Amasahani ya porcelain: Amateka y'ibibaho; Ibirango bya kijyambere bya porcelain nziza; Ibintu bigena agaciro k'isahani.
"Umurusiya mushya" yinubira undi ati: "Naguze undi munsi vase ya farcelain ya era, kandi ndatekereza - Ubushinwa bwanyerera!"
Mubyukuri, abantu bose bazi ko farcelain yahimbye mubushinwa. Imyaka ibiri, abami b'Abashinwa bari "abategetsi bihariye" amasahani ya poropani mu isi yagati. Mbega ukuntu ibyifuzo bingahe byatsi bizengurutse ibanga ryibi bintu byoroshye! Ariko Abashinwa bashoboye kubahiriza amabanga, kandi Abanyaburayi ntibasize, uburyo bwo gukingura ibitekerezo byabo kugirango bakore ibibuga bya percelain. Ibi byabereye mu gikari cy'umwami w'abami wa Saxon Kanama mu 1708. IVSTYO mu Budage mu Budage, hanyuma hasigaye uharwa Uburayi atangira gukingura ibikoresho byinshi bya porcelain. Bimwe mubirango bihari byuburayi bihari nubwo. Avot y'icyubahiro cy'ipaza cy'igishinwa cyagumye mu bihe byashize - muri iki gihe cyacu cy'Ubushinwa ari mu Burayi.
Ubudage n'Ubwongereza biganisha hano, kandi shampiyona yuzuye iguma inyuma y'Abadage. Kwibuka impuguke, amakosa yo gukonjebwa k'Icyongereza adashobora kugirira ingaruka ku myanya y'icyongereza (icyayi kiri imbere). Ibiziga ntibizibagirwa ko byari mu Bwongereza ko "igufwa" farcelain - mu mucyo, yoroheje kandi iramba kandi iramba kandi iramba ryahimbwe mu Bwongereza. Abongereza bamwita Bonechina. Kubwibyo, umaze kubona ikirango nk'iki hepfo, ntutekereze ko "Ubushinwa bwanyerera". Mu nzira, reka tuvuge: Uhendutse kandi ukikijwe n'inkike, byagaragaye mu myaka mike ishize, ariko nta funguro mu mucyo rihari "igufwa" chorcelain. Ikozwe mu kirahure kandi kiri ku ntambwe yo hasi yiza.
Agaciro k'i Porcelain kagenwa nibintu bine: Ibikoresho, imiterere, imitako. Kuvuga ibijyanye nibikoresho, ndashaka kubona ko "cerami" ari izina rusange ryibicuruzwa byose biva mu ibumba ryatwitse. Iri jambo risobanurwa. Ceramics igabanyijemo amoko menshi, muri bo harimo percelain umwanya wa mbere, no ku rupfunyi. Ubwiza bwa Porcelain bushingiye kuri kaolin (ibumba ryera ritera ibara ryibicuruzwa), uhereye ku mahirwe yo gusya ifu, aho ibumba ryagaragaye, hamwe nimbaga nyinshi. Ibara ryibiryo bya porcelain bigomba kwitonda no gushyushya (ibara rya cream). Niba igicucu cy'ubururu-ubururu cyiganjemo, ivuga ubuziranenge bwo hasi. Ubumaraniko bwo gusya no kwezwa kwa misa ya porcelain biroroshye kugenzura mugukuramo hejuru yisahani, "umwanda uwo ariwo wose" wasomwe "niba aribyo. Niyo mpamvu porcelain nziza itazigera ipfukirana irangi rwose. "Umubiri wera w'i Porcelain", nk'impuguke zitwa, zigomba gushimangirwa, kandi ntizihishe.
Nko imiterere yibicuruzwa, byumvikana hano mbere ntabwo ari igishushanyo (nikiganiro kidasanzwe), ahubwo ni geometrike isanzwe ya geometrike. Igiti cyamanutse hejuru isahani cyangwa igikombe kigomba kuba kidafite agaciro hejuru yimbonerahamwe yuburebure bwimibare yose kandi ntuzunguze.
Dukurikije uburyo bwo gushushanya, farcelain bugabanijwemo gushushanya intoki (cyangwa, nkuko byitwa, gufata) na decol. Decal nikintu nko kwimura amashusho. Birumvikana ko bafite ubwoko bwabo bwite, ariko ibisobanuro nkibi birashobora gushimishwa gusa ninzibuhanga.
Gukora fascelain buri gihe byatangajwe intoki. Irahari cxivwek, kandi mugihe cacu ikorwa gusa. Aya masahani ntabwo ari na gato gukoreshwa burimunsi, kandi mugihugu cyacu, yatangiye kongera kugaragara. Igiciro cyiyi serivisi kigereranywa no kuzunguruka royce.
