Ibinyoma na stereotypes ziyobya abaguzi tile. Ibipimo byiza, abakora, inyuma, igishushanyo nigiciro.
Tuzavuga ku mateka agezweho y'ibikoresho bya kera bikabije, amabati ya Ceramic. Tuzabwira abakora, ibipimo byujuje ubuziranenge, igihome, igishushanyo nigiciro. Ndangije imigani myinshi cyangwa, niba ubishaka, stereotypes idatanga ikiruhuko kubakiriya n'abagurisha
Umugani w'isoko
Isoko rya Ceramic y'Uburusiya ryatangiye guhora rikora mu 1996-1997. Noneho abaguzi barashobora gutondekanya amabati gusa nka yo murugo, Umutaliyani, Icyesipanyoli cyangwa Ceki, batinjiye muburyo burambuye, ubuziranenge nibiciro. Abagurisha byari bihagije kuzana ibicuruzwa mu gupakira neza hamwe na kashe y'Ubutaliyani, kandi byatanzwe. Uyu munsi, ikindi kintu: Umuguzi azaza abishoboye kandi akinga.Imibare ya gasutamo ya 2002 hamwe n'imibare ya Leta ihujwe, umugabane wibiti byimbere mu Burusiya ureba isoko rya tile - 66%, OJSC ya Biyelogi "- 14%, naho 20% bagabanye abo bakorana mu mahanga. Shira ibya nyuma mukumanuka: 29.2% byibicuruzwa biva muri Espanye, 25.4% kuva mubutaliyani, 13.7% muri Polonye. Ubushinwa, Slowakiya, Turukiya kuri 5% kandi, amaherezo, kuri Lituwaniya, Ubudage na Ceki, munsi ya 2%. Ibihugu nk'Ubufaransa, Ubwongereza, Irani, n'ibindi, ntukambure umupaka umwe utanga, bityo rero ubumwe: bose hamwe, 5.5% by'imigabane yo gutumiza mu mahanga.
Ubutaliyani, umutware wimyambarire ya tile imyaka 100 ishize, ifite ibikoresho 95% byibicuruzwa byose byiki gicuruzwa. Ibiti birenga 350 n'ibikoresho byinshi byapanze bikora ku isi yose muri ako gace bita modena. Buri mwaka mu ntangiriro z'Ukwakira, bahatanira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry'Abataliyani Cerssaie muri Bologna. Ibintu bishya bigwa kuri Square ya Salon y'Abarusiya n'amaduka muri Gashyantare-Mata umwaka utaha. Nko mu murima wambaye imyenda yuzuye, ntuzibuka ikoti waguzwe mu kugurisha, ariko ntuzibagirwe mu myanda yatejwe imbere, umwicanyi wamamaye, umwicanyi, kandi icyubahiro cyera Ubutoni: Choterativa Ceramicica di Imola, Marazzi, Atlas Concorde, Iris, Ariana, Marina, Marina, Marina, Rigolli, Rick
Espagne - Isi yo mwisi mubijyanye numubare wa Tile - yatangiye gukurikiza Ubutaliyani hashize imyaka 50-60 hashize imyaka nibikoresho byubutaliyani nibikoresho. Ibintu byose birasa cyane: Imyenda 350 iherereye mu butarere bwa castellon yerekana ibyo bagezeho mu imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga rya Espagne Cevical. Gutakaza amabati atanga inganda nyinshi. Muri bo, Aparici, Vives, Metropol, Diago, Tau, Venus, Perunda, navarti, n'ibindi.
Uruganda rwo mu rugo rwumvaga rumeze neza kuva rusanzwe rwo mu 1998, igihe yajyaganwa no gutandukana natumije ibihugu bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ariko mu myaka ibiri ishize, nyuma y'impinduka mu kwizihiza, yagombaga kuvugurura ibikoresho byo gukora, gushyiraho ibikoresho byatumijwe mu mahanga (Rhin Italian), koresha ibitaliyani, koresha ibitaliyani, hanyuma ushake tekinoroji yo mu Butaliyani. Kurugero, dutanga "Sokovsk" (Kdenovsk ", Moscou)," Velor "(ikirango" muri karama ", muri Lira Ceramic" (akarere ka Lira "(Akarere ka Moscou). Byongeye kandi, imirongo itatu y'Ubutaliyani yatangijwe kuri OJSC "stroyfarff" (G. SHCTA, akarere ka Rostov) kuva 2001. Imirongo itatu y'Abataliyani yatangijwe. Vuba aha ikibazo cya LLC "bashkerama" (flekanka wa oktyabrskaya ceramic coramic comic poramic) na ojsc "nehare" (nabase yibintu byanditseho. "Komeza, Forrade !!!" Ariko, ntabwo ari ngombwa gupfobya abatumiza mu mahanga bageze ku gitabo cyagenwe mbere mu 2002.
