Ibyifuzo byo kubaka sisitemu yo kuvoma. Ikoranabuhanga rirasa, ibiciro, ibiranga moderi zitandukanye zamazi.
Ibice nyamukuru bya sisitemu yo kuvomera.
1 - Ubutaka burumbuka,
2 - Umucanga,
3 - Geotextels,
4 - Ibuye ryajanjaguwe,
5 - Drain,
6 - uruhu rufatika,
7 - Ubutaka bwagabanijwe.
Amabuye ya pulasitike ya none yinjiye byoroshye kandi ashyizwe mu butaka. Fata imitwaro ikomeye kuruhande rwibice byo hejuru yubutaka.
Ahantu duhuza imiyoboro myinshi cyangwa impinduka zabo zo kureba amariba.
Kuraho kuvaho kuruhande rwamazi, umwobo wagabanije gukata. Umwobo ufunze hamwe na patch tee na mastike.
Coconut fibre umuyaga ushoboye kuyungurura ibumba rito.
Nigute ushobora kurinda inzu numugambi wo kubyangiza ingaruka zo hejuru? Vuba aha, kugirango ukemure iki kibazo habaye igikoresho kimwe - amazi. Ariko hamwe no guhindura ibisekuru byubaka no gutera ikoranabuhanga mashya mu mahanga, inzira ya kera yagerageje runaka yari yibagiwe. Ariko sisitemu yimikorere ishoboka irashobora gukiza uwabanje mubibazo byinshi bya tekiniki ndetse ukabika uburyo bwayo hamwe na selile.
Ni iki dusanzwe dutangiye kumenya urubuga rwawe? Hitamo ahantu heza h'ejo hazaza murugo. Niba kandi bimaze kubakwa, tugashyira ahagana akarere kegeranye, bitera ibihe kugirango tugume neza. Ibi byose nibyo. Ariko abubatsi ni byiza kwitabwaho kuramba no kwiringirwa kwamaturo nshya? Kurenza neza ni igihe gito - urubuga rushobora kumeneka cyane.
Kuba ubutaka hafi yinzu bubabaye mubushuhe burenze, uziga ibijyanye nibimera. Bitewe no kuzuza cyane akarere hamwe namazi, ibyatsi byinshi, ibihuru n'ibiti ntibishobora kubyitaho. Willow, Plapri, Cherry - Ibiti birambiranye. Ariko sisitemu yimizi yabo ntabwo ihagije kugirango ikure ubutaka. Ahubwo, ibi bice bizaba birimo kwinjiza indahiro mubice byurubuga. Imbuto-Berry Urutare (Cherry, igiti cya pome, plum) ntabwo akunda ahantu hatose. Ibimenyetso byambere byibiti byibasiwe nibi biti bizaba bikurura ibishishwa, amashami yumye, ibumba ku kanwa, nibindi.
Naho inzu, ibibazo bivuka cyane cyane igice cyurugendo (Fondasiyo, munsi yo hasi). Kandi nk'itegeko, kubera imvura yo mu kirere na mazi.
Byubahirizwa ko ubutaka butabundi buryo bwo kunyura hejuru namazi yubutaka. Ibi bigaragarira mumyitwarire yubutaka bwegeranye kubaka. Igice cyo hejuru mumatsinda yo hagati yuburusiya gikonjesha mu gihe cy'itumba cya 1.4-1.8. Ubukonje bukubiyemo dousetry hasi, yuzuza ubuhehere. Ibi bivuze ko ubutaka bwiyongera mubunini buhagaritse, ariko nanone utambitse. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imkuta zinkuta, Rupture yububiko, igabanya urufatiro, yuzuza munsi yo hasi hamwe nubutaka. Ubutaka butose bufite umutungo wo gukonjeshwa hamwe nibice byashyinguwe murugo kandi, kubyimba, bizamura. Kandi ikirere kibi kirashobora gutera kwiyongera kurwego rwamazi. Akenshi ibi biganisha ku kwangirika gukomeye.
