Memo kubakiriya bakomeye

Kora ku mushinga: ibisabwa mu mishinga y'ubukungu ku mahugurwa yubatsi, amashanyarazi n'ibyifuzo byo gusuzuma umushinga. Ingero zubuzima.

Dukora kumushinga

Noneho, urashaka gutuma inzu yawe nziza kandi nziza, kandi niba ufite amahirwe nkigihangano byubwubatsi bwisi. Ikibazo gikomeye cyane kuriyi nzira ni uguhitamo umwubatsi. Kei yahisemo gufata uburemere kimwe no guhitamo igice cya kabiri, kuko imbere yakozwe nimbaraga zihuriweho uzabaho, wenda imyaka myinshi. Byongeye kandi, bigomba gushyikirana bihagije kugirango tuvugane nubwubatsi, byibuze amezi atandatu mbere yumwaka (umushinga + umwanditsi). Kugena imiterere y'ibikorwa bihuriweho bihuriweho ni ibyiringiro no guhuza amarangamutima. Niba ukunda akazi kwubatsi, ariko mubyukuri ntumwizeye, nibyiza gushakisha undi. Ntamuntu ufite ubwishingizi bwo guhitamo, turasaba rero gukora amasezerano yubukwe azarokora amafaranga nigihe ukiri mubi.

Usibye igishushanyo cyiza cyamabara, umushinga wose wo gushushanya wuzuye ugomba kuba ufite ibikoresho bya tekiniki nkenerwa na tekiniki.

Gahunda y'ubwiherero (Reba Hejuru):	Reba Icyumba Cyubuzima:
	Kurohama. Gari ya moshi. Isuku. Kabino. Umusarani. Kwiyuhagira. Kwishyiriraho umwanda mu rukuta. Agasanduku. Kwishyiriraho imyanda muri podium ya mu kabari kaguka no muri corob y'ibinyoma gl.	Agasanduku ka Glk Podium munsi ya case ya douche (beto).

Kugirango utabiba mumitima yakomeretse yabagize ubwumvikane bwo gushidikanya mu bupfumu bwawe no kuba umubwiriza kuri bo hamwe n'imbaraga za gatatu (umugore, umugabo, umugabo, umugabo, umugabo, umugabo, umugabo -Ibinyanyi, banki), waguhaye inguzanyo yo gusana no gutsimbarara ku ruhande rwemewe. Ku iherezo ryimpera, abashakanye benshi mumico yinjira mumasezerano yubukwe kandi ntibabona umuntu ubabaye. Gusa birakenewe kwibuka ko niyo miterere ikomeye kandi ifite amayeri yamasezerano adashobora gushyirwaho nubwubatsi bugenzura kugirango buke igihangange. Noneho, reba mbere impano yose.

Bumwe mu buryo bwizewe bwo guhitamo icyifuzo cyabantu bakwegereye, umaze gutegurira iyi nyubako. Ubwa mbere, urashobora mu kirere cyisanzuye kandi ntibigeze gusuzuma ibyiza byose n'ibibi byatewe n'ibibazo nyabyo byakorewe mu bubiko, bikaba bigoye gukora hamwe n'iminota 10-20 y'amagorofa. Icya kabiri, baza inshuti cyangwa inshuti kubibazo byose byo gukorana nawe.

Niba udafite amahirwe nkaya, ukurikiza imikorere yo guhitamo isoko, ibisubizo byabyo bizaba umushinga wa sketch (forproek). Ingingo yo kureba, umubare mwiza w'abitabiriye isoko. Hamwe na babiri "abasaba" biragoye kumenya neza cyane, hamwe numubare w'abitabiriye amahugurwa, abarenga batatu basesengura imishinga bihinduka cyane. Kugeza ubu, inararibonye kandi, kubwibyo, ufite uruziga ruhamye rwabakiriya, abigenga cyangwa ibigo bidashoboka bitemera kwitabira amarushanwa kubuntu. Iterambere ryambere ryibanze noneho rigura amadorari 500 naho hejuru rero, gukora amasoko yubwubatsi kubantu batatu babishoboye uzakenera byibuze $ 1500. Nkibisubizo byamarushanwa ugomba kubona ibitekerezo bitatu byubatswe byinzu yawe, harimo:

1. ibishushanyo mbonera;
2. imiterere rusange;
3. Gahunda yo hasi, ibisenge, bikwira urukuta byerekana ubwoko bwo kurangiza ibikoresho;
4. Gushyira mu bikorwa ibikoresho byamazi, igikoni, gushyushya ibimenyetso;
5. Gahunda yo guhumeka no guhumeka.

Kubijyanye nigihe gikwiye kwishyurwa nuburyo bwo gusuzuma ibipimo (imishinga yubwubatsi bwa enormous) izavugwa hepfo.

Niba umukiriya atiteguye gukoresha amafaranga runaka yerekeye ubwuzu no kwizera ubushishozi bwe budashidikanywaho, hanyuma asura amahugurwa 5-7 yubwubatsi no gusoma ibisubizo byakazi kabo (atari mu mpapuro, ariko no mubintu nyabyo), Azashobora gukemura ikibazo cyo guhitamo. Duhereye ku murongo nk'uwo, ntukajye kure y'abashaka gutegura amarushanwa, gusa ibisubizo by'isesengura bizaba amahitamo y'abasaba benshi.

