'ubwoko bw'inzu. Kurugero, kumabati, amabati yicyuma hamwe nibikoresho byoroheje byijimye ("umushinga"), bikashyirwa kuva mu tubari 3050 (4050, 5050, kugeza ku gice cyambukiranya ya utubari nintera hagati yabo irerekanwa mubyangombwa bya tekiniki kubikoresho byo gusakara). Kuri tile yoroshye ya bituminious, ntikiri umututsi, ariko igorofa ikomeye ku nkombe ya 25100 cyangwa 25150mm (icyuho kiri hagati yimbaho ntizigomba kurenza 5mm), ibikoresho byamazi (OSB (OSB -3). Niba akazi gakorerwa mu gihe cy'itumba, noneho iyo ukoresheje igorofa rikomeye cyangwa ibyapa-3 hagati yimpapuro, birakenewe kuva mu cyumba cya 3 cyo kwishyura umurongo umwe mugihe gishyushye.
Igipfukisho
Nuburyo bwo gutegura igisenge gihumeka mumiterere ya Mansard, ikinyamakuru gicu cyamaze kuvugwa muburyo burambuye muri 6 kuri 2003, kugirango tutabisubiramo. Nzongeraho amagambo make yerekeye guhumeka inzego zitunganijwe.
Mu gihe cy'itumba, igiti gisigaye gikonje, ariko amagorofa yititi, birumvikana ko agomba kwishyurwa neza. Ventilation ihagije yemezwa no kwiyongera kwikirere mukarere ka eave cyangwa binyuze mumadirishya yubushakashatsi nayomoro cyayo mukarere ka skate. Chimneys na pisine ya sisitemu yo gushyushya igomba kwigarurira neza. Itandukaniro riri hagati yubushyuhe muri atike numuhanda bigomba kuba bike. Irinda kwizerwa igisenge cyawe haba mu buryo bwa gicles no kuva muri Avalanche-nka shelegi.
Agaciro k'inzu
Igiciro cyo kubaka igisenge gigizwe nigiciro cyimiterere yibanze, ibikoresho byo gusakara nibikoresho "cake" idahwitse kandi, birumvikana ko, ikiguzi cyakazi gikenewe.Reka dutangire neza ko umubare wibiti byaguzwe (kandi, kubwibyo, amafaranga ya cash) azaterwa muburyo bwigisenge. Nta gitekerezo kikiriho ko igiti kinini kiri mu gukora inyubako za TRUS iyobowe na tile kamere (misa-hafi 45kg / m2). Hamwe nigicapo cyoroheje, akabari ni bike. Kandi ubunyangamugayo, twari twiteguye kwakira aya magambo kuri axiom. Ariko, iyo isubirwaho ryacu ryarimo gutegura, inzobere zo muri braas zagaragaye ko idahuye. Niba ubara umutwaro wose kuri metero yimyenda yumukino wihuse, hanyuma kuri tile karemano bizaba byinshi 15-20% gusa. Kandi kenshi uyu mutwaro ntabure hejuru ya rafter hamwe nigice cyambukiranya 50-150mm. Yego yego. Ibi ni utubari dukoreshwa cyane mugukora ibiti munsi yibigo byose byo gusakara. Nubwo, bishoboka kogirwa kamere bizakenera intambwe ntoya ya Rafter kandi ushimangire aho bishoboka ko imifuka ya shelegi. Ariko ntakiriho. Uruhande rukomeye, ubwubatsi munsi ya Bituminius Tile iherekejwe na trint ya rafters. Kubera ibi, biragoye rwose kuvuga icyo igiti kinini kizajya.
Inama ku muteguro wigenga
Dore inama twahawe ninzobere kuva Anna: Ikosa risanzwe Ni ukugerageza kwagura uburyo bwinyubako burimo kubakwa ugereranije nigishushanyo no murwego rwo kongera ibintu byo gusakara. Ntugire ibyago. Nibyiza kwerekeza ku mushinga usubiramo igisenge kandi uzahindura impinduka zikenewe mu gishushanyo ushobora kugirira neza ukuri mu by'ukuri.