Ariko ibyo sibyo byose. Seeping binyuze butaka zigenda muri, n'imvura na groundwater gusesa solids bitandukanye rw'imyuka, harimo byangiza gushimangira isekuru, kwubaka no bifatika. Inzira yo kurimbuka kw'ifatizo irahimbwe, ariko ingaruka zayo zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku nyubako: ubusugire bw'inzego zishyigikira ihungabanye; Ibishushanyo n'ibihumyo bijugunywa mu nsimbure kugeza ku magorofa yo hejuru kandi bigira ingaruka ku nzu yose amaherezo. Agasanduku k'urugi n'amakadiri yidirishya birashobora guhindurwa cyane kuburyo aribwo buryo bwo kugaragara nkibyuho nibyuho aho inzu izatangira kwihuta gutakaza ubushyuhe. Parquet cyangwa irindi eriti zose ziyobowe nuburozi bwororoka. Gusana byakozwe imbere. Kandi ibi nibiciro bishya, kandi nta garanti, kugirango inzira yose yo kugarura idakwiye gusubiramo inshuro nyinshi.
Ikintu cya mbere cyakorwa kugirango urinda urufatiro no gupfobya inyubako mumazi ni sisitemu yo kuvoma. Niba bidahagije, bizakenerwa amazi. Ikizamini gikurikira cyo kubungabunga hepfo yinzu kizaba igikoresho kiri munsi yimvura ya ventilation hoods. Bazagira uruhare mu miyoboro karemano yo guhumeka.
Mbere yo kubaka sisitemu yamashanyarazi, birakenewe kumenya urwego rwamazi yubutaka (AGB) ugereranije nurufatiro rushingiye ku nyubako. Corv ntabwo buri gihe ihishurwa nibimenyetso byo hanze. Kumeneka ku rukuta, ibishishwa mu nzu no mu nsinzi no mu rwobo cyangwa umwobo utazatanga ibimenyetso nyabyo. Kubara kubara, imikorere yaba geodesiste nabashakashatsi ba hydrogeologiya bazakenera. Geidesiste bazakora amasasu ya topografiya, tegura amakuru kubakunzi ba Hydrogeologiste no gushushanya imiyoboro. Niba ubu ugiye gutura ahantu nyaburanga, gahunda y'intara izakenerwa no gukurikira.
Kurasa bikorwa na geodesi ebyiri ukoresheje ibikoresho bya optique. Nyuma yiminsi 2-3 uzakira gahunda irambuye (gushushanya) kurubuga rwerekana uburebure bwa hejuru. Aka kazi kazatwara amadorari 12-20 kuri ijana (niba ukoresha serivisi zubwubatsi cyangwa imiterere yimiterere). Abakinnyi b'amashanyarazi, ingoma 2-3 ntoya (yimbitse kugeza kuri m 5, hamwe na diameter ya 80mm) no gukwirakwira mu gitereko cy'imyanya ya geologiya muri iki gihe no mu bihe bitandukanye bya Umwaka, kimwe nibyifuzo kumuteguro wa sisitemu yo kuvoma. Gucukura bikorwa na rig ntoya yimuka (motobur). Manda yumurimo ni umunsi 1, itangwa ryibisubizo byarangiye kubakiriya mubisanzwe bibaho mucyumweru. Igiciro cyiyi serivisi kiva kumadorari 300 kugeza $ 700. Kuregera kuri AFT birashobora kuboneka bihendutse - gusa abaturanyi bababaye. Niba umubare wa agrienty uri munsi ya m 2,5, amazi yurubuga arakenewe.
None sisitemu yo kuvoma? Muri rusange, iyi niyo miterere yimara ishami rihuza imiyoboro ifatika, iherereye cyangwa hafi yubushuhenzwe nubushuhe. Amazi atemba mu butaka. Mubyukuri umuyoboro (inzobere uhamagara umuyoboro) ufite urusobe rwinzoka zifite diameter ya mm hafi 1.5-5 murukuta. Baherereye muri bose cyangwa hafi ya bose kumuzenguruko wose wumuyoboro kumwanya runaka.