Urashobora gukuramo umurongo utangaza gutangaza isoko muri kimwe mu binyamakuru binini. Noneho abahanga bazagusanga, mugihe itangazo ritari nto cyane (guhera ku page 1/8) kandi zizerekanwa ko umuteguro wamarushanwa ari umukiriya wigenga. Benshi mubashinzwe gupimwa nubunararibonye bukarishye mumasoko yisosiyete nini no mumasoko ya leta, muburyo bwa leta, kimwe n'amategeko, ni inyuguti ye, uwatsinze azwi mbere. Amafaranga yo kwamamaza amatangazo yimiterere isabwa muri "Glossy" ibinyamakuru bigereranywa nigiciro cyamarushanwa. Ariko kuzigama muri iki kibazo ntibishoboka ko biba byiza, kubera ko amatangazo mato cyangwa amatangazo y'ibinyamakuru byo kwamamaza birashoboka ko bitarenze. Kubwibyo, niba bidashoboka gutanga itangazo ryuzuye, nibyiza kwiga umwubatsi byatangajwe mubinyamakuru bimwe no gusura amahugurwa yubatswe ubwayo.

Mugihe uhisemo abitabiriye amasoko, kwitabwaho bigomba kwishyurwa mubihe byinshi byubukungu nubukungu na tekiniki.

A. Ibisabwa mubufatanye nubukungu kubikoresha ubwubatsi

1. Gutegura ikintu cyawe gikwiye kubanyaga akorera mugihe cyo kureba. Bikunze kubaho ko uyu mwubazi amaze kureka cyangwa guhugira muyindi mishinga, hamwe nubuyobozi bwa sosiyete itanga undi mukora akazi utabonye.

2. Shakisha ibigize umushinga wanyuma hamwe na buri sosiyete kubagereranya hagati yabo. Ni ngombwa niba igice cyubwubatsi rwinjira, cyangwa uyu ni umushinga wubatswe gusa; Nibihe bice biboneka mugice cyubuhanga; Ese Isosiyete ikora guhuza uburyo bwo gucumura. Sogoma 2002. Igiciro gikurikira cyateye imbere mu isoko rya serivisi zumushinga kugirango ukemure amazu (Hafi yimbere: Ubwubatsi + bwo gutoranya ibikoresho + "imiyoboro itoroshye, amazi, guhumeka hamwe no guhumeka no guhumeka):

   • Abikorera (ibinyabiziga badafite impushya, kuko bihenze kuri bo) - $ 20-30 kuri 1M2;
   • Ibigo byubatswe (Impumi nke zo Gushushanya) - $ 40-100 kuri 1M2;
   • Ati: "Abamamaji" bazwi cyane (mubisanzwe badafite impushya, kuko badatekereza ko ari ngombwa kubafungura, bafite amateka atangaje) - kuva $ 100 kuri 1m2.

   Mu masezerano hamwe n'ubwubatsi, birakenewe gushyiramo ingingo y'ubugenzuzi bw'umwanditsi. Hariho byibuze impamvu ebyiri zituma ubugenzuzi bwumwanditsi bukenewe. Umugete wambere wubugenzuzi bwumwanditsi utamenyereye ko umukiriya azakosora mumishinga amakosa yemerewe. Umwubatsi wa kabiri uzarwanya cyane umushinga kubaka uwubaka, kandi kugerageza koroshya bizakorwa nigihe cyorohereza ibyabo. Igiciro cyo kugenzura umwanditsi gitangirana $ 150 buri kwezi mugihe usuye ikintu cyubatswe 1 ubiba icyumweru.

   Niba isosiyete ikora gusa igice cyubwenge, igomba kwitondera ko "ibice" byumuntu ku mushinga kumwanya ugereranije kuri 100m2 bizatwara:

   • amashanyarazi- $ 300-700;
   • Imiyoboro yo hasi-yubu- $ 100-200;
   • Amazi (gutanga amazi + imyanda) - $ 100-300;
   • Guhanganira Logiasi, balconies- $ 100-300;
   • Guhumeka no guhumeka- $ 200-400.

   Kwemerwa muri MVK (komisiyo yo gusubiza mu karere k'akarere kawe) yo gucuranga cyane (urugero, gufungura mu rukuta rwabatwara, hejuru, n'ibindi), ETC.), ETC.), ETC.), ETC. Barkers ihendutse). Ibyemezo birebire bifitanye isano cyane cyane nukuntu inama za MVK zinyura inshuro 1 ku kwezi, ni ngombwa gutangira hakiri kare bishoboka. Umugabane wintare wiciro wemerwa nigiciro cyumushinga wo kuzamura umushinga. Ikigaragara ni uko abanditsi b'umushinga Mukuru bo munzu bafite uburenganzira bwo gutabara muburyo bwo gushyigikira, aho ufite umunezero wo kubaho, cyangwa mu kigo cyihariye muri Moscou (niba inzu idasanzwe ishaje kandi igasanga umwanditsi y'umushinga we ntibishoboka). Ni ukuvuga, hariho monopoly hamwe ningaruka zose zingaruka zingaruka zamafaranga. Ubwayo, umushinga wo gushimangira ni ikintu gito. Ariko niba ugerageza "kumwishimira" wenyine kandi kumugaragaro, noneho birashoboka cyane ko uzabuzwa gusa kugirango ugire uburenganzira bwo kwitwaza impungenge kubyerekeranye n'ubusugire bw'inyubako.