Niba haragushidikanya. Hariho ibigo byinshi ushobora guhamagara bigusaba kugenzura ibyangombwa byumushinga wahawe cyangwa ukureho igishushanyo ufite muriki gihe. Kurugero, ku nzu 1010 m, sheki yumushinga izatwara hafi $ 100. Kubokagura igishushanyo, mubisanzwe, mugihe ugomba kwishyura kugirango ureke inzobere ahantu hakenewe, hanyuma, zizakora ibikenewe. Mu bigo bimwe ushobora:
- Tegeka umushinga wo hejuru munzu isanzwe yubatswe;
- Gukoresha inzobere mu gukora igenzura rya tekiniki hejuru yubakwa igisenge kandi nibiba ngombwa, byerekanaga abamwubatsi, iki nuburyo bwo gukora (kugenzura umwanditsi).
Nigute wabona impaka mu gutoteza hamwe n'abamwubatsi? Imvugo ngo "Mfite aba bahembwa basa nkaho ari umurongo!" Kubamwubatsi ntabwo ari impaka. Nibyiza kugura snup 3.03.01-87 "bitera urugwiro no gutera urugwiro", aho mu gice "cyemewe nakazi" birambuye kugena no kubyemera bisobanurwa. Noneho gutandukana kwaragaragaye, bigaragazwa mu mibare (dogere, santimetero, n'ibindi), bizahinduka impaka zifatika kuba yubatse gusa, ahubwo zizaba mu rukiko.
Niba hari ibirego Kuri ikigo cyabaye iyubakwa mu masezerano, inzira zo gukemura amakimbirane abiri. Urashobora kujya mu rukiko, kandi uzashyiraho ikizamini cyigenga. Urashobora guhamagara ako kanya kubahanga. Inzobere nk'izo zizwi cyane zifite ubutware bukomeye mu kubaka ibiti. Kurugero, abatuye muri Akarere ka Moscou barashobora kuvugana nishami ryibiti byimbaho mgsu cyangwa muri laboratoire yibiti bya tsnii.
Ni he ushobora kubona igitabo cyo kubaka inzu yimbaho. Hariho ibitabo byinshi bigezweho muriyi ngingo. Abahanga mu by'ingenzi bahitamo kwishimira igitabo "Igishushanyo cy'inyubako z'abenegihugu" Inyandiko y'Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ububiko bwa UssR, 1947.
Noneho kubyerekeye uburemere bwinzu. Biragaragara ko iki kintu kigira ingaruka kubiciro byibikoresho. Byongeye kandi, niba ku giciro cyibikoresho byambaye ubusa "pie" bigira ingaruka kuri gato, noneho imigezi yo kwibasi yiyongera hamwe ninzego zigoye cyane. Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane kubisarure. Impuguke mu ijwi rimwe vuga ko, urugero, ibyuma bikaba hejuru yingorabahizi zidasanzwe zikoreshwa rwose, zigera kuri 60% zigenda zisesa. Ariko ibikoresho bifatika, nkibisanzwe na bitumini. Imyanda batanga bike. Nibyo, igisenge kitoroshye kiva mubintu byose bisaba ibibazo byinshi kandi, kubwibyo, amafaranga menshi. Muri rusange, ubwiza busaba abahohotewe.
Hamwe nigiciro cyakazi ishusho ni kimwe. Inyito yiyongera ko kwishyura umushahara wa Master bijyanye n'agaciro k'ibikoresho byakoreshejwe, bihinduka abizerwa ahora. Imirimo irashobora kugorana bityo bihenze, nibikoresho, kubinyuranye, bihendutse. Cyangwa ubundi. Ni ukuvuga, ibiciro byo gukora akazi biterwa nubusa bwinzu (hamwe nigisenge kigoye gisaba ibyangombwa bya Masters), kandi kwishyura imirimo birashobora guhinduka mumadolari 9-20 kuri 1m2. Igomba kandi kuzirikana ko ikiguzi cyakozwe mu isosiyete ihamye yo kubaka, nk'itegeko ribintu bya brigade ya "Shabashnikov (imisoro, amahugurwa y'abakozi, ibikoresho by'abakozi, kwamamaza, nibindi). Ariko isosiyete ni nziza kuko ni ihazabu. Hariho umuntu wo guhatanira ibirego, kuva nkizo zizavuka. Abakozi bahawe akazi muri uru rubanza bazakurwaho gusa kandi bazagenda. Ndetse no kurega ntazaba kumwe nabo.