Kugeza mu kinyejana cya cumi na kimwe cyo mu kinyejana cya 20, cya sima ya Asibesitos-simetostos na Pipesiyo ceramic byakoreshejwe muri sisitemu yo kuvoma. Mbere yo kurambika, gukata kwakozwe muri bo cyangwa kwagushinyagurika, byashizwemo igihe kinini n'ubuzima (mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe imikoreshereze ya asisetostcent kubera ingaruka mbi kumuntu). Byongeye kandi, ibibi byimiyoboro birimo gufunga byihuse umwobo, gukenera kwiyongera hamwe nubuzima buke. Amazi akora bigaragara neza isura y'ibikoresho bya polymer kuri hydrochloride. Noneho isoko ryikirusiya irerekana chlorique, chlodiyo na polyvinyle (PVC) polymer (PVC) polymer - rutunganijwe, igakingiwe, ifite ibikoresho byimbavu. Iki gishushanyo kiragufasha gukwirakwiza umutwaro uva mubutaka bukabije muburebure bwose bwimiyoboro, kugirango bikomeze kuramba kandi byizewe kuva kera. Ubujyakuzimu bwo kurambirwa imiyoboro ya Polyethylene ntabwo burenze m 3, ariko imiyoboro ya PVC irashobora gushyirwa kure ya m 10 kuva hejuru. Ubuzima bwo kumenagura muri polymers - Imyaka 50 nibindi byinshi. Imiyoboro hamwe na diameter ya mm 50-200, ikora neza kandi ikunzwe muri climetero 100-milimeter.
Imiyoboro y'amazi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru itanga isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu ibigo nka cohar na Mabo (Finlande), Rehau na Frankische (Ubudage), wavin (Uburusiya). Kuborohereza ibi bicuruzwa bituma bibeshye mu bwikorezi. Ibiro birwaye 50 m ndende hafi 25 kg. Urashobora kubica hamwe na hacsaw isanzwe. Kugirango urinde case, gufunga umusenyi nubutaka, ibirango bimwe byimiyoboro yamazi byatanzwe hamwe nibikoresho byo gushukwa. Hano hariya muyunguruzi mumoko abiri: uhereye kumusamba wihariye wa sindhetike (geotextile) no muri fi yacu ya coconut. Geotextels ikoreshwa kuri sandy, samp na peate. Kuvoma hamwe na cocout fibl filteri yashyizwe mu bumba n'ibumba. Imiyoboro itabashuko irakwiriye aho bidashoboka umucanga no guswera. Igiciro 1 M polyvinyl chloride tube hamwe na geotextile filteri - $ 1.9; Skikosov - $ 3.6. Igiciro 1 M imiyoboro ya polyethylene ni $ 1.5.
Amazi arashobora gushyirwaho haba mbere na nyuma yo gutanga urufatiro no munsi yo munsi, ariko rwose mbere yo kuzuza hanze ya Fondasiyo. Niba akazu kawe katarahujwe n'amazi, imyanda, amashanyarazi, n'ibindi, agaragaza ahantu havugwa hakiriho itumanaho hakiri kare. Aya makuru azayirinda ubunyangamugayo no gukora neza sisitemu yo kuvoma.
Bikunze kubaho ko hakenewe imiyoboro nyuma yo kurangiza kubaka inzu. Mu bihe nk'ibi, igice cy'inyubako kigomba gucukura cyane. Indege bivuze ko aho utuye ahinduka ahazubakwa. By the way, ntukibagirwe kuganira hakiri kare ninde nuburyo bwo kugarura ibitekerezo byambere byinzu yegeranye ninzu.
Imwe mu mikorere yagaragaye ya sisitemu yo kwishyiriraho tekinoroji yo kwishyiriraho ni ibi bikurikira. Hasi ya umwobo urimo gutontoma kandi ushingiye ku ruvange rwumye rwa hekeste yajanjaguwe amabuye ajanjaguwe numucanga munini (layer theickness 50 mm). Amashanyarazi akoreshwa. Kubogama byibuze ku mazi yo kubaka ni 0.002 (2 mm kuri m 1. M.) Mubutaka bwibumba na 0.003 (mm 3 kuri sandy. Kubora hafi 0.005-0.01 (Mm 5-10 mm kuri 1 p.) Yafashwe kumazi meza. Kugirango byoroshye kwihuta kwinjira mumiyoboro, baminjagiye ibikoresho byingenzi byamazi. Isuka rikorwa mubice. Ibuye rijanjaguwe cyangwa amabuye hamwe nubunini bwibinyampeke bihegereye kuri drain. Kuva hejuru, geotextile irashobora kuvurwa hejuru itandukanya uru rwego rwumucanga hamwe nubunini bwibinyampeke bya 0.5-10 mm. Ubunini bwo kuminjagira ku kigereranyo kuva mm 100 kugeza 300 (amazi make aregwa ubutaka bukikije, Fricker Frick). Hejuru yarumiwe mbere yubutaka busanzwe.