   Muri rusange, ikibazo cyo kwivanga mu nzego zishyigikira inzu gifite uruhushya 3. Ubwa mbere, hamwe nubwubatsi, shaka uburyo, usanzwe utanga ibyifuzo byawe, ariko ukakwemerera kureka guhuza inzego zishyigikira ("bihendutse kandi zirakaye"). Icya kabiri, hamagara isosiyete yihariye kumafaranga yavuzwe haruguru ("bihenze, yego mwiza"). Iya gatatu ni injeniyezi yujuje ibyangombwa bizerekana ko inzobere mu kigo cyerekana uburyo bwawe butabangamira inyubako (abashaka abashaka amarangamutima). Turashobora gukeka gusa igiciro cyerekeye igiciro cyikibazo nigihe cyo kubishyira mubikorwa. Nubwo hari urubanza rumwe rwo kwibuka mugihe isosiyete yihariye idashobora guhuza imyifatire rugoye, kubera ko abashushanya inzego badashaka gufata inshingano no kugora ubuzima bwabo hamwe no kubara bikomeye. Ikintu mu rwego rwo kureba umukiriya cyaguye wenyine gitunguranye cyakuwe mu mirimo ye bijyanye no kuvugurura umukandida wa siyansi, bose basuzumye neza, bakururwa mu kigo cya MANONE. Irabigura umukiriya inshuro 3 ihendutse kuruta uwahohotewe. Ariko urubanza rwibi ni ukugaragara ku butegetsi rusange kandi ubu birashoboka, kubera ko abakandida nkabo basaba siyanse basuzumwa kandi basuzumwa bihagije. Ariko, niba wowe ubwawe ufite uburezi bwubwubatsi ...

   Buri gihe ni byiza gutumiza igice cyubwubatsi na tekiniki yumushinga ahantu hamwe. Niba architect ukunda cyangwa ihamye idakora igice cya tekiniki, igomba kwitondera ko ikiguzi cya "Ubwubatsi" byibuze 20% yikiguzi cyigice cyubwubatsi. Byongeye kandi, uzajyanwa mu masasu hagati y'imiryango yombi yigenga - umwanditsi w'umushinga wubatswe hamwe n'umwanditsi w'igice cy'ubwubatsi. Buri shyaka rizerekana neza uburenganzira, nkigisubizo ushobora gutakaza umwanya munini nimitsi, kandi igitekerezo cyambere cyubatswe kizahinduka birenze kumenyekana kubera imipaka yose.

Kugirango ibi bitabaho

1. Imirimo yo kwishyura igomba kugabanywa mu ntambwe:

   • Imbere (nibyiza 25%, nubwo ubushishozi busanzwe busaba 50% muri rusange);

   • 50% byamafaranga yose nyuma yumushinga usohozwa hamwe nigice cyubwubatsi (ntacyo bitwaye kuba abakozi bo mu mahugurwa cyangwa umuryango wa gatatu uzasohora) no kwemezwa kumugaragaro yo gucumura muri Ingero zifatika (ntakibazo niba amahugurwa azakora ibi cyangwa agomba gukoresha serivisi yabandi); Iki cyiciro gishobora kugabanywamo ibirenge bibiri bingana (po25%): Icya mbere, nyuma yo kurangiza igice cyubwubatsi, icya kabiri - nyuma ya "Ubwubatsi" no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza no guhuza;

   • 25% by'amafaranga yose nyuma yo kwakira umushinga gukora umuryango wubwubatsi ufite icyerekezo giteganijwe mu cyerekezo cyagenwe mu masezerano, kigomba kugisa nkibi:

     Ati: "Uyu mushinga urashobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa byuzuye mu rwego rw'inyubako ahora kuri ____________. Igiciro cyose cyo kubaka no kurangiza ibikorwa cyangwa bidashobora guhinduka niba umukiriya azaba Ntuhindure umushinga wakozwe. Imirimo yiyemeje gusohoza _____ nyuma y'amezi make nyuma yo kubona iterambere ryabandi. Igiciro cyo gukemura ibibazo byose byubwubatsi na tekiniki bibura. Kurenga ku bibazo bitateganijwe mu gushyira mu bikorwa mu bikorwa byayo byo kuyashyira hamwe hamwe n'ubwubatsi butarinze ikiguzi nigihe cyimikorere. "