Umubare wa mbere muriki cyiciro ni ussison. Ntabwo bidasubirwaho, gusa kureba imirimo isa nubuhanzi buzwi cyane bwa Moscore kumuhanda winyama, yahoze ari Kuznetsovsky. Undi wakoze urwego rumwe rwumusimbura, yigeze kuremwa muri Otirishiya-Hongiriya nkuwabumwe. Noneho uyu ni uruganda rwigenga, ariko hano ruraratanga ibyegeranyo, bimaze gushirwaho kumyanya mirie. Kwiyunga kwaba serivisi nziza: mubakiriya hano basinya umwamikazi wicyongereza na Rothschild.
Muri rusange, mu Bushinwa, bitandukanye n'ibindi bikoresho byo gushyira mu bikorwa uwashushanyije, ntabwo ari udushya, ahubwo ni gakondo. Ibikoresho byavuzwe haruguru byamagana abakora igifaransa n'abataliyani, bafite ibintu byiza byiza, birashishikaza cyane, birashobora kugeragezwa. Kurugero, ibicuruzwa byikirango cya Tatu (Ubutaliyani) bigaragazwa nuburyo bugufi hamwe nimitako ya ultra-igezweho. Ariko, mu Bufaransa Hariho ikirango cya sevire, cyatanzwe ku isoko gusa. Ariko inganda nyinshi za porcelain limoji zerekana icyegeranyo gishya buri mwaka. Iki gicuruzwa cyitwa Ibihe bigezweho, kuba iy'ibicuruzwa by'ibihumyo mu maparagaruka buri gihe ikorera muri Louvre.
Igishimishije, kimwe munganda za porcelain cya Limoge ntabwo ari inkomoko yubufaransa. Yafunguwe mu 1842. David Haviel, umunyamerika, watangiye umusaruro wa porcelain mu gihugu cye. Himura uruganda mu Burayi, kandi hari mu Limoge zamuteye impanuka: Aristocrat ugeze mu za bukuru yasabye gukora kopi ya socer yamenetse. Uwashinze umusaruro rero yahuye bwa mbere hamwe na Limoges Porcelain, wamutsinze rwose. Noneho Heviland nimwe mu nganda nini zometseho, hamwe na progaramu yamenetse yatanzwe na serivisi iyo ari yo yose, yigeze kurekurwa hano, birashoboka gukora ingero zose mu nzu ndangamurage.
Imvugo "Limoges Porcelain" yumvise buri kimwe, imvugo "metlala tile". Yakiriye izina rye mu mujyi utu mu gace ka sima mu Budage, aho kuva mu ntangiriro ya XIXVEK ari icyicaro gikuru cya Villeroyboch. Hano twimuka tuva mu murima w'ubuhanzi burebure bwa porcelain ku gace ka Decolne Porcelain, ni ukuvuga amasahani yo gukoresha buri munsi. Ibidashimishije cyane, kuva kwiga ingoro ndangamurage ntigikunda byose, ariko abantu bose bakunda kurya kumeza atwikiriye neza.
Villeroyboch, hamwe na weimar, ifite umwanya wo hejuru mukarere k'i Porcelain kugirango ukoreshe buri munsi. Ariko birakwiye gusobanurwa ko igiciro cyiki kiryo kizatuma benshi muri ba nyirayo babare kuri parade. Ikiguzi cyagereranijwe cya serivisi ya sasita kuva "igufwa" fagcelain kuri 12PERS- $ 1000-1300, kandi igice kimwe cya vitro cyangwa porcelain kimwe kizatwara amadorari 500-700. Igiciro rwose gifite ishingiro nubwiza nigishushanyo cyibiryo. Nta na kimwe, ndetse nigice gitangaje cyo gushushanya, ntizizimira mugihe cyigana, kuko decol yose mumarondoko yakoreshejwe mumajwi gusa. Korivisi, gukora aya masahani yumushinga nta mateka mato adashimishije kuruta gukora ibicuruzwa bya Bushinwa.