Guhitamo Ibikoresho byo gusakara
Kimwe mu bice bihenze cyane byo kubaka no gusakara. Burnes nizo zisabwa. Nigute wahitamo igisenge kibereye ibipimo byose murugo rwawe? Mbere ya byose, birakenewe kugirango duhitemo ibikoresho biremereye kandi byoroshye. Munsi y'iremereye, turashaka kuvuga, ibikoresho nkibi nkangwari-umucanga na ceramic tile, nabandi bose nibyo byoroshye. Kandi aya mahitamo ugomba gukora na mbere yuko igishushanyo gitangira. Gukoresha ibikoresho biremereye bitanga ibyo duhindura ku gisenge, kandi wenda murugo muri rusange (urugero, bigomba kongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara inkuta). Urashobora kwanga igisenge kiremere gishyigikira icyoroshye urashobora, ariko ibinyuranye ntabwo bishoboka.Niba uhagaritse guhitamo ibikoresho byoroheje, noneho uzakomeza kugira amahirwe yo gusimbuza ibikoresho bimwe mubindi. Nukuri, ntibishoboka kuvuga ko umusimbura uzererwa byoroshye, - buri kintu kirimo ibintu byayo mubishushanyo mbonera byometse no gusakara "pie", bityo gusimbuza "kugirango bishoboke ikiguzi cy'inyongera.
Muri rusange, burigihe nibyiza guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusakara mbere kandi uzirikane aya mahitamo mugihe asebanya. Guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusakara, ni ngombwa kwiyumvisha neza, kumwanya inyubako yagenewe serivisi ubwayo no gusakara, kimwe no gusakara. Ibipimo byo guhitamo ibikoresho byihariye ni:
- Ishyirwaho ry'inyubako (niba yubatswe, inzu y'imiti, akazu gatuye, kwaguka, n'ibindi);
- guhuza ibikoresho byaboneza no kubaka ibintu byubaka, urusaku;
- Ikirere cyaho;
- Kuramba kw'ibikoresho no kubahiriza igihe cyateganijwe cyo guhindurwa igisenge n'inyubako muri rusange;
- Ibisabwa bidasanzwe hamwe nibyo ukunda kubateza imbere;
- kubahiriza ibikoresho muburyo bwubukungu bwumubateri; Hano agaciro k'ibikoresho kagereranijwe, biragoye kurambika, umubare w'imyanda ku gisenge kigoye;
- urusaku rwikinisha kandi rukiza imitungo;
- bigoye kwitondera (kubungabunga) no gukora gusana;
- Imyitwarire y'ibikoresho bijyanye n'igifuniko cy'urubura: Ku ruhande rumwe, ni ngombwa cyane ko shelegi ku gisenge itatorwa; Ku rundi, kugira ngo idafite avalanche - nkanjye, kuko ishobora gutera gusenyuka kwa draters inkingi hamwe na pisine, nibindi.
Ni ubuhe buryo bwo guhitamo atari bwo bwo kwishyura. Nta bikoresho byiza cyangwa byisi yose, no kugena ibipimo byo guhitamo buri kimwe. Kubantu umwe, ibintu byose bikemura igiciro, kwimura ibisigaye inyuma. Kubindi, ikintu nyamukuru nukubona paki yose yimico myiza yabaguzi, kandi igiciro gishishikajwe cyane nuko. Uwa gatatu ahitamo igisenge ukurikije ihame: Iyaba abaturanyi gusa. Icya kane, kubinyuranye, izi gusa ko ibikoresho byari guhuza n'umuturanyi iburyo n'umuturanyi ibumoso.
Inkoranyamagambo yacu
Endovma - Kwambuka skate ikora inguni.
Konko - Hejuru ya Horizontal, niyo mirongo yinkoni ndende.
Igisenge - Hejuru ikubiyemo igishushanyo mbonera, imyumvire yingaruka, kimwe no gukora abatwara, no kubatwara amazi, hamwe nibitarasobanurwa (attic )- no gushishoza - imikorere yo kwishyurwa.
