Imbaraga zogutanga. Inzobere zingufu zitanga ibisubizo kubibazo "bishyushye".
Nigute ushobora kubona imbaraga zamashanyarazi zikenewe mu kazu ka kijyambere? Ni izihe ngero tugomba kujurira gutanga ibyangombwa byose bisabwa? Ni iki gishobora kandi kigomba gukorwa kugirango amashanyarazi asabwa ataziguye mu nzu? Dutanga ibisubizo kuri ibi bibazo bitoroshye bifashishije inzobere murugo.
Nigute abantu bashaka kubaka inzu mubisanzwe batangiye? Uhereye ku guhitamo aho hantu haza. Birasobanutse, ndashaka kuruhuka, kandi uruzi, umurima. Benshi bakora kugura umugambi wubutaka, uyobowe n'amarangamutima. Kandi noneho noneho rero yahuye nikibazo cyitumanaho. Biragaragara ko utanga amashanyarazi yaho ashoboye gutanga imbaraga zemewe, bihagije usibye kumurika inzu yigihugu, ariko ntabwo ari akazu k'ibihugu bigezweho. Ibibazo bivutse biterwa nuko abateranyweho ejo hazaza batatekereza ko amategeko, ibipimo, ubuziranenge n'amategeko ndetse na Porokireri ntabwo ari umushinjacyaha "." Gutenguha Muri ba nyirubwite ni amakosa menshi muri iki cyerekezo, kuko buri kimwe muri byo gihinduka ikiguzi gikomeye.
Gordiyev ipfundo ryamashanyarazi
Iki kibazo kitoroshye gitangwa igisubizo cyoroshye niba wakwitayeho kandi wubatse akazu hamwe ninkunga yubuhanga ikenewe. Usibye gutura muri iki gihe, hashyizweho ingufu hamwe n'imbaraga imwe cyangwa ebyiri z'imbaraga zibazwe, urugero, 630 KVA, ku rugero 60 KVA, guhindura 6-10KV voltage ya 220-380v. Igisubizo nkiki cyemerera guha akazu gagera kuri 50 kugeza kuri 250 kugeza 400m2 kugeza 30-50kw imbaraga.
Imbuga nyinshi zigura cyangwa "mumurima" cyangwa mugihe kirekire cyateguwe, imidugudu, ubufatanye bwubusitani, nibindi, Moserrego), urashobora kubaza ububasha bwawe muburyo bubasha. Mbega umuryango wa komini cyangwa uturere ukorera mukarere kawe. Umuyobozi (Umuyobozi) cyangwa injeniyeri nkuru yuru rufatiro atunze amakuru neza, ugomba rero kuvugana nawe (mugihe cyo kwakirwa (ku masaha yo kwakirwa) hanyuma ushake amahirwe yo guhuza Grid Biragaragara rwose, inzobere mu mashami ya serivisi n'amashami ya tekiniki (PTO) y'imiyoboro y'akarere cyangwa komine izashobora kukuvugisha. Nibo bategura inyandiko zuzuye za tekiniki.
Hano hari ibintu byinshi byamashanyarazi kubakatori:
- Igitekerezo-gihari "(guturamo" (imiterere) hamwe na voltage kuri 0.4KW mumeze neza kandi igufasha kubihuza kugeza ku mbaraga zigera kuri 30 ziva mu nkunga yegereye.
- Impuzandengo yububasha ni, ariko imbaraga zishuri zirarandurwa, kandi ikora kumupaka wamahirwe. Ubwiza bwamashanyarazi ni voltage-voltage nkeya muminsi namasaha atagera kuri 220v, kandi urugo rwawe rushobora kubanza kwihagararaho bitaba mbere muminota. Kurenza 3kw kugirango itambuke no gukora televiziyo ntibizagenerwa, kandi nibatanga, ugomba guhindura abandi, hamwe nigice kinini cyambukiranya.
- Umuturanyi udasanzwe aherutse kubaka umusimburangingo aho habaye impinduka kuri 250 KVA, kandi uzishimira guhuza ibinezeza.
- Ikibi cyane kumutwe wegereye kirenze kilometero, numurongo wamashanyarazi-voltage uva muri "imperuka" bizabaho voltage idahagije. Nkingingo, inzira yonyine yo kuva mubihe byubu ni ugukabarwa na shampiyona.
Duhereye kubitekerezo byacu, nibyiza niba umutungo uri mumaboko ya komine cyangwa imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza (nyuma ni gake cyane kubera igishushanyo mbonera cyamategeko). Bashobora gufata amasezerano nawe mu buryo butaziguye, nta nzu yakuyeho umuturanyi. "Imiyoboro" ikora neza, gusana, kandi nta wundi usibye ko bizaba bifite uburenganzira bwo kwiyegereza akazu ka transformall, kabone niyo byaba ari akarere ke.
