Ibisabwa byibanze kurukuta. Ibintu bireba guhitamo ibikoresho no kubaka ibikoresho. Amakato, ibigori, imiyoboro yumwotsi.
Kwitwa Amatafari
Urunigi (umurongo wibiri):
A - gutemagura,
B - Ihuriro
Ikiyiko (byinshi-umurongo):
A - gutemagura,
B - Ihuriro Umutware
Rero, umusomyi nkunda, imvugo y'urugo rwawe irashize irarangiza Fondasiyo ukurikije abatwara impengamico yose yo kubishushanyo mbonera (inkingi, inkingi, ibice). Haguruka amaganya mashya n'ibibazo. Kohereza umurongo wamazu. Niki software, igisubizo cyubaka, ingano gifatwa, usanzwe ubizi muri uwo mushinga. Ariko byinshi bisa nkaho huzuye. Reka rero, tuvuge kurukuta. Guhitamo ibikoresho n'ibishushanyo by'inkuta biterwa n'ikirere cyahantu, uhereye ku ishyirwaho n'ubushyuhe n'ibipimo by'ibishyingo, igorofa ry'inyubako, kuboneka kwa tekiniki n'ubukungu, Kwirikana ubwikorezi butandukanye, kuva isura hamwe nigisubizo cyubwubatsi bwimiryango yinzu.
Mu Burusiya igihe kirekire, yo kubaka inyubako rusange, amatorero, ibigo by'abihaye Imana n'izindi nzego, twibweho ibiti, amabuye, n'inzego. Amakorari meza, amahema n'amatorero menshi, meza na peculiar. Birahagije kuvuga urusengero rwiza rwuzuye rwinshi (izina ryukuri rya katedrali ya Pokrovsky, iri kuri RB, 1555-1560). Ntakintu cyiza kandi gitangaje cyagezweho ni ubwubatsi bwa 22-1-cyitorero (1714) bw'Umukiza ku mva ya Kizhi.
Birumvikana ko muminsi yashize, mugihe nta kubara ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe, ubunini bwinkuta akenshi wasangaga binini cyane. Kubwubwubatsi buke-bugera kuri cottage . Izi nyubako zituma bishoboka kugabanya cyane uburemere bwinkuta, kunoza ibipimo byubukungu, byihutisha kubaka.
Tuzamenya ibintu byibanze kurukuta. Igishushanyo cyatoranijwe kigomba kugira igihembwe kimwe nkinzu muri rusange, kandi zigakora imirimo ibiri yingenzi: Kurinda ingaruka mbi zibidukikije (imvura, izuba, kwishyurwa) kubohereza kuri bo (uburemere) ihuriro, ibikoresho, ibikoresho.
Ukurikije aho uherereye murukuta rwo kubaka hari ubwoko bubiri: hanze n'imbere. Iyanyuma kandi ikora imirimo ishira.
Inkuta zo hanze zigomba kugira ibipimo bihagije (ubuziranenge bwubushyuhe: Kurwanya Ubushyuhe Bwishyurwa (Kurwanya ubukonje mugihe cyizuba, ni ukuvuga ko ari ibihuru, bigomba gutanga ibyumba bikenewe ubushyuhe nuburyo bwa deciidetim mugihe icyo aricyo cyose cyumwaka. Ukurikije urwego rusabwa rwo kurwanya umuriro mu rugo, inkuta zigomba kugira itsinda ryo gutwika kandi imipaka yo kurwanya umuriro itaba munsi yubuzimariro bwashyizweho nubuziranenge bwumuriro. Inkuta zombi zituruka hamwe nimbere zigomba kugira ibipimo bihagije (birengana) ibintu byijwi.
Ibi nibindi bisabwa ukeneye kwitondera mugihe uhisemo umushinga no guhuza inzego yibintu bitandukanye byinzu, rimwe na rimwe bivuguruzanya. Birakenewe guhitamo ibikoresho ninzego zihaza ibisabwa byose bya tekiniki nibisubizo byinshi byubukungu. Ukurikije igisubizo cyukuri, urukuta rushobora kugabanywa mububasha, rugizwe nibintu bimwe nibikomeye, bigizwe nibikoresho bitandukanye. Iya mbere ikorwa icyarimwe ikingira, kandi ibikorwa bitwara, ndetse na kabiri cyangwa gutwara, cyangwa imikorere ikingira.