Igisenge - Icyo gihe cyo hejuru. Guhimba (urwego rumwe cyangwa mu mibereho), kubaka inyubako yo gukumira kuva mu bwoko bwose bw'ikirere.
Umurima wa Stropyl - Igishushanyo mbonera cya lattice, gikorera kurenga ibyumba binini. Nibikoresho bya geometricly bidafite inkoni giherereye mu ndege imwe kandi bifitanye isano kumpera. Inkoni yumurima yashyizwe kumurongo wo hejuru witwa umukandara wo hejuru, hepfo ya kontour yumukandara wo hepfo. Imbere ngabo zihamye zitwa Racks, zishimangira.
Imbavu - Kwambuka inkoni y'inzu ikora inguni zisohora.
Ahahanamye Ukurikije ibikoresho byo gusakara byakoreshejwe, uburyo bwo kurambika hamwe nibihe byikirere ahantu harubatswe. Bisobanura: 1) Muri dogere; 2) Inguni ya tangent yimfumvy, ni ukuvuga igipimo cyimbunda yinzu (H) kuzamura uburebure bwa projection ya horizontal (igaragara muburyo bworoshye cyangwa icumi, hamwe nibisenge bitoroshye, ku ijana).
Gusubiramo Ibikoresho byo gusakara byatanzwe nisoko mu kinyamakuru cyacu byasohotse vuba aha (mu kigo "cyometseho" igisenge "cyometseho pie"). Kugirango utarogereje pie "). Kugirango utange abasomyi kubasomyi ameza yahujwe, Byakozwe ukurikije ekbusinessstroy na unicam. Byongeye, tumaze gushyiraho ibikoresho gakondo byo gusakara, kandi tunashyiraho urutonde rwikoranabuhanga, imikorere kandi ikora.
Kora gusoma gusoma, utange ibipimo byawe cyangwa guhuza ibipimo, gupima ibintu byose no kurwanya kandi nyuma yo gusaza ibikoresho.
Nibihe bikoresho bingahe byo gusanga? Ntubabaye! Fata umushinga mumaboko hanyuma ujye kuri "bikomeye", inzobere zizabara mwese. Nta mushinga? Tuzagera aho hantu kandi tuzapima inkoni y'inzu kandi tuzatanga ibikenewe (ariko, ugomba kwishyura ahantu). Nigute watandukanya umugurisha "ukomeye" kuva "udakomeye"? Yego, byoroshye! "Umugurisha ukomeye" atanga serivisi zose zavuzwe haruguru. Mubyongeyeho, mubisanzwe bifite ibikoresho byo gusakara, ariko byose, ariko birahari ku isoko. Kandi iratanga igisenge cyuzuye, kuva hejuru yinzu hejuru (mubisanzwe, hamwe nibintu bihagije) kubijyanye nayo ibereye, uhereye kubishushanya kuri fluger. Inzobere ziwe ntizikeneye kumenya byose bijyanye no gusakara ukunda, ariko nanone kugirango ubashe gukorana nayo. Kandi, birumvikana, ufata neza umukiriya, utibagiwe kubitanga nibikenewe kandi udashyiraho byinshi.