Amashanyarazi mu gihugu cyose atanga kandi atanga monopolist rao ues. Yashishikarije uturere twinshi agereranya ibigo ahuriweho nka MoserrerGo, Leenersorgo hamwe nabandi benshi. Basezeranye mu gisekuru no gutanga ubushyuhe n'amashanyarazi. Amashami y'amashanyarazi ahuriweho, imiturire n'imiturire ishinzwe gutanga amashanyarazi no gukorana neza n'umuguzi cyangwa inkiko, MP "amashanyarazi ya cyami"). Imiyoboro ya komine itanga amashanyarazi mu bigo by'akarere, imigi myinshi ndetse n'abaturage batuye abaturage ibihumbi ijana kugeza ku bihumbi magana kandi, akenshi bikikije imidugudu. Ibigo byamashanyarazi bya komine ntabwo bigengwa namasosiyete yahujwe na rao ues. Bayobora abayobozi b'uturere, gutura, ndetse na minisiteri y'imiturire n'imirimo rusange (mu Kode y'abikorera kuri Mo) na ba guverineri b'uturere.
Reba imiterere yumutungo munini utanga amashanyarazi mukarere kawe kurugero rwa Moserrego. OJSC ikomeza amashanyarazi binyuze muri gride 14 y'amashanyarazi, aho impindo y'imari 45 z'akarere yagenewe. Byongeye kandi, niba imiyoboro ya komine ubwayo yishyuza amafaranga, Moserrego akora ibi binyuze mu ishami ryayo ryo kugurisha ingufu, rifite umuyoboro waryo (ufite amashanyarazi) imijyi n'akarere).
Amashami ya grid kuva 0.4 (380 / 220v) -10kv kugeza 35-220KV. Mosersogo itanga amashanyarazi hafi ya yose yakoreshejwe na Moscou no mukarere ka Moscou. Ni iy'abagoga (PC) - Inshuro 35-110KV / 6-10KV na EPEC 35-110KV / 6-10KV. Ibitabo bifitanye isano n'imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza mosersor, imiryango ya komine.
Uyu munsi, kubera ibiciro byinshi byo mu rugo no kubaka inganda, habaye ikibazo cyo kubura amashanyarazi mu karere kose, gushikama cyangwa gukama PC byabayeho. Kubwibyo, Oao agomba gufata ingamba zo kugabanya ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa kubaka ubushobozi bushya, bitewe nubushobozi bwimari bugenwa nibiciro byamashanyarazi.
Kuri twe, abaguzi boroheje, biterwa no gukenera uruhushya ku mbaraga zasabwe kuri nyiri Moserrgo kunyura mu ishami. Nubwo umuyoboro waho ukorera ishyirahamwe ryami, ntabwo rijugunya imbaraga z'amashanyarazi, kandi utanga ibisobanuro bya tekiniki byo guhuza inzu yawe ku ruganda rwo gukwirakwiza.
Inzira ikomeye ya nyirayo
Guhinduka (kuba) nyir'umugambi wuzuye n'umutungo utimukanwa, urashobora gukomeza uburyo bwemewe bwo kubona ingufu zayo cyangwa ejo hazaza murugo. Inzira zitemewe, ninkumire yamashanyarazi cyangwa amasezerano yo mu kanwa n'abaturanyi, ntidutekereza.
Inzira iva mu itegurwa ry'inyandiko zinyandiko zirimo kwinjiza amashanyarazi yinzu kigabanijwe (byahujwe) mubyiciro byinshi:
- Kugabana kw'amashanyarazi no gutanga amashanyarazi ibisobanuro bya tekiniki byo guhuza;
- Igishushanyo mbonera cyamashanyarazi cyinzu hamwe nuruhushya rwumuryango hamwe nubwubatsi;
- Guhuza umushinga hamwe na ba nyir'umushinga w'isi (hashyizweho ikimenyetso), itumanaho, ingufu zitanga ingufu no muri Leta ya Leta no muri Leta ya LetangeweD;
- Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'akazi ku mushinga nawe mu kigo cy'amashanyarazi hamwe n'impushya zijyanye n'uburambe ku kazi. Irashobora kubazwa kubijyanye numuryango wamashanyarazi;
- Kwipimisha no gushushanya "igikorwa cyo kwemerwa" n'umugenzuzi w'ishami rishinzwe ingufu za Leta;
- Metero yamashanyarazi, gushyira umukono ku masezerano yo gutanga amashanyarazi hamwe no kugurisha ingufu hamwe nimbaraga zinzu.
Dukurikije ingingo 539-540. Amasezerano yo gutanga amashanyarazi. Mu masezerano yo gutanga ingufu, Inzego zitanga ingufu (Igurishwa ry'ingufu) ziyemeje kugandukira abiyandikishije (wowe) binyuze mu buryo bwometse bwo mu mashanyarazi, kandi umuguzi wishyura ingufu zemewe, yubahiriza ubutegetsi bwo gukoresha ateganijwe n'amasezerano kandi akareba Umutekano wibikorwa byumuyoboro wamashanyarazi, gufata neza ibikoresho. Rero, mu Mategeko, inshingano zawe zo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi yinzu, umuyoboro wihariye hamwe na disikuru. Amasezerano y'abaturage (ibikoreshwa mu rugo) atangira ingaruka zayo kuva yinjiza iyambere yiyandikisha.