Kugira ngo ugere ku mirimo yo kuvoma no gusukura imiyoboro isukuye, indorerezi na swivel iringaniye. Akenshi, bakusanywa mu mpeta zifatika cyangwa zishimangirwa. Diameters nyinshi ni mm 400 na 700. Uburebure bwimpeta iriba biratandukanye na 0.5 kugeza 2 m. Imisa yabyo ni 230-3100 kg, agaciro k'impeta ni $ 30-150. Gupakurura no kwishyiriraho bikozwe na crane cyangwa yikora ($ 18-30 kumasaha 1).
Vuba aha, yiteguye gukora neza muri PVC diameter ya mm 315 na 1.25-3 hamwe nuburebure bwa m 1.25-3. Ikigereranyo cya 1 p. M - $ 20. Ibicuruzwa biraramba kandi byoroshye, kwishyiriraho ntibisaba gukoresha ibikoresho byo guterura. Amariba ya pulasitike agabanya cyane byinshi byimikorere, bityo akabikiza amafaranga yuwayitezimbere. Irashobora gukoreshwa nkibinyabiziga bitwarwa namazi, gusa mugihe ingano yo kwegeranya ubushuhe ari gito kandi irashobora kuyisubiza hanze yurubuga.
Ubushuhe bwakusanyirijwe nimiyoboro yamazi yinjira mumazi yatunganijwe neza. Irimo gucukumbura mugihe gito cyo gutabara, kuzirikana imiterere yurubuga. Amazi mu mazi meza arundanya kurwego runaka, biterwa nubujyakuzimu bwimbyino nuburyo bwo gukuraho ubushuhe. Igihe kirenze, amazi arafunzwe no kuhira cyangwa gusubiramo umwobo wegereye. Ubundi buryo: Ubutaka n'amazi yo hejuru birashobora kwerekezwa imbere byihuse. Ifite ubujyakuzimu byibuze m 3. Hasi ya beto muri ibuze, ahubwo ugire igice gishyigikiye mu matongo n'umucanga. Amazi anyura mu mugongo mu buryo bwo hasi. Imbaraga nke nubutaka, byimbitse hagomba kubaho neza kandi inyuma.
Imiyoboro ya sisitemu yamazi yoza binyuze mu mariba ya swivel. Amazi kubwibi agaburirwa munsi yigitutu cyaha. Nkuko imyitozo yerekana, isuku ya sisitemu yamazi yakozwe cyane muburyo bugoye busabwa buri myaka 5-10. Ko rero ibyuma by'ibitabyo bidangiza isura y'urubuga, birashobora gutwikirwa ibintu byiza: Vase y'indabyo, intebe, ibishusho, n'ibindi ni ugusinzira ubutaka, pre- kubamenagura hamwe na firime. Ubukurikira, aha hantu kugwa ku byatsi byambaye umubiri.