   Birumvikana ko abubatsi n'abamwubatsi ntibazishimira amagambo nkaya, ariko niba ari inzobere hamwe babishoboye, ntacyo bafite cyo gutinya. Abavuga baruta ubucuruzi na bose, ntibazashobora gukoresha amafaranga nigihe kandi byose bigomba kugarura. Kuri umwubatsi mwinshi mubinyoma byawe mumasezerano nawe byaba byiza byerekana igihe ntarengwa cyo guteza imbere igice cyubwubatsi bwumushinga, guhuza hamwe nimpushya no guhitamo umuryango wubwubatsi. Kuri "Ubwubatsi" bwo mu nzu buciriritse bukunze gufata ibyumweru 4-6, ku bufatanye bwo gufungura mu rukuta rwabakishijwe inkuta no guhuzagurika - amezi 1.5-3, kugeza ku guhitamo umuryango wubwubatsi - Ibyumweru 2-4. Rero, kugena igihe ntarengwa ni uguhuza MVK. Ariko irazigama icyo ishobora gutangira icyarimwe hamwe nububiko bwubwubatsi, kubera ko igitekerezo cyagushushanyaga inzu gisanzwe gisanzwe mu byumweru bibiri byambere. Nyuma yibyo, ni byiza guhita ukora gahunda ya gahunda yo gucungura neza mubyiringiro byo kubona ibyemezo byose icyarimwe hamwe nubushake bwa nyuma bwumushinga.

   Birumvikana ko ingamba ziri hejuru zitazagukiza amakosa yubatswe, ariko bazafasha kumenya aya makosa mbere yuko imari igerageza kubishyira mu bikorwa no kuzigama amafaranga yawe n'imitsi. Byongeye kandi, uzagira amakuru yuzuye kubyerekeye ikiguzi nigihe cyo gushyira mubikorwa ibitekerezo byubatswe kandi, nibiba ngombwa, gushobora koroshya umushinga.

   Igomba kumenyeshwa niba umuryango wubwubatsi udafite ubushakashatsi burambuye bwumushinga yemera gusinya amasezerano n'amasezerano yagenwe. Birashoboka cyane ko ukorana nabadari aho badasanzwe batumva ibyo babigizemo uruhare. Irakangurira byibuze, gutakaza umwanya kumirimo yo kwitegura, mugihe cyamakosa yubatswe azamenyekana (reba-kureba hepfo). Ariko mugihe cyo gusobanura iki bihe, uzahita wishyura imirimo iboneye nibikoresho kandi mu buryo bwikora bizakoreshwa cyangwa muburyo bugoye bwo gukuraho amafaranga, cyangwa muburyo bugoye bwo gukuraho ibitagenda neza muri umwubatsi n'abamwubatsi nta kiguzi. Niba ikiguzi cyo guhindura ari ngombwa, noneho inzira nziza irashoboka gusa. Ubwubatsi - Isosiyete yubwubatsi irashobora gufunga, ababishinzwe hamwe nubwubatsi babuze muburyo bwawe hamwe nibihombo byose biva hano. Ibikorwa byihariye bikunze kuyobora abubatsi babigize umwuga mbere yo kwakira umushinga no gusinya amasezerano numukiriya bizasuzumwa muburyo burambuye, kandi noneho bizasubira mububatsi.

2. Amasezerano akomeye agomba gutomorwa hamwe na buri wese mu bitabiriye amarushanwa yubwubatsi mugihe habaye intsinzi yayo mu isoko, kandi anagaragaza kandi ibice byumushinga. Kwishura isoko kugirango batsinde bikubiye muri rusange igishushanyo mbonera.

B. Amashanyarazi Yumushinga nibyifuzo byo gusuzuma

Sisitemu irashyushya icyarimwe: izaganira ku gusuzuma igice cya tekiniki n'ikoranabuhanga cy'umushinga. Imyumvire y'uruhande rw'ubuhanzi n'uruhererekane rw'irema ni ibintu bifatika, ndetse n'abanyamwuga bakunze kumvikana icyarimwe. Tuzaganira kubintu bifatika kandi tudashidikanywaho.

Igishushanyo cyumuyoboro wamazi, abubatsi ntabwo bibeshya kubibi, ahubwo ni ugusobanura. Cyangwa kuba mubikorwa byo guhanga, mugihe bidashoboka rwose kwitondera uburemere bwose nkubwihangano bwo kurwana no kutagira indege mu nzu runaka, hakenewe indege zidasanzwe muri buri munyururu muri buri munyururu, ntabwo ari ukudaharanira Icyifuzo cyo guhisha umuyoboro wa ower mu rukuta rwitwara ... kandi ni iyihe miyoboro ihari iyo igeze itarenze igihangano cyubwubatsi bwisi! Ariko duhereye ku biciro by'amafaranga kandi by'agateganyo kugira ngo bigaragaze "Stedev" ibi bifite akamaro kanini. Rimwe na rimwe rero ni byiza kugabanya umwubatsi kubera ibicu kubice byicyaha. Ibipimo bikurikira kubuhanga bubishinzwe bubifite ubumuga buzagufasha kandi mubihe byububiko (mugihe basesenguye imirimo yabanjirije).

Reka dutangire dupima ibikoresho. Kubwimpamvu runaka, bizera ko imiterere ari ibipimo byubwoko "4721mm", umwubatsi ninzobere yujuje ibyangombwa kandi yuzuye "." Ntutangazwe noneho ko umushinga nkuwo udashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa muburyo bwiza. Abamwubatsi nyabo babigize umwuga ntibazitaho imikorere yumurimo wa "gukura kwishusho", batayizanye ibipimo bya tekinoroji, nyuma yubwubatsi bushobora guhinduka cyane.