Rero, Francois Boh yashyizeho umusaruro mu 1748, hashize imyaka 40 yakiriye misa ya porcelain mu Burayi. Igisekuru cya gatatu cya Bohov cyunze ubumwe na Enterprises hamwe na Manuff wahoze ari idini Nicolas Willero. Ubu bumwe bw'umucuruzi bwagejwe n'ubukwe bw'umwuzukuru wa Nicholas Octavia na Ezhen bahama. B1797 Pierre Joseph Boh yahimbye igishushanyo kidasanzwe cyo kurasa, cyemerera umushinga gufata umwanya wambere mukarere. Igishushanyo cyitanura ntabwo cyahindutse kugeza na nubu. Muri iki gihe, isosiyete ikaremerera ibisekuruza bya munani inyuma ya Booh. Igishimishije, umuyobozi wurukiko rwumusaruro narwo ni uhagarariye umuryango Alexandre ya Alexandre. Muri rusange, gusobanukirwa ko ari umuhanzi ushyiraho urufatiro rwo gutsinda, bagaragara kuri iki kigo mugitangira XIXVEK. Mu 1921, hateguwe ishuri ry'ubuhanzi ku ruganda, abahawe impamyabumenyi bahawe izina ry'umushinga. Ahari babaye abashushanya ubwambere mumateka yabantu. Noneho, nta guhagarika imigenzo yishuri rye bwite, isosiyete nayo ikorana na Kenzo na Luigi. Icyegeranyo kidasanzwe cyamasahani gikomeje kurema Paulso kuri Paloma, umukobwa wa publo nini. Byongeye, gusa villeroyboch gusa nuzuzanya buri rukurikirane rwibiryo bya percelain hamwe nizindi mbonerahamwe zose: Imbonerahamwe, ibikoresho, ibirahure, buji
Ninde byibuze ushizeho umurimo wo gutwikira ameza meza rwose, yumve uburyo bigoye guhangana nubu bucuruzi. Tumaze kumenya uburyo bwo gutoragura mu buryo bundi burambuye bw'ikositimu yawe, bamaze gusobanukirwa ko imbere imbere bigomba kuba bikomeye kandi bihuze. Ariko kuki kumeza yibiruhuko bikaba bimennye ibirahuri, bikarishye imitsi ya kiteam, na plaque hamwe na vignettes idasobanutse? Tuzagerageza kumbwira ibisobanuro birambuye mubibazo bikurikira byikinyamakuru birambuye. Ariko niba ibintu bigufi - byose kumeza bigomba kuba ensemble. Ni iki mubyukuri arimo ubwayo? Biterwa ningeso n'imigenzo ya buri muryango. Ahantu wakoresheje mugihe cyo gutangiza iminsi mikuru kuva isupu, hanyuma ukenera isupu (komali hamwe na buri sahani mugikoni, kandi ntuzashyira inkono kumeza). Ahantu hari ibiryo byinzobere - Lasagna, ukeneye rero uburyo bwihariye bwo guteka, aho ushobora gutanga isahani kumeza, bitabaye ibyo bizatakaza kureba "ibicuruzwa". Ahantu hose uhora ugana inshuti zabasosiyete kuva abantu cumi n'umunani, n'aho bahimbaza mu muryango ufunganye.
Ibi byose bituma kugura serivisi, umwuga urashima cyane. Nibyiza cyane guhitamo ibintu bikenewe mubwinshi bwimibare yose yakozwe muburyo bumwe. Amahirwe ya bugufi muri iyi gahunda, nkuko byavuzwe, atanga villeroyboch. Buri cyegeranyo kinini cya sosiyete kigereranywa nogushiraho ibyokurya byuzuye bya porcelain nibikoresho byose bikenewe.
Ingano nziza (WTACH China) irekura Ikidage Hutschenruther, yashinzwe no mu 1814 muri Bavariya n'umuhanzi ukiri muto Karl Magnus Houchroyer. Mu isoko ryacu, uyu wabikoze atangwa munsi yintare yintare. Impungenge z'Abayutsi zirimo inzerere nyinshi zitanga, mu bindi, amasahani y'amahoteri na resitora (ndetse n'umuhemu ku giti cye) n'ishusho ya farashi.
Ibindi biboneka ku giciro cy'Ubushinwa Ibigo by'Ubushinwa "Winterlink" na Khala. Ariko hano gutoranya ntabwo buringaniza amakuru arambuye yo gushushanya ameza agomba gukora wenyine. Nibyo, muri Moscou Hariho ahantu hamwe bidasanzwe 'inzu yijimye ", aho ushobora gusanga amasahani yibirango byinshi byu Burayi, kandi icyarimwe umufasha winzobere icyo zihuriyeho ibyo aribyo byose ukeneye.
Ugereranije bidatinze hamwe nibyiza byiza bya Ceki biracyari. Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwibiryo bya percelain. Iyi ni "Bernadot" (Kutitirana n'umuhanda hamwe na Grandeur Grand Igifaransa
Muri rusange, porcelain yera hamwe nigishushanyo cyubururu nicyo cya kera cyubwoko. Iyi nteko yaturutse mu Bushinwa. Ariko niba mu Bushinwa, imitako yari imbuto zikomamanga, noneho Abanyaburayi, batazi igihingwa nk'iki, bagifata kubitunguru kuruta gutangira gushushanya amasahani yabo. Niyo mpamvu izina. Ibitaro, mu nyanja nini y'ibiceri bituje muri Repubulika ya Ceki, "Zwibel" ni gake cyane. ASHly, kubera ko intera ifite ibintu birenga magana ane.