Reka tubanze dusuzume imiterere y'urukuta rw'amabuye, dukoreshwa cyane mubwubatsi bwa Cottage, Iskrpich, Beto, hamwe no mu Baseramisi, amashyamba, na barindwi. Uruhinja ruzamuka rwinyubako bwite rwatsinzwe hamwe hamwe nurufatiro ni 50-70% yuburemere bwinyubako, kandi ikiguzi cyinkuta zigera kuri 30%) yagaciro k'inyubako yose. Birashobora kugaragara ko ari ngombwa guhitamo ubuhanga ubwoko bwinkuta, cyane cyane hanze.
Urukuta rw'amatafari
Bashyizwe mu mabuye y'ubumara 25012065mm, batitaye ku kwihanganira 3-5mm. Amatafari ashyirwaho uruhande rurerure (25mm) mu ijwi (ku rukuta) kandi yitwa ibiyiko, cyangwa bigufi - hakurya y'urukuta - kandi nimble. Ibyuho hagati yamatafari yuzuyemo igisubizo cyitwa Seams. Ubunini busanzwe bwa kashe ya horizontal (hagati yumurongo) ni 2mm, vertical (hagati yamatafari) - 10mm. Akenshi, abamwubatsi bakoresha ibinini binini cyane, bikaba bitifuzwa cyane, kuko bigabanya ubuziranenge n'imbaraga zubushyuhe n'imbaraga zubushyuhe n'imbaraga zurukuta kandi binyuranyije na mogulaire yubunini.Mubwubatsi bwa cottage, amatafari yuzuye yakoreshejwe cyangwa umutuku wibumba, watwitse hejuru yubunini bwa 1700-1900KG Kugirango byoroshye, uburemere bwibumba bumwe (bwuzuye) kuva kuri 3.2 kugeza 4kg. Ubunini bwa homogene urukuta rwamatafari (rukomeye) burigihe rurangiza kimwe cya kabiri cyamatafari kandi rwubatswe muri 1/2; imwe; 11/2; 2; 21/2 amatafari, nibindi Gushyigikira ubunini bwa charsical versical ni 10mm, amatafari afite ubugari bwa 120, 250, 380, 510, 640 mm nibindi byinshi. Biterwa ahanini nubukonje bubarwa hanze yubushyuhe bwo hanze.
Gushyira amatafari mu rukuta rwibicuruzwa bikozwe hamwe na syress runaka ya spoon na tonch imirongo kugirango ubone imyambarire yubushyuhe.
Isaranganya rikomeye ryakiriwe umurongo ibiri (urunigi n'uburusiya) na trans, umurongo mwinshi (ikiyiko). Twitter Spoonful Umurongo usimburana hamwe na choke, gushiraho urukurikirane rwa kabiri zisubiramo.
Muri sisitemu yo mu mazi menshi, umurongo wa gatatu-eshanu w'ikinyamico usimburana hamwe no kuvoma. Ibice byo hanze nibice byinkike bikozwe mubutatafari yose nubutaburigu bwujuje ibisabwa, hamwe no hagati yicwa (forge) yuzuye amatafari yamenetse kandi asutswe nigisubizo cyamazi. Ubu buryo bwa Masonry bworoshye Urunigi, umusaruro wumurimo uri hejuru, kandi umubare munini wiruka bigabanya ikiguzi. Mbere yo kurambika amatafari, birakenewe kugirango bibe ngombwa kose, kurugero, igitambaro cyacyo mu ndobo n'amazi. Nyuma ya byose, bitabaye ibyo, cyane cyane muminsi ashyushye, amazi avuye kumuti azinjira mumatafari, abihambira nabi hagati yabo, akora ibintu byo kurimbuka kurukuta.
Ubwoko bumwe bwamatafari, amabuye ya ceramic na yoroheje, bice bito bifatika (imyuga ikomeye cyangwa ihagaritse) ifite ubunini bunini kuruta amatafari manini. Kurugero, uburebure bwabo burashobora kuba 88, 140, 188mm, kugirango bahuze igiceri cyumuntu ku giti cye kashe kandi kashe hamwe nindege hamwe nitsinda ryamatafari atukura.