Mu ngingo ya 541. Ingufu z'ingufu. Ishirahamwe ryo gutanga ubutegetsi riteganijwe gutanga ingufu binyuze mu muyoboro mu bijyanye n'amasezerano yo gutanga amashanyarazi, no kubahiriza ubutegetsi bw'ingendo bwemeranijwe n'ababuranyi. Byongeye kandi, "urugo" umuguzi afite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha iyi mbaraga mugihe ukeneye. Ni ukuvuga, irashobora guca amashanyarazi yose munzu kugirango atarengere imbaraga, kandi arashobora kwicara mu mwijima. Niba amashanyarazi adahagije mu masezerano, ufite uburenganzira bwo gutanga ikirego kuri gride y'imbaraga, ubanza mu buryo bw'ikirego, hanyuma mu rukiko.
Ingingo ya 542. Ubwiza bw'ingufu. Ukurikije ibintu byiyi ngingo, ubwiza bwamashanyarazi yatanzwe, byibura voltage hamwe ninshuro zubu, bigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa byashyizweho nibisabwa bya leta, amategeko cyangwa amasezerano yo gutanga amashanyarazi cyangwa amasezerano yatanzwe.
Mugihe habaye ukurenga ubwiza bwimiterere yumuryango utanga amashanyarazi, ufite uburenganzira bwo kwanga kwishyura ingufu nkiyi. Birahagije gukora gusa ibipimo imbere yabatangabuhamya, kandi noteri keza, kandi ukosore ukuri gukomeye. Ariko, ntabwo rero ufite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ingufu zashyizwe ahagaragara kurenga ku miterere yubuziranenge. Bitabaye ibyo, ishyirahamwe ry'ingufu rishobora gusaba kwishyura agaciro ko abiyandikisha badafite ishingiro kubera gukoresha (igika cya 1105 cy'amasoko y'igihugu cy'Uburusiya), ni ukuvuga ko ugomba kwishyura amashanyarazi, ariko munsi.
Ariko ufite kandi uburenganzira bwo kurenga ku mitunganyirize itangwa n'ingufu zerekeye ireme ry'ingufu mu rwego rwo gushishikariza inshingano zijyanye n'inshingano zijyanye n'ingingo ya 547 y'imisoro y'igihugu, ukurikije amategeko adakwiye cyangwa adakwiye gusohoza inshingano , Ishyaka ryarenze ku masezerano ntegekwa gusubiza ibyangijwe nabyo (ingingo ya 15, igika cya 2). Niba imbaraga nkibisubizo byo kugenzura uburyo bwo gukoresha yemereye guca ingufu kubafatabuguzi, bashinzwe ibi imbere yicyaha. Ni ukuvuga, ku nkombe mugihe cyibiza, inkubi y'umuyaga, ntuzishyura ishami ryaguye. Biragaragara ko ingingo yumuntu ifite impande ebyiri. Ubwa mbere mu ntoki: Ishirahamwe rikiza ingufu rizishyura ibintu byerekanwe na TV yawe cyangwa firigo. Byongeye kandi, birasabwa kwemeza imiterere ya tekiniki ikwiye yo gutanga amashanyarazi na metero yamashanyarazi. Uruhande rwa kabiri rwerekeza ku baguzi barenze ku masezerano, kubera ko ingingo ya 543 igena inshingano z'umuguzi kubera kubungabunga no gukora ku miyoboro, ibikoresho n'ibikoresho. Inshingano za Vwashi zirimo:
kwemeza imiterere ya tekiniki yo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi yakazu, umuyoboro wacyo cyangwa umusikurwa;
kubahiriza uburyo bwashyizweho bwo gukoresha ingufu;
Ihuse imenyesha umuryango utanga ingufu zijyanye nimpanuka, umuriro, imikorere mibi yibikoresho byo gupima ingufu nibindi bintu.
Dukurikije ibi bikurikiranye ko ushinzwe guhindura amashanyarazi yinzu, uhuza ibikoresho bishya (bikomeye) bitasobanuwe mumushinga, imikorere mibi yibikoresho, imikorere yibikoresho, bikaba ari itegeko, biganisha ku kurenga amashanyarazi - gukuraho y'imbaraga nyinshi kuva kumurongo ufitwe numuryango utanga amashanyarazi, ibyanditswe mumasezerano. Kurenza urugero no kwangiza imiyoboro, itera imipaka igarukira, voltage nkeya murusobe (ibirego byabaturanyi murugero), ukuza k'amashanyarazi kugirango ukureho amakosa - amahitamo yose yo kwangirika kugirango akwishyure aramutse agaragaje mu rukiko. Muri rusange, ingingo ya 543 igufasha kurwanya "Hooligans" ikora umushinga w'amashanyarazi 3 kuri 400m2, kandi "konsa" ku ya 15,1 ku giti cye, ariyo mpamvu babababazwa nabo bafite abaturanyi bahuriye nabi. Byongeye kandi, umugenzuzi wa ingufuba ashobora gutumiza ishyirahamwe ryo gutanga amashanyarazi kugirango ahindure impinduka mumashanyarazi, biganisha kumurimo udashimishije wumutwe wose.
Hanyuma, ingingo ya 545 ivuga ko abiyandikisha bafite uburenganzira bwo kwimura ingufu, barezwe na yo mu muryango w'amashanyarazi, ku wundi muntu gusa. Muyandi magambo, niba leta yimiyoboro yemerera cyangwa wubatse umutego wawe, urashobora gukora ishami kubaturanyi hamwe no gukemura icyogajuru. Ariko, birabujijwe ko "ituje" rya mugenzi we rirabujijwe.