Umunywanyi w'ingenzi mu bihe byabaye ku bicuruzwa by'ibigo by'Uburusiya bivuguruwe ni Tile ukomoka mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba, Polonye na Repubulika ya Ceki. Inkingi mu myaka itanu ishize byatsinze neza icyiciro cyo kuvugurura umusaruro none ugurisha amabati ku isoko ryacu mu biciro byo gucuruza mu Burayi bwo hagati ($ 10-15 kuri tile ya 1M2). UNAS azwi cyane mu nganda eshanu zo muri Polonye: Opoczno na Tubadzin, bakurikiwe na Ceramika-konkie, Paradyz na Polcolorit.
Inzitizi nyamukuru zibuza mu Burusiya mu Burusiya (Villeroyboch, Hoba Steel, Steuleroyboch, kandi icyongereza) na stereotypes y'abatanga n'abaguzi. Igifaransa Tile imbere y'uruganda rwa Cerabati, ruri muri Gruppo Marazzi (Senaya Turnover mu 2002, 760mlnere), batangiye urugendo rwayo mu Burusiya no mu mwanya wonyine mu giciro cya 20-25 kuri 1h2. Nubwo ari nziza, igishushanyo mbonera, ingano zitangaje zumusaruro no gukundwa no kubabara muri Turukiya mu Budage, kubera imyifatire yo kubogama mu bicuruzwa by'Uburusiya, iki gicuruzwa nticyaduteye akamaro. Mu burasirazuba bw'Uburusiya, Igishinwa Tile cyagaragaye kera, ubu biragenda buhoro buhoro yinjira mu burengerazuba. Ibicuruzwa birangwa nubuziranenge bwo hejuru (tekinoroji), igiciro cyo hasi (ndetse no gutwara abantu kwishyurwa bisaba amadorari 10 kuri 1M2 "inyuma") Igishushanyo mbonera gishimishije. Ntabwo ari ukundi kuboneka kubice byayo, ariko hariho impengamiro yo kongera itangwa kubera imyambarire kuburasirazuba.
Imigani
Ubwa mbere, ceramic ireba amabati yintoki zimbere ntishobora kugereranwa na tila hamwe nibindi byinshi. Nk'uko ibipimo bya Esin bivuga ko Eniso ya Eniso na Ground 27180-200131 "Ububiko bw'ikizamini. Uburyo bw'ikizamini", bugaragazwa mu ishuri ryihariye, hiyongereyeho, vuba aha, Abarusiya baratinze bahujwe n'ubuziranenge bw'Uburayi. Ukurikije ibisabwa na Gost na en Ceramic ireba Tile kurukuta, ibizamini byukuri bya geometrike, ariko ntibigeragezwa byo kwambara no gucika intege kugirango duhinduke kandi uhanganye na mugenzi wawe wo hanze. " ).
Ibisabwa EN ISO mubiranga tekiniki yo guhangana na TIRMIN
| Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki | CEN cyangwa GOST | Gutandukana |
|---|---|---|
| Uburebure n'ubugari | En98. | Ntarengwa0.8% |
| Ubugari | En 98. | Ntarengwa 8% |
| Igororoka | En 98. | Ntarengwa 0.8% |
| Agace | En 98. | Ntarengwa 0.6%(Gost ntabwo isobanura) |
| Kwinjiza amazi | En 99. | Munsi ya 16% (munsi24% kuri karbonate misa na polinemine) |
| Imbaraga zoroheje | En 100. | Ibindi 15Ma |
| Kurwanya AKASION | En 101. | Byinshi kuri 6ball kumigenzo ya moos |
Kugenzura ireme ryo guhangana n'amabati ceramic bikorwa hashingiwe ku mibare y'ibipimo. Gutandukana muburebure nubugari ntiburenze 0.5% bihuye nishuri ryo hejuru. Amahwa bivuga gutandukana ninguni kuva itaziguye itarenze 0.3%. Ibipimo byumurongo bifite inshingano zo kumenya neza ubushishozi, igororoka nubusambanyi bwubunini bwa kamere. Igorofa yubuso bwuzuye amabati ahanini biterwa nubwiza bwa buri kintu. Ibicuruzwa hamwe na convexity igice cyigice cya median cyangwa impande zigize indege itari imwe. Usibye ibipimo ngenderwaho, umuganga wa fiziki-chimique-imiti igira uruhare runini mugusuzuma ubwiza bwa tile. Igihe kirenze, ibikoresho birashobora guhindurwa, byerekana ubuziranenge bwayo. Undi mutungo udashaka nubushobozi bwo gukuramo amazi. Akenshi Tile ikoreshwa mubyumba bitose, kandi ishishikajwe cyane nubushuhe, irashobora guhindura ibipimo byayo, gusenya ibintu bihambire, hanyuma ugwe. Ibipimo bisaba ko kwiyongera mubipimo byicyitegererezo mugihe cyuzura ubushuhe ntibyarenze 0.1%. Byongeye kandi, Tile agenzurwa mu buryo bw'ubushyuhe no kurwanya amazi akaba, nka acide ya hydrochloric, aside hydrochloric, potasiyumu alkali, imiti yo mu rugo.