Iyo ushishikarije inkuta zamabuye zifite ubukana-nkubusa, birakenewe kurambura amabuye kugirango ahantu haherereye urukuta, ni ukuvuga, perpendicular ku bushyuhe. Kuraba inkuta biva ibuye karemano, bitanga uburenganzira, bunini kuruta amatafari, imiterere (abonye cyangwa Ottoman), cyane cyane ku nyubako zidakenewe mu turere iri ibuye ryaho.
Amatafari araramba araramba, ariko mumico yabo yo gukingira ubushyuhe ntabwo ari hasi cyane kugirango iboneke cyane kandi ihindagurika, kubahwa (uburemere bwimibare - 1100-1300KG / M3). Ibirango byashyizwe ku matafari 50-150; Ibimenyetso byibisubizo (guhuza ibintu) kuva 10 (lime) kugeza kuri 25 (sima) kubwimiryango itandukanye nibice. Kurambika bikorerwa uburemere buremereye burenze 1500kg / m3), byitwa ubukonje (sima-lime, umucanga) cyangwa urumuri (slag), ibisubizo bishyushye. Amatafari akomeye yinkuta zubumbani bwamatafari yuzuye hamwe nubunini burenze 380mm bifatwa nkibidakwiye, kubunini bwamatafari, uburemere bunini bwamatafari, uburemere bwacyo bunini (misa) butanga ubukungu bukomeye. Ubunini bw'urukuta rw'inyuma rw'akazu, washinzwe gushyiraho inzitizi zishinzwe ubuhanga, mu gihe cy'imbaraga zirakabije. Ikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe gusa 15-20% gusa yubushobozi bwayo. Kubwibyo, mumazu ya Cottage, amatafari yoroshye, meza, meza akoreshwa, sisitemu yoroshye (yubatswe) muri sisitemu ya janry, kimwe namabuye ya ceramic.
Kurambika amatafari ya silicate bifite ubutaka bworoshye kuruta ibumba mubisanzwe rikorwa nta plaster yinyuma hamwe nuwakoresheje akadomo. Igisubizo kimwe kirashobora gusabwa kubumbambe kuva amatafari atukura ukoresheje amatafari yihariye yo mumaso.
Ihuriro ryamabanki kuva ibumba ritukura kandi risenya rishobora gutanga igisubizo gishimishije cyubuhanzi. Ariko, shyira mu bikorwa amatafari ya silicate ahantu hashyizwe ahagaragara imbaraga zoroshye, nka korisi, shingiro, ntibigomba. Ibigo bitose (ubwiherero, ibidendezi) Gushiraho inkuta nibice bigomba kuba bikomeye kuva ku ibumba ryuzuye ryibasiye play.
Igishushanyo rusange nubukungu kurukuta rwo hanze nicyo cyitwa gukora cyane, aho urukuta rwashyizwe mu rukuta rw'imigerire rufite ubunini muri PolikirPich (Hanze, ihujwe n'imbere mu bucuruzi bugana kuri 0.6-1.2 m, gushiraho amayeri afunze. Iriba rya Masonry ryuzuyemo insulation: gucibwa, cyerekana, urumuri rufite kashe. Kugira ngo insukiya itagaragara mugihe, imirongo ihujwe na bisi ya horizontal kugeza kuri 3-4: Imirongo ya Tiley, Mm ya mirtar Diaphys, Band-Reba ANCHERS (1.520 MM) Icyuma cyatwikiriye hamwe no kurwanya ruswa (amata ya sima, bitumen).
Sisitemu izwi cyane ni inganda no kwihutisha akazi, aho bihurira ku rukuta bisimburwa n'imitinda myiza y'imitinda ya microscopique kuva ku gicarame kitarangwamo beto, ahantu hera. Ubugari bwa Madamu Ubushyuhe kuri 40-50 mm ntabwo ari intera iri hagati yumurongo kugirango ushireho ibisobanuro byuzuye.
Ubukungu buke ni ubukorikori bwuzuye bugizwe ninkuta ebyiri zifite umwuka ufunze ufite ubugari bwa 40-70mm. Muri icyo gihe, kunywa amatafari bigabanywa na 10-15%; Urukuta rwo hanze rugizwe n'imirongo yikinyabuzima cya kimwe cya kabiri cyamatafari, imbere bitewe nubushyuhe busabwa muri 250 cyangwa 380mm. Inkuta zihujwe nuburyo bwagenwe haruguru, hanze yanduye kugirango igabanye umwuka wo mu kirere. Iyo yuzuye imyembe yo mu kirere n'amabuye y'agaciro yumva, imikorere yubushyuhe bwurukuta yiyongera kuri 30-40%.