Usibye chekhov, umukara-ubururu Porcelain itanga spode yicyongereza, ariko aya masahani asanzwe atahitamo gusohora buri munsi. Nukuri, popul spode ni decal, ntabwo ari ugukora, ariko decol irakoreshwa muburyo bwihariye bugaragara, kandi ibi bikorwa nintoki gusa. Kubwibyo, ntabwo bitangaje kuba ikiguzi cya serivisi kubantu cumi na babiri kiregereje ibihumbi 50. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya imitako rya therdor biracyakomeza nk'uko byazanye hashize imyaka irenga magana abiri ishize uwashinze isosiyete Zhosaya. Impano zisobanutse zuyu mugabo, wagaragaye icyarimwe umucuruzi numuhanzi, yatanze ikigo cyingenzi mukinyejana kiri imbere. Yaremwe n'Ikusanyijwe - "Ubururu bw'Ubururu", "umunara w'ubururu" n "" Willow "- yakorewe kugeza uyu munsi kandi akomeze kwishimira ibyo akomeza gutsinda. Inesl gerageza kwiyumvisha amateka menshi yameza yose yo kurya, hanyuma serivisi yubururu yubururu izahagarara kuri yo. Birashoboka, kubera ubwitange rwose bwicyongereza kumigenzo hamwe numwuka udasanzwe wubupfura, umuvumo ukomeje kuba ikirango cya popubrable cyisi.
Igishushanyo cya kera cyigishushanyo cya kera gishushanya cya kera kirimo ibirango byubushinwa reipenbach na Wedgwood. Ibiciro- $ 3-10 kubijyanye numubare wibintu. Hirya no hino igiciro kimwe ni Rosethal, aho abashushanya ibyamamare byihuta na bulgari bakoze. Mu byegeranyo y'iki kirango urashobora gufata amasahani kugirango ushizwe imbere.
Hermes ifata niche idasanzwe. Ibicuruzwa nyamukuru byiyi sosiyete byahoze ari shaweli, kuburyo Ubushinwa butabyara hano wigenga, ariko gahunda i Limoges. Byongeye kandi, imitako y'uruhererekane rwa mbere rwiki kirango nacyo yakoporowe kumutwe (indabyo za peony kuva kumera kugeza kumababi yanyuma yaguye). Hermes ntabwo ashaka gukora ibyegeranyo byuzuye ibyumba byo kuriramo, kandi bitanga ibintu byihariye, bikwiranye nimpano.
Mu gusoza, ntibishoboka ko tutibagirwa na farashi yacu yikirusiya. Uruganda rwa mbere rw'i Porcelaine mu Burusiya rwubatswe hafi ya St. Peterburg ruyobowe na Elizabeth muri 1744 kandi rwitwa Imbere. Ba shebuja b'Abarusiya, mbere gato y'ubwo bwa Burengerazuba bw'i Burengerazuba, ibanga rya Misa ya Porcelain yikemuye. Umwuka wa Excelain yo murugo yari Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov. Muri 1750, cyane cyane kubaroma kuruganda, serivisi "ubwayo" byakozwe numubare udasanzwe. Bose bashushanyijeho gride yumutuku hamwe nindabyo nto. Ijwi ryiyi myamuro iragaragara muri Teas Service "Cobal Grid" yasohotse nyuma yintambara. Ahari ubu nicyo gihingwa gisubirwamo cyane cyibihingwa bya lomonosov.
Muri batatu batanga ibicuruzwa mu Burusiya, igihingwa cyongembwa bibiri muri Vsiclow hafi ya Moscou (uwahoze ari Gardner) n'uruganda rwayo, kuva ku nkomoko yacyo, yibanze ku muguzi munini. Imyanya ubwayo, guhera kuri SXVIIIV, na villeroyboch. Ariko ibisubizo ibyo bigo byimaze kuganaho bidakwiye kugereranywa. Ariko, twese tuzi ko hari impamvu zifatika. Biracyariho kwiringira gusa ko gutera imbere, ibyo Ikirusiya Coroglain yarokotse mu gihembwe cya Xviiiv, umunsi umwe asubiramo. Ibicuruzwa byuruganda rwa Lomonosov porcelav rwakozwe vuba aha twemerera kwiringira.