Kugabana kw'amashanyarazi
Mbere yo gushushanya, ugomba kubona umurimo wa tekiniki wo guhuza amashanyarazi yinzu kumurongo. Umuguzi uzaza, ni we wabatezimbere, agomba gutekereza neza ko agurisha neza amashanyarazi (boiler, ibikoresho byo gushyushya, ibikoresho byo gushyushya amazi) bizatwara imbaraga munzu, ni ubuhe bubasha bw'amashanyarazi kwishyiriraho kugirango ubone inkunga isanzwe. Nyuma ya saa sita, bizayikuraho kubera kugira icyo uhindura kumushinga cyangwa kongera kubaka amashanyarazi.
Ibaruwa n'inyandiko. Igikorwa cya tekiniki cyateguwe muburyo bw'urwandiko rwandikiwe injenyezi mukuru w'iyi gahunda yo gutanga amashanyarazi (cyangwa umukozi uhagarariye imiyoboro ya komine, nk'ubuyobozi bw'umuyobozi) hamwe no gusaba gutanga ibisobanuro bya tekiniki yo guhuza imbaraga za tekinike hamwe kwerekana icyiciro cyo gutanga imbaraga cyinzu.
Ibaruwa igomba guherekezwa namabwiriza. Iyi ni gahunda yimiterere aho urubuga rwawe n'amazu yawe kubutaka, icyemezo cyicyemezo cyo gutunga iki gihugu cyuruhererekanye yo kubaka inzu, ihujwe n'imiryango myinshi. Umukono w'abahagarariye Gorgaja, RoDelecom, Vodokanal n'imbaraga zo gusya, byerekana niba hatabanywaga cyangwa ku butaka urubuga rwawe rw'itumanaho ryaya masosiyete. Izina rya videwo Iyi viza igomba kuba hamwe nawe nyuma yimiterere yumutungo utimukanwa nu mushinga wubwubatsi, yemejwe nubwubatsi mukuru. Ariko bitewe nuko hari uburambe bubi iyo ubuyobozi bwicyaro bwagaragaje (ubu bwarakuyeho) igihugu, nubwo cyitwa umutwaro wuru rubuga, mumashanyarazi amwe, tekereza ko ari ngombwa gusobanura ibi ikibazo. Bitabaye ibyo, bimaze kuba mu cyiciro cyo gusinya umushinga, gusenga umurimo (urugero, kubwo gushyira umugozi), bigaragaye ko ukorera hafi ya gaze, kandi ukurikije ibipimo byaho bigomba kuba intera ikomeye muri bo. Imyitozo igoye cyane ni mukubaka umujyi. Hano, Underground, umubare ntarengwa wo gutungura intego zitandukanye. Aernergirls noneho irashobora gutanga ibisobanuro bya tekiniki yo guhuza imbaraga z'amashanyarazi mugihe inyandiko zishushanyije nkuko bikwiye.
Mu gihe, ibaruwa ifatwa nk'ishami rishinzwe umusaruro n'ishami rya tekiniki (PTO) ry'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. Igihe gito ntigikorwa, kuko urujya n'uruza runini cyane. Kurugero: Mu mwaka ushize, gusa mukarere ka Moscou byahujwe na Spinection 500 (abikorera), ntabwo arira imigereka igihumbi-voldage kubantu. Hafi yatinze irashobora guterwa no kubara igihe kirekire, ibisobanuro byikiguzi cya serivisi yo guhuza, kuko ahantu hose muri Federasiyo y'Uburusiya, usibye akarere ka Moscou, iyi sosiyete yishyurwa.
Uzatanga cyangwa ntuzatanga? Ku cyiciro cya tekiniki, insga y'amashanyarazi yiswe ku mugaragaro (mbere yo kuganira gusa) cyangwa ngo itange ibyifuzo byo guhuza, cyangwa gutanga ibyifuzo byihariye muburyo bwihariye bugomba gukorwa kugirango ikibazo gikemuke kugirango gikemure ikibazo. Imanza z'amazi mu kirere cyangwa 0,4kv) igera ku mutego wegereye (cyangwa inkingi), imbaraga zayo zimaze gutangwa hagati yabakoresha bahujwe nayo. Kwiyongera, birashoboka gukemura ikibazo ukoresheje imbaraga zikoreshwa mubindi bintu, aho bitakoreshejwe neza (urugero, abakira bagaragara munzu yegereye). "Nk'uko bya siyanse", inzobere mu mbaraga zigira igitekerezo nk'iki nk'ibisabwa amashanyarazi. Utiriwe ujya muburyo burambuye, reka tuvuge ko iki kintu kigaragaza imbaraga zikoreshwa. Kurugero, yubatswe umudugudu wigihugu ku mazu 100, muri 20 muri bo umuntu azohora. Biragaragara ko batazakenera imbaraga zisabwa amazu 100 rero, transformateur yoroheje yashyizwe ku ya 250 KVA, kandi rimwe na rimwe 160 KVA.