Kugirango wongere imico yubushyuhe bwinkuta, birashoboka gukoresha amasahani yo gukinisha (kruma, beto, chip-chip), byanze bikunze), byanze bikunze), nindi matara ya minisiteri nubundi buryo buva imbere. Kubwishishozi bwubushyuhe hamwe na Aice, uruhande rwimbere rwisahani rureba Masonry rusabwa, kugirango rukorwe na alumini, impapuro za Kraft, nibindi Ani muburyo bumwe bukorwa nurukuta rwinkuta kuva muburiri imbere. Inyigisho zomeke zirashobora kwizirika kurukuta kubisubizo. Ibisonga byo hanze by'inkuta, bishyushye imbere, bigomba gushyirwa.
Ijambo ryingenzi, nshuti Umusomyi. Imbere yo Kuboha no Gutandukanya Ibice bitwara (aho biti cyangwa ibipapuro bishingiye ku gitsina bishingiye ku ibumba ryuzuye cyangwa ridahagije, hamwe n'inkuta zihagije (rimwe na rimwe 120mm) . Inkingi Igice cyambukiranya kigomba kuba byibuze 380380mm. Hamwe n'imitwaro minini (gutondeka ahantu), inkingi zitwara kandi byoroshye bigomba gushimangirwa na Mesh mesh hamwe na diameter ya 3-5 yimirongo yubusakubiri muburebure. Ibice bishyira ubunini bwa 120mm na 65mm (amatafari "maparo"). Hamwe n'uburebure bw'ibice nk'ibi, arenga 1.5, bagomba kandi gushimangirwa nyuma ya 3-5.
Gutwika ibiganiro birashobora gutegurwa (usibye ibyumba bifite inzira zitose) kuva kuri beto-beto hamwe nizindi sahani yubunini muri 80mm, mubice nibindi bikoresho bikwiranye nukurangiza bikwiye.
Kuburyo bwo guhura nacyo icyarimwe hamwe ninkuta za Masonry, nibyiza gukoresha neza, ariko muburyo buhebuje, ariko muburyo bwo gutandukana, kubatandukanya no gutandukana nubunini ni byiza. Mugihe kimwe, nta mpamvu yo gushushanya kuri bitatu cyangwa bine.
Kurambika inkuta zo hanze bigomba gutangirana nimpande zinyubako. Imyenda y'imbere. Kugirango wubazwe neza nugukangura urukuta no kurenga, hatambitse umurongo wa Masonry ugomba gukoreshwa mugukoresha amatako, umugozi wa pitch hamwe na marike hamwe namatafari .
Ibintu by'inkuta
Cocol - Hasi yurukuta kuva kurwego rwubutaka kugeza kurwego rwiburyo, uburebure bwa byibuze 500mm, bwongerera umwanya wubutaka. Ishingiro rikorerwa ubuhehere, urubura, ingaruka za mashini, bityo, iyo zikoreshwa mugushiramo imbaraga, amazi n'ibikoresho birwanya amazi (ibuye, amabuye y'agaciro, byuma).
Ubuso bwo hanze bwishingiro bushobora kugira imiterere itandukanye; Mu buryo bworoshye kandi bworohewe, harimo n'uruhande rwinshi muri plament plaster hamwe no guca ingufu, kwigana amabuye y'agaciro, amabuye y'ishimwe, ibihangano by'ibihanga, bitondekanya igice cya sima. Kurwego rwa mm 150 hejuru yo gusenyuka hafi 150, birakenewe kugirango utegure perimetero zose zumurongo use utambitse, ugizwe nibisenge bibiri byo gusakara, rubbubroid cyangwa sima yasobanutse.
Agace k'inkuta zugarije zigomba gukorerwa mu matafari akomeye cyangwa ibindi bikoresho biramba, ubukonje n'ibihembo.
Umwana - Shingiro yoroheje. Urukuta ruto hagati yinkingi za Fondasiyo, hepfo yinkuta rwa Veranda, inkingi munsi yumwanya wuzuye urinda ubuhehere, urubura, nibindi. Byakozwe mubikoresho bimwe nkurukuta nyamukuru, kurugero, muri kimwe cyangwa pollipich; Yijugunye mu butaka saa 300-500mm. Ku ibumba, ubutaka bwuzuye, umusego wumucanga ufite ubunini bwa 150-300mm bitegurikwa munsi yaka.