"Gutandukana byemewe n'uburebure nyabwo" ku buryo busanzwe bwa roulettes (icyiciro cya gatatu cyiza) ku bunini 4721mm ni 1.2mm (gost 7502-98). Ito "ku bushyuhe bw'imboro ya 20c hamwe n'impagarara za kaseti yo gupima hamwe n'imbaraga za 101n" (amagambo avuye mu nzira imwe). Ni ukuvuga, kabone niyo byaba bubahiriza ibi bihe byiza byose, ubunini bwa "4721mm" mugihe dupima hamwe na roulette imwe irashobora kuba ingana na 4719.2mm, undi - 472m. Gushushanya bigomba kongeramo ikosa ritaziguye (1mm) hamwe nikosa ridasanzwe ryatewe no gupima ibipimo bigoye (urwego rugororotse rudakurikizwa na "finham" nubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe). Igisubizo giboneka ko kwimura igenamigambi kuva ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'ikintu gifashijwe na roulettes isanzwe mu gihe cy'ubwubatsi busanzwe bwo kubaka neza, ibirenze 5mm, ntibishoboka. Ito imenyesha impamyabumenyi yo mu bushobozi bwo hasi, ariko ibyerekeye ukuri gukabije, uwubatswe agomba kuzirikana. Nyuma ya byose, kugirango ubone ubwubatsi bwiza, ntabwo ari ngombwa gushuka umutwe kubaka hamwe na milimetero. Niba muburyo bumwe bwo kugena ingano bigomba gukurwaho hamwe nukuri kwa milimeter, umushinga ukeneye kwibanda kuri ibi. Kugirango rwiyemezamirimo mu kigereranyo cyo kugereranya icyogajuru n'ibikoresho, kandi umukiriya yize hakiri kare ibiciro biri imbere (umwanya). Noneho, mugihe ugenzura umushinga nibyiza kuzirikana:

Ingingo ya 1.

Nibyiza, niba igenamigambi (ritangwa muri milimetero) rirangira kuri "0" cyangwa "5".

Noneho kubyerekeye kwihanganira kwihangana. Gutera imbaraga cyangwa kubangamira urugo, kwitonganya ibikorwa bya geometrike mu nzu ya 100m2 ni santimetero (ushishikajwe nibisobanuro, ashobora gufungura amakuru ajyanye). Gushyigikira impamyabumenyi nke z'abakozi bahendutse "abanyamahanga", iyi deciations irashobora kwiyongera kuri santimetero icumi. Kurugero, hatandukanye na santimetero 10-15-saigonal muri Digonial Sliater "agasanduku" - ntabwo ari gake. Gutandukana 3-5-Centimeter kuva guhagarikwa kurukuta hamwe nisahani itambitse yo guhuzagurika murashobora kuboneka mugihe hafi ya buri nzu.

Ibi bintu kubwimpamvu zimwe na zimwe zibangamira abubatsi. Mubisanzwe bajya gupima gusa hamwe nigipimo cya kaseti. Ibipimo bikozwe gusa mu ngingo ebyiri cyangwa eshatu zo gufunga imiterere kandi ntizihagije rwose kurukuta cyangwa icyapa (Ishusho 1, 2). Nkingingo, abubatsi badafite icyifuzo (igipimo cyizewe kizakenera iminsi 2-3), cyangwa ibikoresho (kumazi, kurwego rwamazi hamwe nuburebure bwa hose "kugirango batere" kandi "kurwego rwa" " cy'ikintu. Ijambo "kugira" risobanura kugenzura uhagaritse inkuta, inkingi, n'ibindi. "Gukubita" ni ukugenzura isahani itambitse yo kurenganya, ibiti, nibindi. Gusobanukirwa ibintu bigoye nukuri mubikorwa byakazi, abubatsi bakoresha serivisi zibigo byihariye bifite ibikoresho byuzuye kubikoresho. Ibitaro, ubu buryo nabwo ntigitanga ingwate yuzuye kumakosa. Nibyiza, niba inzobere yisosiyete zibereye ibipimo neza, ariko akenshi ntibisanzwe nigihe. Isuzumamiye umurimo wakozwe rirashoboka gusa muburyo bwo kubaka mugihe hagaragaye amakosa. Amafaranga yisosiyete muri iki gihe yamaze kwishyurwa kandi kuva "ruswa yoroshye".

Kuraho ingaruka "mbi" kumushinga wibipimo bitari muburyo bubiri:

1. Kugerageza kurushaho gutekerezwa no gupima neza.
.
2. Kubahiriza igishushanyo mbonera cy'amabwiriza No 2.

Ingingo ya 2.

Ingano iyo ari yo yose hamwe n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo igomba kuba ifite "gusubira inyuma" muri santimetero nkeya (ubusanzwe inyuma ishyirwaho mubyimbye bya plaster, yashyizwe mubyimbye ya plaster, yashizeho ishyari rya plaster, yashushanyijeho, plywood nibindi byingenzi byo kurangiza). Urunigi urwo arirwo rwose rugomba kugira byibuze "ubuntu" bumwe (cyangwa "ubunini hamwe na asterisk"), bibabaza umushinga birashobora guhinduka muri cm 5-10.