Bibaho ko kubisobanura bikenewe kugirango usimbuze insinga zihari ku nkinga zifite igice kinini cyambukiranya (amashanyarazi menshi azashobora kukuzanira). Ariko niba nta mbaraga zisubira inyuma kumusimba, ibisohoka byonyine bisigaye: Hindura umutego kugirango ukomere. Yishyuwe nubusobanuro bushya. Umugereka: Igiciro cyumucyo wo murugo ufite ubushobozi bwa 160 Kva-60 kabi. Kwishyiriraho, Gutanga no gutangiza akazi, nkitegeko, fata intera, hanyuma ukoreshe tekinike nshya.
Muyandi magambo, ntamuntu numwe uzatanga amashanyarazi asabwa mbere, ntibishobora kuba. Birasanzwe ko amakoperative yo mu gihugu ashaje no gutura, aho ubushobozi buriho budashobora kubikemura ibikenewe bigezweho. Amabuye y'agaciro, igihe abaturanyi bose basaga nkaho ari abarimu, bashiramo umunwa, pompe, amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho byo gushyushya, voltage mu rubuga rusabwa 220v.
Biragaragara ko imikorere isanzwe yubuhanga budashoboka. Emeranya na bagenzi bawe ibyago na "umugozi" kugirango ugure inyongera yo hasi kandi irambuye yinsinga nshya zo kwambuka ntabwo zishoboka. Kubwibyo, imizigo y'imari igwa ku bitugu bya gishya mu kubakwa mu bagize koperative y'abagize (ubufatanye bw'ubusitani), abafatabuguzi ba kera bahuye. Umwe mu bakozi b'Abisiraheli yatangarije inkuru ikora ku mutima ku buryo mu muryango w'amashanyarazi yahawe uruhushya rwo guhuza urusobe rw'ikirango 7 cy'amadolari runaka agera ku $ 1.000. Byongeye kandi, gusobanura mu magambo umuyobozi wingufu zaho (Umudugudu wandika Umujyi), uyu mugozi wagombaga gutanga imbaraga kumudugudu wose, harimo n'inzu yumukozi wacu. Biragaragara ko nta muntu wemeza ko amashanyarazi agenga amashanyarazi menshi, nubwo muri rusange ibintu bitera imbere ku kiguzi cyacyo.
Ibitekerezo byinzobere . Izi nkuru zirashobora kubwira benshi bahuye n '"umukabubasha" bw'ururinzi rw'amashanyarazi bagerageza gukemura ibibazo byo gusimbuza no kugura ibikoresho by'ingenzi, mu gihe Deareisations bishyirwa mu giciro cy'amashanyarazi. Twasabye ko ibintu bivuga Moserrego Gennady Vladimirovich Kuznetsova.
"Ubwa mbere, ibirometero birindwi by'insinga, ureba mbere, ibisabwa na byinshi, kuva birambuye insinga, bigenewe voltage kugera kuri metero 700-800 uhereye ku ngufu, kabone niyo yaba yari yarahinduye umuyoboro wose ni insinga enye, byaba kilometero 2,5.
Icya kabiri, niba ibisabwa n'ishami rya grid ishami rya MSC bisa nkaho bikabije, bigomba gukoreshwa mubuyobozi bukuru bwa Moserrego. Kuvuga neza, burigihe bikwiye kuvugana numuryango mukuru no kuvuga kubyerekeye ikibazo cyawe. Byongeye kandi, birashobora gusabwa gusobanura tekinike ibisabwa cyangwa uheshyura umushinga wumushinga wa gatatu, uzatanga ibipimo, bizakora ibipimo ku ngingo no kwerekana ko inzobere zingufu zitabereye cyangwa ubundi.
Icya gatatu, umukabushake wo guhamagara ubu buryo ntabwo akwiye. Muri ubwo buryo, mubyukuri tugiye guhura nuwagurijwe. Birumvikana, uko abibona, byaba byiza iyo twubatse cyangwa twubatse imbaraga kuri we ubwabo, hanyuma mugihe kirekire batwaye ibiciro byacu bitwaje ibiciro. Rero, twakura umuyoboro, umubare wabaguzi wakwiyongera, kugabanywa kwa Rose kandi abantu bose bazanyurwa. Ariko kubwubwubatsi cyangwa kwiyubaka bisaba amafaranga ashobora gufatwa uyumunsi gusa. Ariko, hariho sisitemu yibanze. Igice cy'amafaranga ajya mu iyubakwa rya sitasiyo, igice cyo gukwirakwiza ahantu hatagerwaho no gusana byihutirwa, kandi gusa tolika nto- yo kwiyubaka. Birumvikana ko hari gahunda tutanga umusimburazi wa kilometero 600-700 zimiyoboro buri mwaka, ariko ni bike birenze 1% yuburebure bwa gride yacu. Imbaraga zingufu zububiko hamwe nuyu mwaka muri uyu muvuduko wo kwinjira muri gahunda yo kubaka mu 2102. Kwinjiza umudugudu birashobora gufata akazi kateganijwe ku kongera ububiko bwubutegetsi nko mumyaka 2 (kandi ntibashaka gutegereza byinshi) na nyuma yimyaka 50.