CARZE irangiza hejuru y'urukuta kandi yitwa ikamba. Yashizweho kugirango irinde urukuta imvura ya owlique, gushyushya izuba, kimwe no gukuraho amazi atemba hejuru yinzu. Byongeye kandi, ibimamara bisanzwe bishushanya inyubako, bitanga ibihimbano birasa. Kubwibyo, imiterere yayo, uburebure, kugenda n'amabara ahanini bigenwa nigisubizo rusange cyubwubatsi bwimpanda.
Ibigori Urukuta rwamabuye rwuburyo bworoshye rushobora gushyirwaho buhoro buhoro kuri buri murongo utarenze 1/3 cyuburebure bwamatafari (80mm). Gukuraho burundu ntigikwiye kurenza kimwe cya kabiri cyurukuta. Hamwe no gukuraho cyane ibigori bitangaje, ibicapo bidasanzwe byateganijwe, imirishyo, kantyled ku rukuta no kurohama no kuroga by inanga bigomba gukoreshwa hamwe n'uduce. Umunyamakuru ukoreshwa kenshi ku kurekura ibirenge byimyenda cyangwa indogobe; Barakinguye baradoda.
Nta gushidikanya, kunoza ubwoko bwumutungo wuburengerazuba urashobora gutangizwa mu ndege y'indege, amakuru atandukanye, umukandara, hagati n'ikamba n'ikamba n'ikamba. Lathed mumatafari cyangwa ikindi, nkibintu bifatika, ariko bitoroshye mugushushanya.
Umwotsi no guhumeka Kugira ngo inyubako zito zizuru, zitunganijwe, nk'ubutegetsi, mu rukuta rw'imbere zifite ubunini bwa mm 380, zashyizwe mu matafari atukura. Igice cyambukiranya iyi miyoboro ihagaritse ku itanura ryafashwe 140270mm, no guhumeka, kuva mu gikoni, mu bwiherero, ubwiherero - 140140mm.
Gutwara ibyumba byo guturamo binyuze mu muvuduko. Buri tatu (cyangwa itanura) igomba kugira umuyoboro wimkumi. Ubuso bwimbere bwimiyoboro kugirango intego nziza igomba kuba isukuye kandi yoroshye, imurikira (ni ngombwa kutayibagirwa) clay (itari imbibi). Guhuza no ku rukuta rw'inkuta bikorwa hamwe nigitambara gitose mugihe cyo gushira imirongo kugeza kuri bitanu cyangwa bitandatu byamatafari.
Imiyoboro yumwotsi kuva ku itanura zitandukanye muri atike ihujwe n'imiyoboro yumwotsi, igaragara hejuru yurwego rwinzu. Niba igishushanyo mbonera cyegeranye kurukuta aho imiyoboro yimbuto, urugero, imiti yimbaho yo kurenganya, hanyuma ahantu hashyizwe hejuru ya Chimney (MM 120) yitegereza ukurikije amategeko kugeza kuri 380mm.
Imiyoboro ihumeka (Icyumba cy'ibiti gifite umuyoboro) nacyo gihurira mu miyoboro ihumeka ikurwaho hejuru y'inzu.
Ibindi bishushanyo mbonera byinkuta, nka Lintels, Horizontal, Yatunganijwe, Gufungura kumuryango no Gufungura Idirishya, tuzareba nyuma, hamwe n'amagorofa yinyubako.
Inkuta z'imbaho
Urukuta rw'ibiti ni gakondo mu kubaka inyubako nkeya mu Burusiya, bafite imitungo myiza kandi y'isuku, ifite itandukaniro ry'umuriro n'amaji make, byiza ku kubora.
Inzu y'ibiti yimbaho, isaba umubare munini wishyamba ryibanze, imyaka 30-40, nkitegeko, yajugunywe kandi ije disrepair. Kubaka inkongoro hamwe nurukuta rukomeye rwimbaho muburyo bugezweho ni gake. Ariko, igikoresho cya etage ya kabiri hamwe ninkuta zimbaho hamwe namatafari yambere - atanga ibisubizo byiza.