Igice cya glaze kuri tile kigenzurwa kugirango kirwanire ibishushanyo by'inkombe ziva mu mabuye y'agaciro, ubusinzi bwacyo buzwi. Ubwiza bugenwa hakurikijwe igipimo cya Moos (gikubiyemo ubuhanga 10-otilka kuri diyama). Ibisabwa byibuze ku butaka bwa tile - mohs6, bihuye na farpippap.
Icya kabiri, umugani wa kabiri nuwa gatatu utwagarukira kuva mumahanga, wambuwe rwose. Ibicuruzwa bigenwa nibipimo bya muteshetia nibikorwa. Ukurikije ibipimo bya aeserdia, ukurikije ibipimo en98, ubuso bwa tile igomba kugaragara ikomeye. Ku cyiciro cya mbere, kuboneka kwa 5% bya tile hamwe nindyu mubushishozi byemewe. Nk'uko ibipimo ngenderwaho bikora, uburyo budasanzwe, kwiyongera ku mbuto, Aburamu, n'ibipimo byerekanwe mu gipimo kiri kuri iyi tile kigomba kuba mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira. Intera kabiri butuma deviations rito Ibigenga ubashe ya Agakaro kuva ndangagaciro byemewe mu gice cya kane irobe ku. Murwego rwa gatatu, bumva tile yose, itiyinjiye mu cyiciro cya mbere n'icya kabiri.
Buri wabikoze ubwayo agena ubwoko bwibicuruzwa byayo. Abatanga ibicuruzwa binini ntibahuye nigitekerezo cyinshi, kuko kurutonde rwibiciro cyinganda zerekana ibicuruzwa byicyiciro cya mbere gusa. Usibye iki gicuruzwa, icyiciro cya kabiri kirasohoka, nkitegeko, kitarenze 10%. Ntibishoboka guhanura ubwoko bwamashyaka mbere, kubera ko ubukwe butemewe. Kubwibyo, ibimera ntibishobora kwemeza ko habaho uburebure bwa tile ya kabiri, itazigera tegura uwatanze umusaruro ukomeye. Icyiciro cya kabiri kiri mu iyubakwa ry'ibintu binini, ibigo bya leta, imirima ya gariyamoshi aho yishoramari afata ibibazo bijyanye no gutatanya ibipimo bitatanye. Rimwe na rimwe, ibyiciro bito byo mu cyiciro cya kabiri kiracyagwa mu bigo bito bigurishwa n'ubunini buto. Ariko, igiciro cyo kugurisha cyigihingwa kiri kuri tile yicyiciro cya kabiri ntabwo ari kinini ugereranije ningorane zishobora kubaho mugihe cyibikorwa. Vitunga agaciro kagukodesha ibicuruzwa byicyiciro cya kabiri kiri munsi yikiguzi cya mbere na 5-10%. Ibimenyetso, gupakira no kugaragara kwa tile itandukanye bitandukanye nibipimo bimwe bya tile yambere, kandi inzobere zizahora zigena ubwoko. Ariko, hari inzobere nkiyi mu nshuti zawe, ninde uzahagarika ugurisha akarengane kandi azagarura ubutabera? ..
Icya gatatu, muburayi bimaze igihe kinini byakemuye ikibazo cyimico ya tile nkiyi. Kugira umutungo, gusa kugura umurongo wumutaliyani kandi unywa, ukoreshe tekinoroji. Ikibazo cyubwiza cyakemutse buhoro buhoro, nkuko ibikoresho bihuye nibikoresho byambere byaguzwe muri GDR (ibi ni icyuma nimirongo yibisharira). Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, isimbuza agashya (nubwo bishoboka, kandi ntabwo ari shyashya - hariho isoko rya kabiri) ibikoresho byo mu Butaliyani. Ingingo z'ingenzi mu gukora amabati imbere yumurongo ugezweho nukubahiriza ikoranabuhanga mubyiciro na sisitemu yo kugenzura ubuziranenge. Kubwibyo, mugukora igihingwa c'ikirano, gikoresha tekinoroji yo mu Butaliyani n'aho gahunda yo kugenzura yemejwe hakurikijwe amahame mpuzamahanga Iso9001, ntushobora gushidikanya. Ariko ibi byose bihenze, kandi mugihe nta kigo kimwe kiri mu Burusiya, nubwo hari amakipe amwe n'amwe mu ikoranabuhanga mu Butaliyani uyu munsi (kuri Primmer, twita uruganda "," Velor "). Reka twizere ko mu minsi ya vuba hazabaho ikigereranyo cyiza bizaba "inzobere", zaje kwimenyereza umwuga mu mahanga.