Kubwamahirwe, muri kariya karere, kugenzurwa na Moserrego, bitandukanye nizindi turere tw'uburusiya, nta mahirwe yo kutwigisha kwerekana ubutegetsi, ni ukuvuga, kwinjiza. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo gutanga imbaraga nugusimbuza ibikoresho biratanga umusaruro: haba kugura insinga cyangwa guhindurwa, cyangwa kubaka umuyoboro wacyo hamwe nishuri, inkunga ninsinga. Ku rubanza rwa mbere ni "amasezerano yo guhana" hamwe n'umukiriya. Kurugero, impinduka zishaje ni 160 Kva Nshya 250 KVA. Bamwe bakurura insinga zitandukanye mu nkunga yabo, kuko badashaka gusangira numuntu uwo ari we wese. Birahenze inshuro eshatu kuruta gusimbuza insinga "rusange". Kandi bagomba gukorera "ishami" ubwabo basezerana numuryango wihariye ntabwo barebwa. Byongeye kandi, ntamuntu numwe wishingiwe ku mpanuka kamere, agwa mu mashami kandi "umuswa", wahagaritse umugozi cyangwa insinga, gusana bikorerwa ku kiguzi cyacyo. Niyo mpamvu byoroshye gusimbuza ibikoresho bihari - transformateur, insinga (ukurikije amasezerano, abakera bazaguha, kandi akazi kazakoresha insinga kuri nyirubwite ya grid. Noneho bazabazwa umutekano.
Uruhushya rwo guha agaciro ishyirahamwe ryingufu.
Imiterere ya tekiniki yo guhuza amashanyarazi.
Fasha kubikorwa byimiterere ya tekiniki yumuryango wamashanyarazi.
Kora ku rwego rwo kwihorera hamwe n'inshingano z'ababuranyi.
Umushinga wo gutanga amashanyarazi, yemeye i Mosoblgosenergonezor, kugurisha ingufu za Moserrego, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi y'akarere.
Kopi y'uruhushya rw'umushinga.
Kopi y'uruhushya rw'umuryango w'amashanyarazi.
Igikorwa cyo gutanga / kwakira imirimo yo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi.
Kora ku mirimo ihishe ku mikorere y'intwaro.
Kora ku kazi ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amashanyarazi, ihinduka ry'uburambe, ibikoresho bishobora kunganya mu bwiherero, n'ibindi.
Amakopi yicyemezo cyubahirizwa kugirango ashyirwemo ibikoresho byamashanyarazi nibikoresho byamashanyarazi (ukurikije ibisobanuro kumushinga).
Porotokole yo kwipimisha no gupima ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi byatanzwe, hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy'urugendo, laboratoire y'amashanyarazi yemewe mu rwego rwa Leta y'Uburusiya.
Intangajwe
Hanyuma, tekereza uko ibintu bimeze mugihe inzira yonyine yo kubona imbaraga za 35kw hamwe nukwemera ishyirahamwe ritanga ingufu ni uguhuza numuyoboro wa 10kv unyuze kumurongo. Kugeza vuba aha amategeko yigikoresho cyibikorwa byamashanyarazi yuburyo bwo guhuza ntabwo bwateguwe. Muri iki gihe, impinga ifite uburenganzira bwo kuguha ingingo yo guhuza (kubuntu muri Moserso cyangwa kumafaranga muyindi turere) kugirango ubwubatsi buke, ariko haracyari ibibazo byinshi hano.Ikibazo nicyo gushyira ahagaragara umutego kandi ibikoresho birimo ibikoresho byayo. Nkingingo, imirongo ihindura mucyaro ifite uburyo bwa kiosk yashizwe ku nkingi ziyoboye. Gushiraho ibintu nkibi bisaba uburinganire bwihariye bwubutaka. Kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi kuri masts yihariye kandi mu nyubako zitandukanye nabyo bikorwa nabyo. Niba amazu mashya yubatswe ku butaka bwUmudugudu, kandi kuvanaho ubutaka munsi y'ishuri ntabwo yatanzwe, umukiriya azahura n'igikenerwa cyo gukemura iki kibazo kugira uruhare rw'ubwubatsi bwaho. Ntabwo ari ukuri ko azinjira mu mwanya w'uwo mutezimbere inzu ... kandi ugomba guha iki gihugu cyawe.
Mu myitozo yisi, mubihe nkibi, inyandiko zigenda zihindura (mini stanges) zikoreshwa, imbaraga ziyo zituma uhuza imiyoboro nyamukuru kuva ku kazu kamwe kugeza kuri enye. Aba bahindura bashizwe hejuru (ibiti bitoroshye cyangwa bishimangirwa) inkunga, nta nzige. Ni "Hardy": Emera gukata kuri 40% kuri peak umutwaro; Gukoresha ibikoresho byubatswe no kubarinda kandi, cyane cyane, ntukeneye kubungabunga. Ibigo Byibanze bya ELECTROTERICALEN nka ABB, siemens itanga abo muhinduzi nkabo. Nk'ukomoka ku muyobozi wa JSC "Royal Srid" N. P. NIKISKKY, mu midugudu ikikije Korolev, mu myaka itatu, ihindura ubu bwoko bwa 43 KVA ya American Compacy ikoreshwa muburyo bwo kugerageza. Igiciro cyumusaruro wabanyamerika ni $ 3.5-4. Byongeye kandi, icyemezo cy'inganda za Leta, imikorere yabo mu Burusiya yemerewe ku mugaragaro kandi ahantu hose.