Ihumure ryikibazo cyasobanuwe haruguru ryemejwe nukuntu imyaka 20 yumurimo wo gusana, Umwanditsi wiyi mirongo ntabwo yigeze ahura nibishushanyo mbonera no gutegura byashimangiye mugihe cyubwubatsi. Kuri buri kigo, ibisasu byihuta biraturika, byashyizwe kumurongo mubipimo no kubisubizo byikoranabuhanga. Kurugero, dutanga ibibazo bibiri biranga.

Igishushanyo imwe Ingamba hamwe nimpapuro (a) zakozwe nubwubatsi, ibipimo hamwe na indangagaciro (p) nukuri. C, inkuta zabantu ba Dernolit zimara ku nguni zirenga 90	Igishushanyo.2 A- Gutwara Monolithic Monolithic, Dr binyuze mu bisanduku bifatika, ibice byateguwe, c, b, inkuta za m- monolithic

Mu gishushanyo cya 1, 2, urwego rwumwimerere kandi ruhuriweho kandi ruhuje rwashyizwe kumurongo urangwa ninyuguti "a", ibipimo nyabyo bya "p". Hariho kandi ahantu habipimo. Igishushanyo1 cyerekana ko gishushanya zone yinzu yubusa igenamigambi munzu nshya. Ku burenganzira, ku muryango, agasanduku kafite icy'icyuma n'insinga zagombaga gushyirwa inyuma ya NYMque y'irinjira hanze, yakozwe n'itegeko mu Butaliyani. Umwubatsi yari akozwe mu gupima 3-kwizera (ahantu berekanwa ku gishushanyo) ku rukuta rw'umuryango w'imbere, rutandukanye muri 5mm gusa, kugeza kuri ntoya yahambiriye urwego rw'amasuka. Inkuta za Monolithic ziriho hamwe nigisenge cyahisemo kutavoma, ahubwo bikarishye gusa, nkuko bigaragara neza. Geirbox yashizweho kuva yumye. Dukurikije kontour hagati y'urukuta, igisenge n'Inama y'Abaminisitiri, i Gap yanduye 5mm yarateguwe.

Abubatsi bakoze imirimo ikenewe, yihanganira ibishushanyo mbonera, ubwubatsi bwabigenzuye kandi bwemewe. Imyenda yanduye "yaje" kuva mu Butaliyani. Ariko igihe batangiye kuyubaka, byagaragaye ko igice cya kabiri kitaranyura mu burebure, kubera ko igisenge gitwikiriye kirahari "gikiza" kigera kuri 13mm bijyanye n'aho gupima. Nabwirijwe gusenya Inama y'Abaminisitiri, shakisha byihutirwa amahugurwa, adatinya "gutembera" akabari kayo kari kanduye 13mmm, nta wangiza ibicuruzwa. Biragaragara ko nyuma yo gutabara ba shebuja homent, igishushanyo cy'abaminisitiri mu Butaliyani nticyateye imbere. Umukiriya yamaze kwicisha bugufi nigihe cye kandi akareba gusa, nkuko biri mu nzu "yarwanyo yongeye gusukurwa, bihumura no gusiga irangi. Umukiriya yaturikiye gusa mugihe ibintu byose byari byiteguye "kwifuza cyane, Aon na none" hafi "- ubu mubugari. Tuzagabana amazina adasanzwe, inyito ninshinga umukiriya yahawe ubuntu nubwubatsi, agasubira kuruhande rwa tekiniki y'urubanza.

Byaragaragaye ko nta nzu ya 90 hagati y'abatwara urukuta na d, inguni yari igicucu ku buso bwa 20mm (ku buso bw'imbere bw'urukuta) mu masangano yabo. Urukuta rwa Proskisitani agasanduku k'abamwubatsi b'amashanyarazi baranzwe n'inkuta. Kubwibyo, uru rukuta rwari munsi ya D (Abaminisitiri Docoons). Kubwibyo, urukiramende rwurukiramende rwibiminisitiri ntibushobora guhuza na reslelogramu. Ibintu byose ntibyaba biteye ubwoba niba inkuta nigiti bitari monolithic (fitrings fittings yakinguye nyuma ya beto ya 50mm) cyangwa byibuze baranditse. Noneho ibipimo bya icy'icche mu maminisitiri byagira abanditsi bahagaritse kandi utambitse (soma Inomero ya 2), yemerera kutikora ku bikoresho ubwabyo. Byongeye kandi, mugihe ushyiraho urumuri rwa plaque, abubatsi rwose babona rwose "kunyeganyega" igisenge, igice cyikibazo cyakurwaho. Ariko inkuta no guhuzagurika kwari gare kandi ikabije. Kubwibyo, byari ngombwa gusenya agasanduku k'ububiko bwa plaquents hamwe ningaruka zose zakurikiyeho, harimo muri leta yabakiriya.