Ibikoresho bya sisitemu yo kuvoma
| Ibikoresho | umubaremu bice. Ibipimo | Igiciro, $ | Igiciro, $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capre ya beto hamwe na hatch | Ibintu 4. | 70.6 | 280. |
| Impeta ya Beto | PC 12. | mirongo itatu | 360. |
| Hepfo | Ibintu 4. | 25. | 100 |
| Drena | 60 pog. M. | 3. | 180. |
| Umuyoboro utangaje (20 mm) | 40 pog. M. | cumi n'umwe | 440. |
| Taypar geotextile | 130 m2 | 1,2 | 156. |
| Ibuye ryajanjaguwe (5-20) | 42 m3 | - | 1136. (hamwe no gutanga) |
| Umucanga (0.5-1) | 36 m3 | - | 540. (hamwe no gutanga) |
| Sima m 400. | Imifuka 26 ya kg 50 | 2,3. | 65. |
| Bitumen | 48 kg | 0.4. | 24. |
| Ikirahure cyamazi | 8 kg | 0.4. | 3,2 |
| Byose: | 3284,2. |
Uburinzi bwinyongera bwinyubako kuva amazi yubutaka birashobora gutanga igenamigambi rihagaritse ryakarere, cyangwa, muyandi magambo, kurema ihumure ryubukorikori. Kubwibyo, ibyobo birasinzira, kandi umugambi uzamurwa ahantu hamwe, urema ahantu ho kuruhukira inzu yegeranye cyangwa imihanda. Neza cyane, ibyabaye akenshi, byegeranye cyane ninyubako. Amazi ava hejuru, urubura rushonga kuricyo kandi rubura rwihariye munzirarwa munzira zabanjirije drank drank yonkin drank yanyweye drank, iherereye hafi yumugambi.
Kumenya ibyavuzwe haruguru, suzuma imwe mu ngero zuburyo bwa sisitemu yo kuvomange hafi ya kanama. Dushingiye ku bushakashatsi bwa hydrogeologiya, umushinga wo gukuraho ubuso n'amazi yo ku mazi. Amazi yakemuye akoresheje imiyoboro y'amazi, yashyizwe hafi y'inyubako yo gutura ku rwego rwo hepfo ya Fondasiyo.
Inyandiko z'umushinga mu rubanza rusanzwe zirimo:
1) Gahunda y'ibihe,
2) Ibyifuzo byuburyo bwo kubaka igikoresho no kubaka imiyoboro,
3) Igice cyo gukemura
4) Gushiraho gahunda,
5) Ibishushanyo by'abakozi,
6) Urutonde rwibikoresho nubunini bwakazi,
7) Ikigereranyo. Kugeza imiterere ya marike, ikomanga mugihe cyo gusohora ibihe byazamutse hepfo yishingiro. Ubujyakuzimu bw'umuyoboro burambitse, hakurikijwe ibishushanyo mbonera, byari m 1,6.
Imiyoboro yari iherereye intera ya 0.8 kuva hanze yisi ya fondasiyo kandi hejuru yayo hejuru yurwego rwamazi yubutaka. Bitewe n'ibi, impeta y'amazi yabaye "amazi" hagati y'urwego rw'amazi y'ubutaka n'ishingiro. Ikigaragara ni uko, kuzamuka capillars yubutaka, ubushuhe busanzwe bwonsa mumuyoboro. Nkigisubizo, kwihatira kwiheba byashizweho munsi yacyo munsi yacyo - umwanya ufite ubutaka bwumurwa. Tekereza kuri buri kibazo runaka, ubujyakuzimu n'ubunini bw'amazi agereranya kubaka byumvikanyweho. Mu mushinga usuzumwa, amayeri atatu ya plastike hamwe n'amazi atwarwa n'amazi akozwe mu mpeta zifatika zatanzwe. Amayeri afite umwenda udasanzwe (trays) asobanura icyerekezo cyamazi atemba. Ibihembo byose bya Wafix ya Wafix muri Wavin. Kuva ku mazi atwarwa n'amazi, amazi yinjira mu mwobo rusange, intambwe isanzwe yegereye uruzitiro inyuma yubutaka bwumujyi wa cottage. Mugihe cyo gusohoka kuriyi mboro, umuyoboro urinzwe numucanga-gravel kuminjagira kugirango wirinde gukonjesha.
Hifashishijwe imiyoboro, ntushobora gukiza inzu, ahubwo urashobora kandi ubutaka mu turere turwaye ubushuhe burenze. Uburyo bwubwubatsi buzakomeza kuba kimwe. Gusa iboneza na sisitemu birashobora kuvugururwa. Akarere ka 1Pog. M Drainage Umuyoboro - kuva 10 kugeza kuri 20 M2. Amazi arashobora kubakwa mugihe icyo aricyo cyose cyumwaka, harimo mu gihe cy'itumba, gusa mu itumba ikiguzi kizaba kimwe nigice cyangwa inshuro ebyiri. Iyubakwa nk'iyi rikorwa ku mbaraga zisanzwe z'abakozi batandatu.