Kimwe mu rwego rw'inkingi zihindura umusaruro wa Biyelorusiya, Ukraine, Ikirusiya ni kabiri bihendutse. Itandukaniro nyamukuru riri hagati y'ibipimo byatanzwe mu Burusiya na CIS, ni uko bakeneye kubungabunga burundu, umurimo ushinzwe kugenzura kenshi, ayo mato y'amashanyarazi yujuje ibyangombwa agomba no kugira byombi muri leta y'inyamanswa yaho. Kubwibyo, ntabwo imbaraga zose zitanga ingufu zemera gukora amasezerano yo kubungabunga ikirusiya, imashini ya Biyelorusiya na Ukraine hamwe na ba nyir'inzu. Usibye kwishyura serivisi mu masezerano, umukiriya agomba kwishyura kugirango yishyireho inkunga idasanzwe, shyiramo Automative yo Kurinda, Gutanga akazi. Konti mbi, ikiguzi cyose gishobora kurenza abatwara nyir'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga byatumijwe muburyo butabunzwe.
Igikorwa cyo kubaka umuyoboro nicyiciro kimwe cyo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi yinzu: gusaba, gushushanya, guhuza raporo yingufu, guhuza ibiyobyabwenge, guhuza. Nyuma yo kubaka n'ibikoresho by'ishuri, igikorwa cyo kwihitiramo nyir'imbaraga ni "ikintu gitukura" hagati yo gutunga no gutanga amashanyarazi. Ato umwanya utwara byuzuye inshingano zuzuye no gukoresha kubungabunga akazu kwoherejwe n'umuyoboro. Niba abaturanyi bashaka kuguhuza, uburenganzira bwawe bwo kubyanga cyangwa kubyemera, tumaze kubivugaho. Biroroshe kwimura umutungo ku miyoboro, ariko rero nta cyemeza ko hatawe umuntu uzemera nabo, "ntazakubitwa" kandi ntazakuraho imbaraga nyinshi mutazi bihagije.
Kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi murugo
Umushinga. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'umurongo w'amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi yo hanze n'imbere mu gihugu akwiye guhabwa amashyirahamwe afite uruhushya rwo gukora uruhinja rutangwa n'inganda za Leta cyangwa gosstroke y'ishyirahamwe ry'Uburusiya. Nta mahirwe yo kwemeza imishinga "ibumoso" mu bihe byemewe. Nibyiza ko uwateje imbere akora rwiyemezamirimo rusange kandi agukora umushinga kuri cyangwa nabashoramari. Ariko akenshi utegura, kubaka no gushiraho ibikoresho bikorwa mumashyirahamwe atandukanye. Noneho byumvikana kuvugana na Grid Imbaraga zaho hanyuma ukabasaba gusaba isosiyete gukora umushinga (ibi birashobora gukorwa kumuhamagaro wa terefone). Iyi sosiyete izakora nkigibazo cyo guhuza inyandiko zumushinga warangiye muri Grid Imbaraga zaho no muri Seentargoneadzor. Kuri iki cyiciro, nk'ubutegetsi, nta ngorane zikomeye, usibye ibyo wasabye. Impuzandengo yimishinga yo gutanga imbaraga zumukono hamwe nubushobozi bwamashanyarazi ya 5-30K mukarere ka Moscou ni ibihumbi 6-40. Amafaranga. Ariko, noneho urukurikirane rurerure rwo kubona imikono mugihe kinyuranye bizakurikizwa kandi, amaherezo, guhuza ishami ryateguwe ryishami rya leta ryingufu za leta, aho hafashwe ibyemezo bikurikije ibyangombwa bishinzwe kugenzura na tekiniki. Muyandi magambo, amakosa azagomba gukosorwa inshuro zirenze imwe.
Muri buri kibazo runaka, imiryango itandukanye ni viza kumushinga, harimo:
- Ishirahamwe ryo gutanga imbaraga, serivisi zose za komini umujyi, gutura cyangwa imidugudu (niba bihari, uhereye Gorghaz mbere yubutaka);
- Mu rubanza rutavugwaho rumwe, ibigo byibishimwa n'abantu bashobora kwerekana ibyo batumvikanaho no kuba uzinjizwa mu rubuga rusanzwe (urugero, umuturanyi kare kuruta uko watanze icyifuzo kandi byumvikanyeho ku mushinga, bityo bigomba kumvikana we);
- Umushinga urangiye umugenzuzi wa serivisi ingufu.
Kwishyiriraho no kugerageza amashanyarazi. Drives "yahunze" mu majyepfo, nk'itegeko, itanga imirimo y'amashanyarazi hamwe no kurenga ku ikoranabuhanga, nyuma y'abigize umwuga wo kugarura. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryo gushyira no gushyiraho umushinga bigomba gukora imiryango yo kubaka no kwishyiriraho bifite uruhushya. Ni ngombwa gufata umwanzuro wo gukora ubwishyu bwa sosiyete ndetse n'abayobozi b'imisoro. Ibi bizorohereza ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'uburenganzira ku mutungo nyuma yo kurangiza kubaka (ku ngufu, akazu). Ikizamini no guhindura ibikoresho hamwe nigishushanyo cyakurikiyeho cyinyandiko zakira zifite uburenganzira bwo gukora mu mashyaka imwe cyangwa icya gatatu, niba isosiyete itanga akazi kuri uyu mushinga ntabwo ari uruhushya rwo gukora ibizamini bitangwa n'inganda za Leta.