Umugani
Ibipimo bya tekiniki bya tile bisanzwe kandi bimenye kimwe cya kabiri cyibiciro byayo. Igice cya kabiri nicyiza cyigishushanyo - ibipimo bifatika. Ariko, niwe ukora intsinzi yo kugurisha icyegeranyo (urukurikirane), kuko nkigisubizo, Tile yatoranijwe ashingiye kubiyobyabwenge. Iki gicuruzwa kiraguzwe no kugura iki gicuruzwa hamwe no gukusanya (urukurikirane), kigena imbere yicyumba cyashyizwemo (SANF-YUBUNTU). Icyifuzo cya buri cyegeranyo kirimo amagorofa yerekana 80% byinkuta zurukuta, kandi ibintu byo gushushanya. Imbere, ubwoko bwose bwubuhanzi bwiza ihujwe: Ibishushanyo, gushushanya, ibishusho, ubukorikori bukoreshwa.
Hariho icyegeranyo cya kera kandi kigezweho cya tile ya Ceramic ku rukuta rw'abarimba.
Amateka ya kera. Icyegeranyo cya kera cyashinzwe nabakora bose kimwe. Ubusanzwe ni toni ebyiri zinyuma zinyuma zifite umurongo (kwigana ibuye runaka). Menya ko ijwi ryijimye, nkitegeko, riherereye hepfo yurukuta, urumuri rwinshi hejuru. Byongeye, kwinjizamo ibice bya tile bifite icyitegererezo, gutandukanya umupaka n'imitako n'imitako itandukanye, Friezs, Printz. Igishushanyo gishingiye kubiranga igihugu cyabakora ubuhanga.
Mu byegeranyo y'Ubutaliyani mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ikindi hariho insanganyamatsiko ya kera (ingaruka za rustic, ubuso bwa marble, imitako ikabije, imitako ikabije ya curb). Amabara y'amabara n'amabara meza. Abagabo bo mu Burusiya bayoboye Beige, umukara, terracotta yoroheje, ijwi ry'ubururu. Byongeye kandi, ibya kera biri mubantu bakomeye byabakora ibitaliyani bose. Guhitamo cyane bitangwa na Ariana, Takina, Marca Corona, Iris, Garcageria Orshidea, ETC. Ubwiherero bwawe buzahinduka kuri Tapina DéCor, cyangwa mubyifuzo, niba ukunda tile Kuva kuri Filosofi kuva muri Garcaria Orshidea. Ariko, ibi bizasaba ishoramari rikomeye - kuva $ 1.000 kugeza $ 5,000 kugirango mpine neza yubusa 20m2. Ibisobanuro bike byitondewe bitangwa mu cyegeranyo cya Domus kuva muri Ariana ($ 22 kuri 1m2 "inyuma"). Hano tile ntabwo yigana ibuye risanzwe, kandi ikiguzi cyacyo kiragufasha kuzigama amafaranga ku mayeri. Muri rusange, guhitamo icyegeranyo cya kera ni ubugari cyane (uhitemo no kugaragara). Kimwe, umugani w'icyamamare mu Butaliyani ni ibintu bikora cyane, bityo bituma ibintu byose bitagira umunebwe, harimo muri Espagne, muri Polonye n'Uburusiya.
Abesipanyoni bafite amabati atera ubwoba ukoresheje amarangi meza, zahabu, ibyuma. Imipaka yumupaka, kuzuza amabati yinyuma ya Mayanavas kuva Aparici ($ 24), jazz na enea kuva diago ($ 20), $ 20) Dutwaze mugihe cyo kwigarurira abakoloni. Imitako ya Hagati yo kwiganje mu ruganda rwa Paloma, maze motifika ya Mediterane izasomwa mu cyegeranyo cyo muri Toscana ivuye muri Perunda. Mw'ijambo, muri primild ya tile, urashobora gukurikirana ubwihindurize bwose bwubuhanzi bwa kera.
Mu rukurikirane rwa Dochon Hollins kuva Johnson (Ubwongereza) bashyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwa Victorian. Abongereza ntibazibikwa ku gishushanyo cyuzuye hamwe nigishushanyo cyiza. Hano hari isoko ryacu na tile hamwe na demor ya kera y'Uburusiya. Kurugero, bishingiye kubwubatsi bwurusengero rwuburusiya byashizeho "impeta ya zahabu" yikirango "Kerama". Hano hari imiterere yuko inkuta z'amabara ya Xvi-Xvii ibinyejana byashize.
Mu mateka gakondo yamateka afite agaciro karenga 15 kuri 1M2 Amabati yinyuma yiganjemo ibitekerezo byimiterere yibikoresho bisanzwe, ahanini ibuye. Byongeye kandi, "" iterambere rya "bateye imbere" ritanga ibyegeranyo shcherbat nkana hamwe nimpande zitaringaniye na chamfer bikozwe kugirango iyo Seam itembaga umwanya utegamiyeho. Mugihe kimwe, uruhande rutoroshye ni rwiza muburyo bwiza, ingaruka ziremwa gusa kubice bigaragara. Ibisanzwe munsi ya kera kubisabwa byabigenewe bikaba byuzuyemo imyenda minini (kugeza 100cm) na masonri. Bikaba bidafite ishingiro, curvilinear hamwe na tile, hafi ni kumwimerere (ibuye), niko bihenze. Kimwe no kwegeranya, hafi bishoboka, Mramor yanduye hamwe nishusho nziza yo gutura (nko muri Imarmidi muri SOMPANTA, Espanye). Igura 1m2 yibintu nkibi hafi $ 35.