| Ubwoko bwibikoresho | Ubukorikori (Ceramic na sima-umucanga) | Ibyuma byunguka (icyuma tile) | Byoroshye Bituminius Tile | Bitumen Light Wavteliste ("Eurotser") |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abakora | Braas, Bramac, Tegal, Koppo, Ormax, Ormax, Bender, Toseri, Tonday, Rupp Keramik, Roman, nibindi | Rannila, Lindab, Weckman, Gasos SHAKA, Umwirondoro w'icyuma, nibindi. | Icopal, Katepal, Tegola, Pikipoika, Bardoline, Iko, Teed, BPO, RLOWA, KLOWA, TEKnoniukol, nibindi | Onduline, Bituwell, Ondura, Aqualin, nibindi |
| Misa: Ibikoresho / kuzirikana uburemere bwisanduku, kg / m2 | (45-50) / (55-70) | 5/10 | Hafi 8 / 20-25 | Hafi 3/10 |
| Gukora | Bisaba kwishyiriraho neza kandi neza. Imyanda ntoya ku bwoko ubwo aribwo bwose. Diamond. Kwiyongera 10-15% yumutwaro kuri rafters. Munsi yuburyo buto, inyongera yinyongera irasabwa gukumira ubushuhe kugirango wirinde ubuhehere mu mapantare | Gusinzira byihuse impapuro kumaso y'ibisenge bisanzwe. Ibishoboka byo kubaka igisenge gishaje nta nkongera igishushanyo mbonera. Akazi kibangamira ubwato bwimpapuro. Imyanda myinshi ku gisenge kigoye (kugeza kuri 60%) | Bikurikizwa hejuru yinzu yoroshye - ubwinshi bwimyanda ntirirenga 3-5%. Kwishyiriraho ku bushyuhe butarenze + +6 C. Kurambika mu mvura ntibishoboka. Bisaba akantu gakomeye (Ikibaho cya Plywood cyangwa Ikibaho cya Edged). Dukeneye ikarita. Bisaba kwishyiriraho neza, ubundi guhindura "amababi" kugiti cye bishoboka. | Kwishyiriraho. Byoroshye kwiyubaka. Impapuro biroroshye kunywa igiti gisanzwe |
| Amashanyarazi mato Yimpenga | 12 | 12-14 | cumi n'umwe | bitanu |
| Serivisi no gusana | Mubyukuri ntibisaba kwitabwaho. Kugenda byizewe hejuru yinzu. Gusana byakorwa byoroshye mugusimbuza ibintu byose. | Kugirango ugende hejuru yinzu, urwego rusabwa. Bisaba isakromentu ihamye yo gukata no guterana. Ahari imisatsi irangiye ya polymer. Impapuro nini nini (kugeza 8m2) kubera kwaguka ubushyuhe bigabanya imiyoboro yo kwifunga imiyoboro yo kwifunga - Byumwaka birakenewe. Amashanyarazi ashushanyije amashanyarazi | Imirongo iyobowe nimikorere yicyaha, itanga amazi yuzuye. Kugenda byizewe hejuru yinzu. Gusana byoroshye. Ahari umwijima wijimye wamabara kubera kugabanuka kwa bitumen mumarushanwa yo hanze | Urashobora kwimuka hejuru yinzu gusa mumitego cyangwa ingazi. Gusana byoroshye. Ahari gusohora buhoro |
| Umutekano wumuriro, Amajwi Yumvikana | Ibikoresho bidakamba. Ijwi ryiza | Ibikoresho bidakamba. Amajwi make (ndetse no guhuza n'amakuru) | Ibikoresho bya lisansi. Umusaruzi utangwa n'amabuye y'agaciro. Ijwi ryiza | Ibikoresho bya lisansi. Ijwi ryiza |
| Guhuza uburezi | Thermostat nziza: Mu ci munsi yacyo, itumba irashyuha. Imiterere ntarengwa ya Congensation | Imiterere myinshi yo guhuza imbere yibikoresho (ENOSS ENGEMS Standroof irakenewe) | Imiterere ntarengwa ya Congensation | Imiterere ntarengwa ya Congensation |
| Shelegi | Kurandura akaga ka Avalanche-Nka shelegi | Avalanche - Igiterane cya shelegi birashoboka, kubera icyangiriye kwangirika kuri sisitemu yingesho nibikomere byabantu | Kurandura akaga ka Avalanche-Nka shelegi | Ubuso bukabije butuma bigorana kubitangaza |
| Kuramba: Ingwate yemewe / Ubuzima nyabwo, imyaka | 30 / kugeza 100 | 15 / kugeza kuri 50 | 10-25 / kugeza 40 | Kugera kuri 15 / kugeza 20 |
| Igiciro cyibikoresho / kwishyiriraho / gusomera gusakara muri rusange (harimo ibintu byiza na sisitemu yo gutanga amazi, $ / M2 | "Braas" (5.9-11.9) / Agera kuri 9/15-70 ceramic tile (17-37) / (9-11) / (75-120) | (4.3-12) / Agera kuri 7 / (18-30) | (7-10) / hafi 8 / hafi 30 | (6-7) / Agera kuri 7 / hafi 20 |
Anna Anna "yo hejuru yo hejuru". "Brabusinessststroy", "Brabusinessststroy", " ibikoresho.