Mu bihe bisanzwe ikirere, imiyoboro yubatswe mubyumweru 1-3. Ibiciro byo gutwara abantu ni 5% by'agaciro kagereranijwe k'ibikoresho nakazi kakozwe (muri iki kibazo - $ 337). Kubera ko iyubakwa ry'amazi rifitanye isano na minisiteri ya minite, gutema imiyoboro, gupakira no gupakurura ibikoresho, ibiciro by'ikoranabuhanga bingana na 10% by'amafaranga yose - $ 672). Birakenewe gushira mubigereranyo kandi bikaze. Muri uru rubanza, batanze amadorari 500. Kubaka sisitemu yo kumenagura $ 8226.
Ibiciro bizaterwa niba utegeka kubaka imiyoboro unyuze muri sosiyete, cyangwa uha umwanya wizard yigenga ufite brigade. Mubisanzwe, ibiciro byagereranijwe byamaganye wizard wenyine hepfo, kandi cyane. Kubijyanye nubwiza bwakazi, biterwa no gusoma no kwandika byinzobere. Nibyiza kwerekana ko turi maso hano: kandi mu kigo gikomeye rimwe na rimwe hari abantu badafite ubumenyi. Shakisha abanyarwandakazi ba hydrogeologiste, abanya Geodepiteri, abashushanya, ba shebuja, ba shebuja n'abakozi ntibari kugorana cyane ubu. Usibye ibiti n'ibinyamakuru, hamwe nibiganiro hamwe nabaziranye, amakuru yerekeye inzobere nkenewe, harashobora kwigishwa kurupapuro rwa interineti. Kandi ibyifuzo bigezweho: Mugihe uhitamo shobuja cyangwa wigenga, uzabaza rwose uburambe bwabanjirije akazi kabo muriki gice.
Igiciro cyakazi kuri gahunda yo gutwara amazi
| Ubwoko bw'akazi | Kwishura Ral, $ | Igiciro, $ |
|---|---|---|
| Iterambere ryubutaka (Imiterere yo hepfo), 6 m3 | cumi n'umunani | 108. |
| Kwishyiriraho impeta zishimangirwa, 4 PC. | 56. | 224. |
| Kwimuka, PC 1. | 28. | 28. |
| Amatungo yo hanze, 4 M2 | 1,7 | 6.8. |
| Igikoresho cya inyongera mu mariba, 9 PC. | cumi na batanu | 135. |
| Igikoresho Cyimiterere ya Swivel Amayeri, PC 3. | makumyabiri | 60. |
| Umusenyi, 1.6 m3 | cumi n'umunani | 28.8. |
| Hindura fillet hamwe na kashe, 2 m3 | 5.6 | 11,2 |
| Byose: | 601.8. |
Igiciro cyakazi kuri gahunda ya sisitemu yo kuvoma
| Ubwoko bw'akazi | Kwishura Ral, $ | Igiciro, $ |
|---|---|---|
| Gucukura imyobo hamwe n'imiterere, 161.6 m3 | Bane | 646,4. |
| Himura isi mukarere kakazi, 100,6 M3 | 2. | 201.2. |
| Kurangiza imiyoboro n'amazi, ibiro 92. M. | 2. | 184. |
| Ireremba Ireremba, 73.3 M3 | 10 | 733. |
| Kuguma Geotextile, 130 M2 | imwe | 130. |
| Kureremba umucanga hamwe na kashe, 56 m3 | 5.6 | 313.6 |
| Hindura fusion yubutaka bwaho, 30 m3 | 5.6 | 168. |
| Gahunda yumunwa (swivel iringaniye) yisoko, pc 5. | 55. | 275. |
| Byose: | 2651,2 | |
| Igiciro cyose cya sisitemu yo kugereranya: | 8226. |