Ibyegeranyo bigezweho. Isura yabo iyobowe rwose nigitekerezo cyagenwe, kandi nta mbibi zibangamira fantasy. Ababika bitandukanye baragereranywa, usibye umubare wibishushanyo muri Tretyoak Gallery cyangwa Hermitage. Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rigufasha kubona amashusho yubuziranenge.
Neoclassic yubatswe ku karubanda imwe ko amateka y'amateka: Umuvugizi umwe Tile, imipaka imwe. Ariko amoko rusange arangwa cyane, nkibishushanyo bya latexix-intangiriro ya xxvek muri frescoes ya kera. Imitako y'indabyo irahindurwa amashusho ya Schematic yamabara (Mirado avuye Cerarati, Ubufaransa ($ 22); Fordorado kuva kuri "$ 10)," $ 10) kuva "Carama "($ 10), byose - Uburusiya). Imitako iterabwoba hagati ya geometrike, ahubwo irasa na cerusoide, amashusho ya histogramu (Matisse kuva Tau- $ 20), urukiramende rwamabara (RIFYALA SUL MAF- $ 35). Mugihe ushushanyijeho tile, tekinike zose nziza nziza zikoreshwa, akenshi zuzuzwa hamwe nubuso bukomeye. Irashobora kwigana urumuri rukandagira kumazi (graghic kuva atlas connordo- $ 29), kuba mubi (habana kuva kumurimo, cyangwa byoroshye kubibatori biti: Kora kuva tubadzin- $ 15 ) cyangwa "upudzin" (sity-Kubik kuva Peronda- $ 22).
Uburyo bwo hejuru bwa tekinoroji bugaragaza uburyo bwa minimalist na postmodern kubishushanyo mbonera, bigaragarira mumajwi yinyuma hamwe na abstract, lacococ, akenshi imitako ya monochrome. Ubwiyozo bw'indabyo n'ibyatsi byoroheje n'induru kuri tile Lilly Abadage bagurisha Steur. Mu byegeranyo nyinshi, umupaka uhagaritse ugaragara, ushoboye kongera uburebure bwicyumba (urugero, muri griffe pergamo icyegeranyo cya sant'agostino- $ 35 kuri $ 35 kuri 1m2). Ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane. Kenshi na kenshi muri neochessic, hashyizwemo ubuso butandukanye. Menya ko mugihe kidahari cyamabara meza yibara, imiterere nubunini bigira uruhare runini (Bravo bikagira uruhare runini (Bravo kuva kera- $ 22, cuir tabguco kuva diago- $ 22).
Gukoresha imikoreshereze myinshi ya Monophonic Monophonic (Marocco kuva Bardelli) ifasha mu buryo bwo kongera umwanya. Kumugambi umwe, urashobora gukoresha ibyo bita ubwubatsi (uwashushanyije) tile. Iyi ni umurongo woroshye utuntu h'amabara nubunini bitandukanye (1010, 1515, 2020CM). Iremerera umushushanya imbere ushyiramo imitako yose yagutse.
Uburyo bw'amoko ni ukubona imbaraga kuri buri mugaragaro. Ingingo ya Afrika irasa muburyo bushya muburyo buhebuje bwo gukusanya transparezere. Ibintu byo gushushanya byuruhererekane rwa Katanga kuva Steuler ($ 22) bikozwe hashingiwe kuri mas maswa ya totem hamwe n'imitako gakondo byimiryango nyafurika. Imiterere yo muri geometric yoroheje kandi itandukaniro risobanutse rituma habaho injyana n'imbaraga zidasubirwaho zifite inyamanswa.
Izina ry'ikusanyamakuru rya Savanna (Cerabati) iribwira ubwaryo. Nkaho amashyo ya giraffi nto, muri ticolive tile, yegamiye kuri kaburimbo hanyuma asiga igishushanyo mbonera cyuruhu. Avot munsi yikimenyetso rusange "Yin" Hariho amoko ya mimaliste atandukanye amoko ya kiyapani na nyafurika (Yin-Yang yavuye muri Marazzi).
Imigendekere n'ibicuruzwa bishya. Muri iki gihe, imiterere minini irakunzwe: 3040, 3060cm. Umuguzi asa nkaho agerageza kwibagirwa ko hashize imyaka 15-20 ishize, Tile yose yari ifite ibipimo bya cm 1010 na 1515. Byongeye kandi, igipimo giharanira igipimo cyuburebure kugeza ubugari 3: 1.