Ikintu gishimishije cyane nuko yagombaga kwimurira icyumweru cyicyumweru ibiri gusa mugutanga ikintu nimvune zumuco, ahubwo no kwishyura ibibaye byose, nkuko abubatsi bahanganye nibipimo byateguye, kandi kubwubatsi Byashobokaga gufata amafaranga yabo, yamaze igihe kinini yakiriye kandi yishyura ikiguzi ntabwo yashakaga "kudoda amafaranga by'agateganyo." Inkunga hamwe na We kubera amadolari magana menshi abakiriya babonaga ko bitari ngombwa.

Igishushanyo cya 2 kizadufasha kumva ikindi kibazo gisanzwe kidashimishije, kidafite ububabare "kibabaza" gishobora kugira ubunini bwa "ubuntu" mu munyururu (reba nimero ya 2). Ingorabahizi ni kimwe no mu gishushanyo1, kandi nanone byerekanaga akarere k'intwaro mu nzu. Kwivanga nyamukuru kubwubatsi byari "guhumeka" (mu magorofa yose) kandi bitwaje monolithic. Nyuma yo kubabaza igihe kirekire, igitekerezo gifite umwanya wimuka neza muri koridoro, igikoni hamwe nicyumba cyo kubaho gitandukanijwe nihoro yonyine yavutse kandi iganahe modari. Mu gikoni no muri koridoro, hafashwe umwanzuro wo gushyira tile mu cyumba cy'ubuzima - Parquet. Umurongo wibice byubukorikori na parquet bigomba kugira igiceri hamwe na axis yoroshye. Nibyo, igice kiva muri koridoro kugera mu gikoni cyabonetse gato, ariko kiracyahuye ku ruhame ntarengwa cyemewe ukurikije ibipimo bya 850mm. Igice no gutera uruzitiro rwamasanduku ventilation rwafashwe icyemezo cyo gukora amatafari na shuffle. Iclande yabereye mu Budage yategetse Inama y'Abaminisitiri. Ubugari bwacyo bubarwa, bukuraho ibimenyetso 3050mm z'ubugari bwa plaster yoroshye (20mm), ubugari bwa plasters (80m), icyuho cyikoranabuhanga (10mm) na umubyimba wa plaster (20mm). Igipimo kimwe kiri hagati y'urukuta n'ikintu cyoroshye cyasaga naho gihagije, cyane cyane ko abandi bakuru mu bipimo bibujije uruzitiro rwa Ventuclebs.

Iyo abubatsi basebye uru ruzitizi kandi bagerageza kohereza ibishya, byaragaragaye ko ubworoherane butabangikanye. Intera hagati yabo, yapimwe kuri Trototov ihanze, yatandukanijwe na 50mm: 3050 na 3000mm (reba ibyaha.2). Byongeye kandi, umutagatifu yari "wuzuye" yerekeza ku rukuta kuri 20mm, kubera ko abivuga ati: "Kubera ko," yariye "umuswa yose ya plaster biroroshye. Ntibyashobokaga gukubitwa inkuta - nyuma y'uko venturobov ishaje ishaje, gutandukana kwayo bidasanzwe mu ndege. Ibyo nogushushanya kwa plaque 20m byahindutse bike, nagombaga kurasa ruto. Gabanya intera iri hagati ya na e ntiyemereye ibipimo n'abakiriya.

Inzira yoroshye yo muriki kibazo irasa nkiyubakwa ibiganiro bisa no guhobera urukuta rwibintu byabajijwe. Santimetero nyinshi z'amatafari, "irabagirana" icyarimwe kuri ventcourt, irashobora gukomanga. Ariko ntabwo ariho hose kugirango uve kumugozi kuri tile. Wedge ntabwo ari ababana na seam tile (imbaho, parquet riveting) urukuta (cyangwa ibikoresho), ni ukuvuga intera itandukanye kurukuta rwayo. Iyo imiterere yuburinganire ifitanye isano yoroshye, ubugari bwumugozi ku rukuta yari mm 120, kurukuta na M- 50m. Iyo biranga, bibangikanye urukuta kurugero ruzaba 50mm (reba Cris.2). Kuri tile mubunini 2020cm, ibi, byumvikane bitemewe.

Birumvikana ko muri iki gihe, Abadage bamaze gutangira gukora Inama y'Abaminisitiri kandi banze banze guhindura ibipimo byayo. Ubunini bwonyine mumurongo aho byashoboka kubona 5cm yabuze, yahindutse kuba umurima wigice. Kubwibyo, nubwo amatafari kandi imvange yumye yari yamaze kugurwa kandi igenwa nikintu, igice cyatoranijwe kugirango gikore umubyimba wa 160 - 50 = 110mm kuva kumurika, kandi byoroshye kwitwara kubiranga inkuta. Noneho tekereza gutakaza:

• Itandukaniro riri hagati yigiciro cyo kugura hamwe no kugurisha amatafari:

  1200pcs.1.3 Rables. = 1560 .;

• Kubwibyo, imvange yumye:

  Ibikago 25. = Amafaranga 500;

• Ubwikorezi: amafaranga 1500;
• Gupakurura no gupakurura akazi: amafaranga 1600.

  Byose: 5160.