Ubwoko bw'inkuta z'ibiti: Kwinjira, Paving, Ikadiri n'itsinda, kimwe n'ingabo. Inkuta n'ingabo zikingira zikoreshwa mu bakora uruganda rutagirana no mu mazu yo mu busitani. Inkuta zaciwe ninyubako zo guturamo zubatswe mu mpengama zisanzwe zigomba kuba ziva mu biti byibuze 220mm, zifite ubugari bwa oval oval of the loove yo hejuru aho "hump" yinjijwe- hafi-2/3 logis diameter).
Kwinjira (Inteko) yinkuta zanditse zitanga "byumye" nta bikoresho byanditseho, noneho ibiti byanditseho, amazu yinjira arasenyutse yakusanyirijwe kuri paki. Kovopath igomba gukorwa kabiri: bwa mbere iyo iteranira. Iya kabiri ni imyaka 1-1.5 nyuma yo guhagarika ibiti byumye kandi byumye. Umurongo wibiti byashyizwe hafi ya perimetero yinzu yitwa ikamba. Uwo twashakanye hamwe hamwe nubufasha bwo gucomeka mu giti cy'ibiti by'indabyo cyangwa binini byambukiranya biri mu burebure bw'igiti kuri 150-2000mm muri gahunda yo kugenzura. Ibyari byimitsi kubera gukama ibiti hafi 3-5% bigomba gukorwa na mm 20-30 byimbitse kuruta uburebure bwa spike (120-150mm).
Urukuta (ruhuze) rw'inkuta ndende n'inkuta zahinduwe zikoreshwa mu kuboko - "Winta", "wobhu", "gukabya", "wobhu", "gukabya", "wobhu", "gukaranga", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo", "youblo". "
Inkuta z'ibintu bitera ibiti birabaza n'amafaranga make, kubera ko amagambo yose, inkota, yamaze gukorwa ku nganda zo kubaka inzu no guhuza. Kubwibyo, uwantezimbere kugiti cye arashobora kugura no kubaka inkuta zawe wenyine.
Ubunini bw'utubari twishingiye ku bushyuhe bw'ikirere, ni ukuvuga ku bushyuhe bwo kubara imbeho, biremewe ku rukuta rw'inyuma 150 (t =-300 m), kuri 100mm, Hamwe n'uburebure bw'utubari, kimwe ku rukuta rwo hanze n'imbere 150 cyangwa 180mm.
Hagati y'ikamba rya Brisiv baryamiye ibikoresho byo kwishyurwa - caispacat kuva aho duhurira cyangwa. Kugirango amazi meza akure muri kashe ya horizontal hagati yutubari kuva imbavu zo hejuru ya buri kabari, ubugari bwa 20-30mm bwakuweho. Imirongo myinshi igomba gutemwa na 20mm yamaze ubugari bwa brusev. Kugabanya imiyoboro hagati yutubari, urashobora gutunganya ibiryo, imigozi, kugirango wuzuze imisoro ya mpandeshatu. Kugira ngo uhambire amakamba (utubari) mu burebure, ibyombo byacu byinjijwe kandi binjizwa (kimwe byavuzwe haruguru ku rukuta rwa Logi). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibice (intersections) by'inkuta zo hanze mu mfuruka kandi n'inkuta z'imbere zubatswe.
Bitandukanye na Log, inkuta zuburinganire zegeranijwe munzu yibiti ako kanya kurufatiro rwateguwe muburyo busanzwe. Kunoza kurinda inkuta zasenyutse uhereye kurimbuka ibinyabuzima byo gusenya ibiti no mu kirere, inkuta zirashobora kugaragara hanze y'imbaho (diameter 258,12mm). Bizatuma inkuta zirwanira, n'amatafari ahanganye kandi arwanya umuriro. Moody Trim nibyiza gukora horizontal, bituma byoroshye gushiramo. Gufatira ibiti n'ibiti by'ibyuma.
Gutema no kuryama inkuta zujujwe kandi zigomba gukorwa nyuma yo kugwa kwabo rwose, bitarenze imyaka 1-1.5 nyuma yo kubakwa.
Ibintu bitandukanye byubatswe nibisobanuro birambuye amazu yo mugihugu byanze biranga inyubako zubatswe mugitangira XXVEK.
Rero, umusomyi nkunda, zimwe mu ngingo zingenzi zerekeye ibyemezo byubaka ubu byagaragaye.
Noneho urashobora kuvugana nubwubatsi, uhitamo ibintu bimwe na bimwe byinzego zakazi, kureba iterambere ryubwubatsi.