Mu 2001, ku imurikagurisha ry'ibitaliyani Cesseri, hantumwe hantu hateranira hafi gukusanya kwa pseudo. Wari ceramic tile ya 2020CM hamwe na pseudo-moderi ya celie kumwanya hamwe na cm 1 cyangwa 2. Kuzamura Mozatition Mozaivation, buri kintu cyahinduwe muburyo butandukanye nabandi. Mu Kwakira 2002, ibigo hafi ya byose byatangiye kubyara pseudomose nkinyuma. Byasobanuwe gusa: Uyu munsi Mosaic irazwi cyane, birumvikana ko, idashobora gukoresha abakora amabati gakondo. Usibye amabati meza, haribintu byinkingi zihagaritse kuri substrate ya flexible kugirango ubuso butunganijwe bushobore guhura. Gukubita imiterere yuzuye (abitwa Gamut Gamut yashyizwe ahagaragara na Mosaic nyayo) dufite urumuri rwa Tarina- $ 60 (Ubutaliyani), abakora bamwe batanga imitako ya Mose (Kurugero, gukusanya kwa renova kuva FAP).
Mu 2002, mu rukurikirane rwa Aleado wavuye mu masezerano (Ubutaliyani bwo muri Ariana (Eskima), Ceramica Bardelli (Ubutaliyani) n'izindi nyungu nyinshi zifite tile, zihimbaza neza. Amashusho yo gufotora yamabara kandi no kubyara ibishushanyo bikoreshwa muburyo bwo gusuzuma ubudodo. Dufate ko gutsinda bizatera imbere no mu 2003 mu byegeranyo by'abakora byose bizagaragara ku mafoto y'abantu cyangwa kubyara ibihangano kuri tile.
Ukwezi kumwe nigice cyashize, muri Mutarama 2003, ibyegeranyo bibiri byatanzwe muri imurikagurisha i Munich, bihuza icyerekezo bibiri mugutezimbere igishushanyo mbonera. Icyerekezo cya mbere kimaze gukubitwa ibintu bimwe na bimwe, ibi ni ibibanza cyangwa gukata byakozwe na hydrophic. Urugero rwibigaragaza ubu buryo rushobora kuba uruganda rwa metropol tile (Espanye), aho hari gufungura inyuma yinyuma, aho ushobora kwinjizamo ibintu biryoshye. Amababa hanyuma utemba mubahasha ya Steuler ntabwo atandukanijwe gukata ku nkombe za tile. Gukuramo inkombe, urashobora gushinga ikidodo cya Sinisoidel, gitandukanye cyane na gride gakondo y'urukiramende. Icyerekezo cya kabiri gishyirwa mu bikorwa mu mupaka uroroshye, usubiramo kontora ahantu muri Tile. Umubara wakozwe ukoresheje Leds yashyizwe mubyimbye mubikoresho biboneye. Metero enye zihora zihuza ibintu byumupaka bihujwe numuyoboro umwe wa voltage adapt.
Igishushanyo cy'inganda cy'Uburusiya kiracyari mu rubyiruko. Niba icyegeranyo gisanzwe kirimo guhitamo igicucu cya 4-5, ababikora murugo rwose. Igikorwa nyamukuru cyimbere mu gihugu "uyumunsi niterambere ryigishushanyo kibishinzwe kigufasha kuzamura ibiciro, hanyuma nyuma yibi, kugera ku nyungu zumusaruro no guteza imbere inganda. Ibisohoka murashobora kubisanga mugerageza kuzamura abashushanya, nkuko babikora muri "Chokol", cyangwa mu gukurura abanyamwuga b'Abataliyani, ubwo binjira mu "velor ceramics" na "velor" (Brar "kerama"). Ito ikindi kimaze kuzana imbuto zabo, kugirango umuguzi atagomba gutegereza imyaka mirongo.
Umugani w'igiciro
Ubwa mbere, kwerekana abaguzi ko ikiguzi cyo kurongora ubwiherero kizaboneka nkigisubizo cyo kugwiza ibicuruzwa byinyuma tile ku rukuta rwinkuta, ntabwo aribyo rwose. Akak Igiciro kimwe cyaciwe, aho ubwiherero bwawe busa nkubwiherero rusange? Gushyigikira gushushanya igiciro cya metero kare kandi kiziyongera byibuze 30% mugihe cyo gukoresha amabati yikirusiya, kandi kabiri nkuko byakoreshejwe mu mahanga. Ibi birasobanurwa nukuri ko tile yo gushushanya mubihe byinshi ifite agaciro inshuro 10 kurenza amateka mugihe kubara 1m2. Kurugero, ikintu gishimishije cyumusaruro wu Burusiya wubunini bwigiciro cya 620cm cyamadorari 1.2 mugihe kubara 1m2 bizatwara amadorari 96. Ito ku giciro cya "inyuma" 8 $. Kubijyanye n'amahanga, urashobora kubaka urukurikirane rw'imibanire y'ibiciro byo gucuruza hagati "inyuma" (1M2) / Bordur (1PC.): $ 11/1 3.5; $ 15/5; $ 20/8; $ 35/13. Birumvikana ko igice kinini cyaciwe, ahamanuka agaciro kayo kuri buri gice no hejuru yigiciro cyacyo.Uravuga ko umubano utaziguye hagati yigiciro cyingingo kugiti cye nigiciro cya nyuma cyo gutanga ntabwo. Reka dutanga urugero: 2M2 Amabati 2020cm ifite agaciro ka $ 20 kuri 1M2 iratandukanye na trob ya tile eshanu mubunini bwa 520cm, ku giciro cya $ 8. Nyuma yo gukora imibare yoroshye, tubona ubwiyongere bubiri bwibiciro byo gutanga muri rusange.