Nkuko bisanzwe, nishyuye umukiriya. Gutakaza amafaranga no kwiyongera mu gihe ntarengwa cyo igihe ntarengwa cy'imirimo y'akazi ke ntabwo byarambabaje cyane, ikintu nyamukuru nuko ikibazo cyakemutse.

Ariko byarahindutse intangiriro. Gypsum Coils yashizwemo ibice no kuzunguruka, gutanga amazi gusa kubona gahoro gahoro. Iyo ugerageje kurohama umuyoboro wa drain uva mu nkike mu nkuta, navumbuye ingufu muri yo. Urukuta rwaranze kuba umwikorezi, gabanya uko ushimangira- Ntabwo nitaye kubyo wabonaga igituba. Cyane cyane ko inzu yari mu igorofa rya gatatu ryinyubako yububiko.

Na none, byari ngombwa gushakisha info 35m (muri rusange, diameter ya PVC umuyoboro wa PVC muri Squab - 60mm, ariko yarokoye 20mm plaster hamwe na 10mm places hamwe no gushimangira). Isnov ahantu honyine hashobora kuboneka, byagaragaye ko ari umubyimba wibice. Twahisemo gucamo ibice, gusimbuza umwirondoro wa 75 ku ya 50 hanyuma ukore trim imwe. Urukuta rwambaye ubusa kuri 35mm kugirango uhishe umuyoboro urwaye. Kschastina kubwawe, umukiriya kubyerekeye ntacyo yakoze. Umwubatsi yemeje abubatsi kugira ngo asubize byose ku kiguzi cye, asezeranya kuzabazanira ibintu bizaza no gufunga amaso ku nenge zimwe mu mico ifite ubuziranenge. Ubwubatsi buke cyane bubukwa mubuzima:

Ingingo ya 3.

Mu rukuta rwo kubyara kuva kuri beto ya monolitte, umwanda n'amazi ntibishobora guhisha. Ntabwo tuzongera kunirwa abasomyi bafite ingero ziva mubuzima kandi tutange ibindi byifuzo gusa kubishushanyo mbonera byubaka inzira yo kubaka no guhindura.

Amategeko nimero ya 4.

Nibiche Mubikorwa bigomba gukorwa hamwe nibice bihuye kugirango bishyireho (byerekanwe muri bourure ibikoresho).

Amategeko nimero 5.

Ibice bishya byateguwemo kumazi, imyanda nindi itumanaho byihishe, bigomba kugira ubunini butuma ubushobozi bwabo bwo gutwara hamwe nubusabane bwibyumba bifitanye isano.

Itegeko rya 6.

Ahantu hogurwa hirya no hino kandi bihumeka bigomba kugira ibipimo bikwemerera gushyira ibi bice gusa, ahubwo binavugaho, imiyoboro yindege, gukoresha imbaraga), kwizirika kuri tekinoroji ya kunama.

ITEGEKO RY'IMPAMVU 7.

Mugihe ushushanya ibintu bisesetse, gufunga hamwe nindi itumanaho, ni ngombwa gusuzuma ibipimo byumwirondoro wo kuzamura plaskisitani.

Itegeko 8.

Hamwe no gushyiramo ibikoresho byikoranabuhanga (mumibare iriho), kwinjira no gusana bigomba kubihabwa.

Amategeko 9.

Itara rya Halogen ryinjijwe mu gisenge cyahagaritswe, gishyushye n'ibikoresho byakamba (ifuro, ifuro, ubushyuhe n'abandi), bigomba kutwitangwamo ibijyanye no kutugiramo insulasion.

Itegeko 10.

Ubunini bwa "cake" yo kwinjiza parapet ya loggia (umushinga + brown + 2 sec catttoctorton) igomba kuba byibura 100mm.

Ingingo №11.

Guhuza Santekoprimirizo kumazi no kunyuranya (imyanda yubunini) bigomba gutondekwa kumushinga kandi bigashyikirizwa ikintu mugitangira imirimo yubwubatsi, kubera ko gaskets itumanaho ikorwa mbere na mbere. Iyi gahunda iraboneka muri acliers yibikoresho bikwiye. Module y'ibikoresho by'isuku, byanditse ku rukuta (bimwe bivanze by'umuyoboro wo kwiyuhagira, ubwogero, sisitemu yo kwishyiriraho ibikombe byo mu musarani, n'ibindi) bigomba guhabwa ikintu mbere yo gutangira guhobera.

Kuri amategeko yose yavuzwe haruguru, ongeraho umuburo wumuyaga "Umuyaga":

Ibibazo bitateganijwe kandi bihanitse biri muri bo inzira yo gushyira mu bikorwa ibintu byihariye by'ubwubatsi ndetse n'abigize imbere, mu bidukikije byitwa "ibikorwa bidashira.). Hariho ibibazo byose bizasuzumwa mu kiganiro gitandukanye. Noneho tuzabuza kwibutsa ko kurema imwe "zidasharuka" ni nto kandi yoroshye kureba, akenshi birenga ikiguzi cyo kurangiza icyumba cyose.

Turizera ko inkuru zacu zizaba ingirakamaro nabakiriya nububatsi. Ndashaka ko batatinya ingorane, gusoma iyi ngingo, kandi bagahuza gusa imico ikomeye kumushinga.