Nyuma yo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi mu nzu, inyubako zubukungu ndetse no ku butaka bw'imitungo ni ngombwa kugandukira pasiporo ya test ya tekinike ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi byashyizweho, byemewe ku ingufu. Ukurikije izo nyandiko n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini, nyir'inzu atanga icyemezo cyo kubahiriza amashanyarazi kituma biba ngombwa kandi uruhushya rwo gukoresha ibikoresho byamashanyarazi (ibisabwa n'amashanyarazi, amashyiga y'amashanyarazi, n'ibindi). Hashobora kubaho ibibazo. Nk'itegeko, abantu bagura insinga, ibikoresho byo kwisiga, ibikoresho, cyangwa kwibagirwa ibyemezo na pasiporo y'ibicuruzwa n'abagurisha, cyangwa bakakira (ku isoko) bihuye n'amabwiriza. Iki cyemezo kizakenerwa cyo kwandikisha ubwishingizi mumasosiyete yubwishingizi.
Kugenzura. Noneho wita umugenzuzi wa ingufuba ingufu, kandi, hashingiwe ku cyemezo cyo guhuza, ugomba gutanga igikorwa cyo kwinjira mu mashanyarazi kugira ngo winjizwe muri Network. Ibibazo bya Skim Hano birashobora guhura nabyo? Kurugero, ukurikije Pue, sock hamwe na caps ikingira igomba gushyirwaho munzu (kugirango idakongezaga umusumari), kandi biroroshye, nibindi. Akenshi no muri stage yitaruye ihinduranya cyangwa ahantu Muri abo cyangwa andi masoko no guhinduranya, nubwo mumushinga bagaragajwe ukundi. N'ibindi Dukurikije ibyo bemeye ibigo ko batubasabye kutagaragaza, kurandura amatara cyangwa kurenga bishobora gutwara "indishyi" kubagenzuzi. Rimwe na rimwe bigera ku madorari 100-200 kuri socit kugeza $ 1000 yo kwiyitirira kwinshi. Byongeye kandi, umugenzuzi arahuze kandi arashobora kwagura umwanya, bityo akaba akeneye "kwihuta." Hano no gufasha itumanaho ryegeranijwe nabashushanya kandi bahuza. Turabariza "inzobere" biragoye.
Amasezerano yo gutanga ingufu. Noneho ururigo rwamashanyarazi hamwe na nyir'inzu bategekwa kurangiza amasezerano yo gukoresha amashanyarazi. Muri icyi cyiciro, nibwo uhagarariye igurishwa ingufu amababi wowe igikorwa cyo kwemera ibikoresho kuryoza Ikivugwa akabagira rigishakisha. Kubera ko inshingano ye ariho kandi irashobora gusinzira gusa igishushanyo mbonera cyingabo hamwe nuwandikirana nubushobozi bwashyizweho, "serivisi" bihendutse, niba atari ubuntu. Harimo serivisi ya Imirongo kirere cyangwa insinga kurangura ububasha ku nzu. Ato akabaho kari ntoya yaho, hamwe na nyir'inzu (umukiriya) ifite amasezerano, akora ibikorwa byo gukumira, gufata neza serivisi z'umurongo mbere yo kwinjira mu nzu (kabili) ku nzu. Kandi urashobora kwishimira urumuri nubushyuhe munzu.
Igiciro?
Ikibazo kirashimirwa amafaranga azatwara umukiriya wigenga. Kurambika cyangwa guhambira amashanyarazi kugeza ku nzu yarwo. Igiciro cya serivisi zubwubatsi no kwishyiriraho imiryango ishingiye kumishinga, nibikoresho byashyizweho, kandi ... kumubare wimiryango yagize uruhare mubikorwa byo guhuza inyandiko. Muri bo harimo telefonegonDor, Gorgaz, Rostercom, n'ibindi. Ibikoresho bihenze cyane, hejuru y'ibipimo ngenderwaho. Ntabwo ari ibanga kubona umurimo wumushinga uhendutse kuruta kwakira imikono mubyemereye, kandi ntibishobora kuba bitanu ntabwo ari icumi. Gushiraho amashanyarazi yo kuvugurura hamwe nubufatanye bwose mukarere ka Moscou bizatwara nyir'inzu ku giti cye kuva ku bihumbi 7 kugeza kuri 200. Rubles - gutatanya gukomeye! Umuti ihendutse ni kirere Iyinjiza nzu kuva umubare imbaraga umurongo ibishigikizo voltage ngo 0.4kv. Kimwe, ariko hamwe no guhuza umurongo wa voltage ndende kandi ukoresheje umutego wa transformateur, amafaranga yingirakamaro.
Abanditsi urakoze Mosernergo n'Ubuyobozi bwa Electrose ya cyami JSC yo gufasha gutegura ibikoresho.