Menya ko amafaranga yihariye arengera ibijyanye no kwerekana amashusho ya kera kandi asebanya (ibice byimipaka, kwinjiza imbibi).
Icya kabiri, hari igitekerezo kirambye icyegeranyo cya kera cyakorewe ku ruganda ruto ahorahenze kuruta icyegeranyo rusange. Rimwe na rimwe ntabwo aribyo. Abakora bo mu mahanga cyane bakora "amateka", kandi ibintu byose byo gushushanya gucwa byateganijwe kubatanga ubufatanye, bityo igiciro cyibi bikoresho gihita kiriyongera. Inganda zoroheje zikomeza igiciro cyimitako ndende kugirango yongere inyungu. Kubwibyo, ntagereranywa bworoshye. Kunoza guhitamo, tekereza kugereranya muri rusange. Kurugero, ku kiguzi gito "inyuma" kuri decor y'uruganda rwa Marazzi birashobora kuba bihenze kuruta imitako yafashe muri Tagina.
Imiterere yimiterere yatumijwe amabati ya ceramic
| Ibigize mumiterere yibiciro | Sangira,% |
|---|---|
| Igiciro cy'amasezerano yo kwiga | 100 |
| Inshingano za gasutamo | cumi na batanu |
| Agaciro yongeyeho umusoro (ku giteranyo 100 + 15 = 115%) | makumyabiri |
| Ibiciro | 10-15 |
| Igiciro cyose, kwizirikana amafaranga yo gutwara no kwishyura gasutamo | 148-153 |
| Marleale Markup | 25-35 |
| Igiciro | 175-188. |
| Amafaranga yinjira mu bucuruzi | 10-25 |
| Igiciro cyo kugurisha | 185-213 |
Imigani
Abacuruzi benshi, basingiza ibicuruzwa byabo, vuga ibumba ryera, kurasa kabiri, bigereranya izi ngingo nziza kubicuruzwa bitangwa. Reka tugerageze gusobanura ibyo bibeshye.Tile ikozwe muri misuke itukura na misa yera cyane cyane. Misa ya Misa ikubiyemo ibumba ritukura cyangwa ryera, umucanga wa quarz na aluminilicilique ya calcium na magnesium (powet) na / cyangwa karubone. N'izina rya rubanda biragaragara ko itandukaniro nyamukuru rigomba kuba ryaka ryamabati yajugunywe. Imbere, bihindura umutuku-umukara, mucyatsi kibisi cyangwa urumuri rwa beige. Ibipimo nyamukuru byubaka byingirakamaro ceramic ni poroity, iteganya imbaraga zubukanishi nububiko bwibicuruzwa. Isumbabyorosori, nini cyane nimbaraga zamazi n'imbaraga nke. Ubwiza bwibikoresho byubukoriko burashobora kugereranywa no gusuzuma amazi.
Amabati arangiza aboneka ku bushyuhe bwa 900-1250c kuminota 40-70. Ni ku bushyuhe no mu gihe cyo kotsa biterwa n'ubupfura bwa tile, kandi ntabwo biva muri misa ya mbere cyangwa umubare wo gukaraba. Byongeye kandi, misa iraringiwe icyarimwe hamwe nubupfura (kimwe no kurasa) cyangwa bitandukanye (nkuko biri kuri bibiri) - ntacyo bitwaye. Iki nikibazo cyo gushyira mubikorwa tekinoroji itandukanye kugirango ugere kubisubizo bimwe. Gusa igiciro kirakura: Kubura byinshi ni amashanyarazi menshi - kuruta tile.
Rero, amabati yo kumurongo w'imbere ushingiye kuri misa itukura cyangwa yera yakozwe hakoreshejwe ibara rimwe cyangwa bibiri, ntaho bitandukaniye, kandi bitandukana, kandi bikubiye mu itsinda rimwe rya Biii kugera muri Esii kwihanganira . Ariko, ibumba ryera (kaolin) ni pulasi nyinshi kandi yemerera kubona ubunini bwiza. Byongeye kandi, mubihe bimwe, mugihe ukoresheje ibintu bisobanutse cyangwa amabati atavugwa, ibara ryishingiro ni ngombwa. Kubitsa Kalina biherereye mu Bufaransa, UBURENGANZIRA BW'UBURENGANZIRA BUKOMEYE, rero birahari rero ko ibumba ryera rikoreshwa cyane mu gutanga amabati ya ceramic.
Icya gatatu, imyizerere myiza yerekana ko Tile ya Espagne ihendutse Igitaliyani giterwa nuko amabati menshi yo muri Espagne atangwa ku isoko ryikirusiya nibicuruzwa byurwego rwagati nigituba. Mubikorwa byayo, ikoranabuhanga ryiza ridasaba ibiciro bidasanzwe bikoreshwa. Ariko, niba ugereranya igishushanyo nurwego rwibicuruzwa, bazagira agaciro kangana. Byongeye kandi, ukurikije komite ya gasutamo, buri mwaka icyuho kiri hagati y'ibiciro by'isezerano bigabanuka. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu 2002, ni 3,5%, bityo ntibigomba kuvuga ku giciro gikomeye.
Icya kane, mu masoko yubwubatsi, Tile ntabwo buri gihe bihendutse kuruta mububiko. Ibi ni ukuri kubicuruzwa byo murugo bishobora kugurwa bike kandi muburyo butaziguye. Nk'ubutegetsi, abagurisha bato basabye amabati yatumijwe mu buryo bugari cyane abatanga isoko cyane, bityo ntibishoboye gutsinda igiciro mububiko bwabagabye ubwabo. Byongeye kandi, ku isoko, urashobora guhura nikibazo aho udashobora gufata amabati hiyongereyeho yabuze cyangwa yamenetse.
Reka twizere ko inkuru yacu ngufi izagufasha kugenda vuba ku isoko rya ceramic kandi ntijyajya mu kabari, gashyirwa mu nzira y'abaguzi.
Urutonde rwabakorerwa abakora Ikirusiya rwa Ceramic Tile
| Izina ryuruganda | Akarere | Umusaruro ugereranije,% |
|---|---|---|
| CJSC "Velor" | Akarere ka Onyol | 17.7 |
| OJSC VILGOGRAD CEramic Chiramic | Agace volgome | icyenda |
| CJSC PKF "Igihingwa Cyijwi Cyijwi" | Akarere ka Voronezh | 7.6 |
| OJSC OSCCO ElectrometAllurgical Soine | Akarere ka Belgorod | 6.6. |
| DOAO "Igihingwa Cyibushakashatsi | Akarere ka Moscou | 6.8. |
| OJSC "Nephiric-ceramics" | Agace ka Lemingrad | 6,1 |
| OJSC "Gutera Ibicuruzwa bya Ceramic" | Uturere twa Sverdlovsk | 6,1 |
| Aoot "Falcon" | Akarere ka Moscou | 5,7 |
| OJSC "Stroyfarfor" | Agace ka Rostov | 6.9 |
| LLC "Kuchinsky Ceramico-Tile Igihingwa" | Akarere ka Moscou | 4.8. |
| CJSC "Twandikire" | Agace ka Lemingrad | 4,2 |
| CJSC "Quarz" | Agace ka Lemingrad | 2.6 |
| CJSC PSSOVKISOTOTOPOTOR | Agace ka PSKOV | 2,1 |
| CJSC "Cheboksarskaya Ceramics" | Repubulika ya Chuvash | 1,2 |
| CJSC Glebichevsky Igihingwa ceramic | Agace ka Lemingrad | 1.5 |
| LLC "Umusaruro nyamukuru" | Akarere ka Moscou | 1,6 |
| OJSC yo gukora ibikoresho byo kubaka "Nessovo" | Akarere ka Smolensk | 1.5 |
| CJSC Piastrla | Uturere twa Sverdlovsk | 1,7 |
| OJSC "BUNNOVSKY igihingwa cyibicuruzwa bya Ceramic" | Akarere ka Moscou | 2,3. |
| CJSC "Igihingwa ceramic ceramic" | Irkutsk | 0.9 |
| Osoo "Taz-ceramics" | Akarere ka Samara | 0.9 |
| Ukwakira Ceramic Tile na Porcelain Uruganda | Repubulika ya Bashkortostan | 0,6 |
| OJSC Trysteklo | Akarere ka Tver | 0.8. |
| CJSC "Tomsk itera ibikoresho bya Ceramic n'ibicuruzwa" | Tomsk | 0,3. |
| CJSC "KIROV STROYFARFOR" | Akarere ka Kaluga | 0.4. |
| Uruganda rwa Lipetk | Akarere ka Lipetsk. | 0 |
| LLC OP "Krasnoyarsktroymaterial" | Akarere ka Krasnoyarsk | 0.1. |
| LLC "Makhalinskoe" | Akarere ka Penza | 0.1. |
| OJSC "Bez" | Akarere ka Moscou | 0.1. |
| Byose | 100 |
Ndabashimira ubufasha bwawe mugutegura ibikoresho bya sosiyete "Umusaza Hottabych", "Porge Coramics", "Fortorg", GD "Giel", "seriveri" . Mugutegura amakuru yibikoresho, isesengura ryikigo cyubushakashatsi bwimibare no guhuza uburyo bwamasoko "ITCOR".